旱稻抗旱性鉴定方法与指标研究-- Ⅱ抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范

为统一旱稻抗旱性鉴定评价标准,全国农技推广中心委托研究制定“旱稻抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范”。该“规范”详细阐述了旱稻全生育期抗旱性鉴定、苗期抗旱性鉴定、种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定三种抗旱性鉴定方法,并说明了这三种方法的适用情况。     

植物线虫分子鉴定研究进展

植物线虫可危害农作物和林木,对它们的准确鉴定是防治植物线虫病害的基础。由于植物线虫很小,而且在形态上种间常有覆盖,而种内有较大的变异,仅依据形态特征很难鉴定。分子鉴定技术给植物线虫的检测和鉴定提供了快速、精确、可靠的方法。文章综述了植物线虫分子的DNA提取、分子鉴定靶标序列的选择及分子鉴定方法等方面的研究进展及现状,以促进对植物线虫分子鉴定更深入的研究。     

浅谈形态学和分子生物学在昆虫鉴定中的作用

本文简介了形态学和分子生物学技术在昆虫鉴定中的优点和不足,表明形态学鉴定在昆虫鉴定中仍起主导作用,分子生物学作为高新技术在口岸鉴定工作中起到补充作用。旨在对口岸应用这两种方法鉴定时提供参考。     

旱稻抗旱性鉴定方法与指标研究--Ⅰ鉴定方法与评价指标

概述了旱稻的抗旱性概念及抗旱类型,分析比较了田间鉴定法、人工模拟鉴定法和实验室鉴定法等不同方法的优缺点,并对抗旱性鉴定指标(形态指标、生长发育指标)和抗旱性评价指标(抗旱系数、抗旱指数)进行了分析讨论,认为抗旱指数可作为旱稻抗旱性鉴定的首选指标。     

用无菌苗法鉴定油菜对菌核病的抗(耐)病性

快速、准确、有效的抗病性鉴定方法是抗病育种的基础和保障.目前,国内外鉴定油菜菌核病的抗(耐)病性的方法归纳起来主要有草酸鉴定法、人工气候室盆栽苗接种鉴定、大田成株期人工辅助接种鉴定和大田病圃或非病圃自然侵染鉴定法等.草酸鉴定法对鉴定材料的破坏性大,育种中应用仅供筛选抗草酸的单株或材料,且不能鉴定抗菌核病菌侵入的材料.人工气候室盆栽苗接种鉴定受空间或成本的限制,难以用于大量的筛选工作,大田成株期人工辅助接种鉴定和大田自然侵染鉴定既受季节的限制,也受环境因素的影响.因此,探寻更高效、准确的抗(耐)病性鉴定方法,仍是抗病育种的迫切需要.本文介绍了一种准确、快速、高效的鉴定新方法.     

利用BIOLOG鉴定系统快速鉴定菜豆萎蔫病菌的研究

 本研究利用美国Biolog公司生产的MicroStation^TM V3.5系统对我国一类危险性病害菜豆萎蔫病菌及其相关菌进行了快速鉴定研究。研究结果表明,来自不同国家和寄主的24株菜豆萎蔫病菌及其相关致病变种,23株准确鉴定至种水平,其中13株鉴定至致病变种水平,种水平的鉴定准确率为95.8%,另外1株至属水平。同时2株苜蓿萎蔫病菌和2株番茄溃疡病菌均鉴定至致病变种水平。经聚类分析研究,结果支持了对格兰氏阳性植病细菌在属、种水平的分类。本研究是首次使用该系统对格兰氏阳性植病细菌进行鉴定研究,试验证明Biolog鉴定系统用于快速鉴定菜豆萎蔫病菌是一个很有用的工具,且由于其标准化程度高、快速准确,符合我国口岸植物检疫的要求。     

水稻品种抗黑条矮缩病人工接种鉴定方法

为建立科学有效的水稻品种抗黑条矮缩病人工接种鉴定方法,分别研究了病毒在介体体内的循回时间、接种时间、接种强度、水稻接种苗龄4个因素对鉴定效果的影响。结果显示,病毒在介体体内的循回时间为12~15天或21~24天条件下,鉴定效果优于8~11天和16~17天处理;接种48~72 h条件下,鉴定效果优于12~24 h处理;有效接种强度4~20虫/苗条件下,鉴定效果优于1~3虫/苗处理;水稻接种苗龄0.5~2.5叶龄条件下,鉴定效果优于2.5~3.5叶龄处理。由此构建了水稻抗黑条矮缩病人工接种鉴定方法:循回时间为12~15天、接种时间48~72 h、有效接种强度4~20虫/苗和水稻接种苗龄0.5~2.5叶。在此条件下对不同抗性表现的水稻品种进行鉴定,其鉴定结果与重病区田间鉴定没有显著性差异,表明所建立的人工接种鉴定方法能客观地反映水稻品种对黑条矮缩病的抗性水平。     

