盐碱地土壤养分的空间变异及合理取样密度研究

本研究以东营市河口区新户土地开发项目二期为研究区,运用经典统计法和地统计分析相结合的方法,对土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮等养分以及土壤全盐的空间变异性质进行研究,并对不同采样密度下有机质的空间插值结果进行分析比较,用均方根误差和相关系数检验不同密度下的插值精度,以确定盐碱地有机质的合理取样密度。结果表明,研究区速效钾的变异系数为18.4%,属于低等程度的变异;有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、土壤全盐的变异系数在57.4%~76.9%之间,属中等程度变异。研究区的各种土壤属性均具有较好的空间结构,表现出一定的空间自相关性。有机质和速效钾的空间变异性主要影响因素与成土母质、土壤类型、气候条件等有关,而碱解氮、速效磷、土壤全盐的空间变异性与耕作方式及农业生产中施肥等有关。随着采样点密度的增加,克里格插值精度提高,适当减小样点密度可以满足插值分析的需要,充分考虑土壤养分空间变异评价的精度分析,确定研究区土壤有机质合理取样数为111个,合理取样单元为48 hm~2,合理取样间距为692 m。     

基于GS+和ArcGIS的蒲江县耕地土壤养分空间变异分析

基于GS+7.0、ArcGIS10.2建立蒲江县全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质5种耕地土壤养分含量的最优半方差函数模型,利用该模型进行了空间变异和普通Kriging空间插值分析。研究区土壤全氮、碱解氮、有机质均具有中等空间变异性,有效磷、速效钾表现为弱空间变异性。全氮、碱解氮含量高低受地形、成土母质、土壤类型等自然条件和施肥、种植模式、耕作措施等人为活动的共同影响,有机质更多地受人为活动的影响,而有效磷、速效钾则主要决定于人为活动的作用。5种土壤养分含量的空间插值图可直观地表达县域耕地土壤养分的含量水平及其分布状况,使用该图件可方便地提出相应的平衡施肥建议。     

关中平原台塬区土壤养分空间格局研究——以西安市长安区为例

为研究关中平原台塬区土壤养分的空间分布情况,加强精准农业施肥管理,针对陕西省西安市长安区836.69 km²范围内的土壤养分元素进行空间格局研究。通过GPS定位选取研究区内3 231个土壤采样点,测定了土壤样品的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾以及pH值,并利用地统计法对其空间变异结构及格局现状进行研究。结果表明:土壤养分元素的变异系数范围为0.09～0.84,其变异程度依次为有效磷>速效钾>碱解氮>有机质>pH值;土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾及pH值的变异函数曲线均符合指数模型;在空间结构上,土壤有效磷和有机质属于弱相关性,速效钾和碱解氮为中等强度相关性,pH值具有强烈的空间相关性;采用Kriging插值方法,可直观得到研究区域的土壤养分空间格局情况。     

基于GIS与地统计学土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以辽宁省凌源市6乡镇为例

以辽宁省凌源市西南部6乡镇为研究对象,利用GPS定位采集了1 042个土壤表层样.采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明,土壤养分的变异系数为29.45%～67.25%,变异强度是有效磷>碱解氮>有机质>速效钾.有机质、碱解氮和速效钾的C0/(C0+C)比值均在49.7%～49.90%之间,都具有中等的相关性,而有效磷的C0/(C0+C)的比值为100%,空间的相关性较弱.分维数D大小顺序为:有效磷>碱解氮>速效钾>有机质.Kriging插值分析表明,研究区土壤养分的空间分布格局主要受土地利用类型影响较大.     

漫岗丘陵区黑土村级农田土壤养分空间变异研究

基于地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计学方法,对黑龙江省漫岗丘陵区的拜泉县富业村农田黑土耕层采集的180个样本的有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾四种养分要素的空间变异规律进行了分析和探讨。研究表明,有机质变异函数曲线的理论模型符合高斯模型,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的理论模型表现为指数模型。碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾属于中度空间相关,受结构性因子和随机因子的影响,但程度有所差异。有机质属于高度空间相关,其变化主要受结构性因子的影响。碱解氮的相关距离最大为4405 m,有机质的相关距离最小为234 m,速效磷和速效钾的相关距离分别为543 m和1128 m。施肥是导致该村土壤养分空间变异性的主要原因。基于土壤养分状况和空间分布特征,目前需要考虑对该村土壤氮、磷、钾进行分区管理。利用地统计学分析的方法,对合理利用土地、综合治理水土流失的以及指导当地合理施肥等都有重要的意义。     