云南蔷薇属部分种质资源对白粉病的抗性鉴定

对14个云南蔷薇属种质资源（包括7个栽培品种和7个野生种）进行白粉病抗性的离体鉴定和田间鉴定,其中免疫品种（种）2个,中抗品种（种）8个,中感品种1个,高感品种（种）3个。白粉病离体鉴定与田间鉴定两种方法的抗性评价结果完全一致,表明该方法可作为白粉病抗性快速鉴定的方法。     

人工注射接种及田间病圃鉴定水稻对稻瘟病的抗病性

在水稻分蘖盛期采用人工注射接菌的方法对145份水稻材料进行稻瘟病抗性鉴定,选取鉴定得到的18份高抗材料在稻瘟病高发区进行自然诱发鉴定。通过上述抗性鉴定获得6份抗病材料,可用于抗病新品种选育,结果表明,人工注射接菌鉴定能够在规模较大的杂交后代材料筛选中淘汰感病材料,选用6个菌株混合进行人工注射接菌鉴定水稻材料稻瘟病抗性还不能完全替代自然诱发鉴定。     

植物病原细菌DNA条形码检测技术

植物病原细菌是植物病原菌的重要组成部分,DNA 条形码技术在植物病原细菌的鉴定中应用非常普遍,本文综述了在植物病原细菌鉴定中常用的基因及目前应用的一些数据库,认为在细菌鉴定中比较适用的方法为先通过16S rRNA 基因分析确定到属,然后通过多态性更强的基因或多个基因的联合应用鉴定到种或种下阶元。DNA 条形码技术可以作为常规检测技术的一个强有力补充,提高病原菌鉴定的标准化与速度,尤其对检疫性病原细菌的鉴定具有重要作用。     

葡萄座腔菌侵染柑橘果实的报道

 柑橘生长中后期、运输和贮藏期间由真菌危害造成的烂果现象十分普遍。2016年对采集自江西赣州果园的柑橘病果进行了组织分离、柯赫氏法则验证和病原菌鉴定,明确病原菌为葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)。进一步发现该病菌可以侵染苹果枝干和果实,引起腐烂。这是首次关于B. dothidea侵染柑橘果实的报道。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neofusicoccum parvum</Emphasis> associated with fruit rot and shoot blight of peaches in Greece

Shoot blights and fruit rots comprise the most serious diseases of peaches in Greece. In this study, the importance of the fungus Neofusicoccum parvum as a casual agent of a fruit rot and shoot blight of peach trees in Greece was investigated. This pathogen was isolated from both immature and mature peach fruit of the cultivar “Catherine” and later on from mature fruit of the peach cultivars “Andross”, “RedHaven”, “Sun Crest” and “Sun Cloud”. In the first year of investigation, N. parvum was found causing preharvest fruit rot and shoot blights of peach trees only at the location “Ammos-Mesi-Meliki Verias” in the prefecture of Imathia (the main peach production area of Greece) at incidences of 30 and 8%, respectively. However, in 2006 N. parvum was isolated from more locations such as Diavatos, Veria, Kopanos and Agia Marina in the prefecture of Imathia, but only at less than 3% of the total surveyed rotted peach fruit and blighted shoots. The pathogen overwintered as sub-epidermal pycnidia in blighted shoots or mummified fruit that remained on peach trees. This study also showed that the optimum temperature for mycelial growth and conidial germination of N. parvum was 25 oC. Pathogenicity tests using peach fruit showed that isolates of N. parvum and Diplodia seriata (isolated from pistachio grown in the same region) showed no significant differences in their virulence. In laboratory inoculation tests using detached shoots from 25 peach and nectarine cultivars, N. parvum isolates obtained from rotted peaches caused different size cankers on these cultivars. The cultivar Big Top was the most susceptible while the cultivar Maria Bianca the least susceptible.     