基于GIS的库车县耕层土壤养分空间变异研究

基于GIS和地统计学分析方法,对库车县耕层土壤(0—20cm)养分元素的空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明:有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾均为中等程度的空间变异性,变异系数为19.11%~65.34%。有机质和全氮的理论模型符合球状模型,碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的理论模型符合指数模型。有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾具有中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要受土壤类型、土壤质地以及施肥影响。从空间分布格局来看,有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾的含量在东南方向上呈现明显的片状和斑块状分布,并由东南向西北发生递减,而有效磷主要呈斑块状分布,其含量在西南方向高于东北方向,研究区耕层土壤养分总体呈现出东南方向含量高于西北方向。     

曲靖市坡耕地土壤养分的空间变异性及其与利用方式的关系

以云南省曲靖市麒麟区越州镇面积为1 km2的典型性坡耕地为研究区,应用常规统计学方法和地统计学方法,对土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和有机质的空间变异规律进行分析,探讨了土地利用方式与土壤养分变异的关系。结果表明:研究区土壤养分空间变异程度以pH值最小,速效磷最大。速效养分、有机质和pH受人为活动影响明显,它们的空间自相关性中等或较弱。有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等主要养分呈现出西北-东南方向逐渐增高的空间格局,与海拔和地形走势有明显相关性。不同坡位(坡位高低)间的土壤养分差异显著,有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分指标呈现随坡位下降而升高的趋势。土地利用方式对土壤养分含量空间变异性也有明显的影响,施肥强度大的水田土壤养分含量最高,其次为施肥中等的旱地,土壤养分最低的是施肥量小或不施肥的果林和桉树林。     

县域土壤有机质空间变异特征及合理采样数的确定

以有机质为例,以高密度土壤养分采样数据为数据源,通过随机抽取生成不同采样密度的样点数据,分析了不同采样密度下土壤有机质的空间变异特征及县域合理采样数。研究结果表明,在一定研究尺度下采样密度对土壤养分的模型拟合、变程和空间相关性没有显著影响,即适当减少样点数可以满足插值分析的需要,充分考虑土壤养分空间变异评价的精度分析,确定县域土壤有机质合理采样数应控制在400个以上。     

环渤海沿海区域土壤养分空间变异及分布格局

大尺度研究土壤养分空间变异和分布,是实现区域平衡施肥和精准化农业的重要前提,大批量土壤养分的实验室分析比较费时费力且耗资较大,地统计及GIS插值技术可以有效解决这一问题。利用432个采样点,进行环渤海沿海区域0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层土壤养分空间变异和空间分布格局研究。土壤养分指标包括土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质及全氮。对各土壤养分指标进行传统统计和地统计分析并采用kriging进行空间插值成图。结果表明:同一养分指标变异程度在0~30 cm和30~60 cm土层均相近;各养分指标在两土层均具有良好的空间结构性;研究区土壤有效磷和速效钾含量相对丰富,碱解氮、有机质和全氮含量较缺乏,总体而言本研究区域土壤养分较缺乏,30~60 cm土层各养分含量较0~30 cm土层更加缺乏。     

博、精河下游河岸带土壤速效养分空间异质性分析

以新疆博尔塔拉河、精河下游河岸带土壤为研究对象,针对土壤中的有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等指标进行定量测定,运用地统计学方法分别对博尔塔拉河、精河流域土壤养分空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤有机质、碱解氮变异程度大于精河下游河岸带,土壤速效磷、速效钾变异程度相近;两河土壤速效养分垂直分异规律为:土壤有机质、碱解氮含量均随土层深度的增加而递减;水平分异规律为:距离艾比湖入湖口越远,土壤中速效养分平均含量越小.总体而言,博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤速效养分高于精河下游河岸带土壤速效养分,精河土壤养分空间异质性较小.     

Physical Properties of the Soils of Sibay City of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific...     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

Heterogeneity of Organic Matter of Aggregates of Protocalcic Chernozems

Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,...     

青海省耕地资源开发利用分析及对策研究

分析论述了青海省耕地资源开发利用的现状、特点和问题。在此基础上,提出了对青海省耕地资源进行研究的框架体系和思路,同时基于GIS/RS技术设计了相关的技术路线。最后依据所做设计对青海省耕地资源开发利用做了初步分析,并进行了相关的对策研究分析。     

Characterization of physical and chemical properties of Varzea soils of Goias State of Brazil

Abstract

Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados.     

Estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of agrophytocenoses soils of the subtropical zone of Russia

An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn periods.     

Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn

The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements.     

物联网安全及解决措施

物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。     

荔枝种子结构的扫描电镜观察

荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.