The infestation of tomato seed by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici

The infestation of seed by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici occurred at rates of 0-1 to 0-01 % in fruit on stem-infected plants. Direct infection of fruit in the flower or young developing fruit stage resulted in a grayish-brown lesion on the stylar end of the fruit or mummification. F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici was isolated from all seeds in such fruit. Picked fruit inoculated on the stem scar also became infected but 96 h after inoculation of the fruit, the seed was not infested or infected. The contact of clean seed with hands that had previously handled F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycoperisid-infesied sawdust resulted in a high level of seed infestation. The fungus survived on seed sent across Canada and stored for up to 12 weeks. Treatment with NaOCl or 0·1 N HCl did not completely disinfest infested seed.     

First report of Phytophthora palmivora as a causal pathogen of citrus brown rot in Japan

A fruit rot, similar to brown rot, occurred on extremely early ripening Satsumas in Saga Prefecture in the early autumn of 1999. A single species of Phytophthora was isolated from the affected fruit. After nonwounding inoculation of healthy fruits of Citrus spp. including Satsuma with the isolated fungus, the fungus was reisolated from fruit with symptoms similar to those in nature. On the basis of its morphology and molecular analysis of the rDNA-internal transcribed spacer regions, the pathogen was identified as P. palmivora. This is the first report of P. palmivora as a causal pathogen of citrus brown rot in Japan.     

Alternaria brown spot on Minneola tangelos in Israel

Brown spots were observed on the rind of fruit and foliage of Minneola tangelo (Citrus reticulata C. paradisi) for the first time in Israel. The causal organism was isolated in culture and identified as Alternaria alternata, citrus pathotype. Typical disease symptoms were produced on inoculated leaves and fruit.     

广西百香果采后果腐病病原的鉴定

0 引言 百香果(Passiflora edulis),学名西番莲,为西番莲科(Passifloraceae)西番莲属(Passiflora Linn.)草质藤本植物,原产于南美洲的巴西,在我国主要种植于热带、亚热带地区,具有极高的营养、保健和商品价值[1-2].目前,我国百香果的主栽品种为紫果百香果(Passiflo...     

Field occurrence of vinclozolin resistance in Monilinia fructicola

Strains of Monilinia fructicola resistant to vinclozolin were isolated from fruit affected by brown rot from an orchard where the fungicide had been used over four seasons. Resistant isolates were pathogenic to peach fruit, and resistance of one isolate was confirmed following dipping of inoculated fruit in fungicide suspensions. In culture, one of four resistant isolates was identical in colony morphology and sporulation to sensitive isolates from different geographic areas. The other resistant isolates produced dark mycelium on PDA and were slower growing. Vinclozolin-resistant isolates were resistant in vitro to two other dicarboximide fungicides, iprodione and procymidone.     

欧李褐腐病病原菌鉴定

欧李[ Cerasus humilis( Bge.) Sok.]为蔷薇科樱桃属果树,别名钙果,原产中国,分布于我国的黑龙江、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山东、山西等省区.多生长在向阳山坡或沙丘边缘,资源相当丰富.欧李株高0.3～1.5m,多为0.5～0.7m左右,是目前世界上最矮小的木本果树.果实可鲜食或加工,含糖、蛋白质、维生素C,特别是矿质元素铁和钙的含量很高,每100果肉干分别含有58和360 mg种仁可作药用,中药称之为"郁李仁"可消毒化肿.     

欧李炭疽病病原菌鉴定

欧李〔 Cerasus humilis(Bge)Sok.]属于蔷薇科樱桃属矮生灌木野生果树,也是极具开发潜力的药用植物.欧李具有抗寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄,适应性强的特性,以其植株低矮,果实色艳,风味独特,营养丰富,颇受人们喜爱.欧李果实含钙较高,其种仁为郁李仁药材的主要来源[1].欧李广泛分布于我国的黑龙江、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山东、山西等省区.     

百香果疮痂病病原菌鉴定

To identify the pathogen causing scab disease on the fruit of Passiflora Linn. in the passion fruit yard of Cenxi and Nanning cities, Guangxi province. The scab tissues collected from diseased fruits were isolated,purified,and made pathogenicity test,morphological observation, biological and molecular identification. The representive isolate B31, obtained from the diseased fruit, was selected for morphological observation and pathogen identification, and was verified as the causal agent of the scab disease through Koch’s postulates. The result of morphological observation using light microscope showed that the isolate B31 was very similar to Alternaria in terms of hyphae and spore morphology. Phylogenetic analysis results using multiple gene loci showed that identities of sequences of ITS, Alt al, TEF 1 and endoPG genes of isolate B31 were 100% identical to those of Alternaria alternata. This study clarifies that the pathogen causing scab disease of passion fruit in Guangxi is A. alternata, and this is the first report of A. alternate causing scab on passion fruit in China.