二氯吡啶酸防除春油菜田刺儿菜和苣荚菜的效果

30％二氯吡啶酸（毕克草）600ml／hm^2,对春油菜田刺儿菜的防效为84．59％,对苣荬菜的防效为80．99％以上,油菜平均增产13．02％。     

噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂防治春油菜田害虫的应用研究

对比试验表明,70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂用油菜种子重量的0.3%～0.7%拌种,防治油菜田黄宽条菜跳甲等菜跳甲和茎龟象的效果达78.7%～93.0%,比5%甲拌磷GR高10～20个百分点.多年在不同地区进行大面积防治示范,其防效与上述趋势基本一致.试验还显示,油菜播种前3 d至3个月拌种,对害虫防效无明显差异,且对油菜前期生长有一定促进作用.说明噻虫嗪拌种防治油菜害虫效果高、安全性好,是取代甲拌磷的较好药剂.     

二氯吡啶酸防除春油菜田刺儿菜和苣荬菜的效果

30%二氯吡啶酸(毕克草)600 ml/hm2,对春油菜田刺儿菜的防效为84.59%,对苣荬菜的防效为80.99%以上,油菜平均增产13.02%.     

微生物杀菌剂噬菌核霉防治油菜菌核病试验研究

试验结果表明,微生物杀菌剂噬菌核霉2亿活孢子/克可湿性粉剂对油菜菌核病有较好的防治效果,在油菜移栽前2～4周,喷施于油菜田地表并用机械方法 （旋耕）把表面土壤翻入5～10cm的土壤中,基本能控制油菜菌核病的为害,其每hm2使用2 250g防效为82.70%,并可以与其它杀菌剂如菌核净40%可湿性粉剂混用,在保证防效的同时,可大幅度减少化学农药的用量。同时解决了油莱花期田间封闭施药不便和因下雨错过防治时机的难题。     

油菜蚤跳甲药剂防治试验

选用6种药剂,采用拌种、拌种+喷雾、喷雾3种施药方法,在甘肃省康乐县进行了双低春油菜田间油菜蚤跳甲防效比较试验,以油菜被害指数表示药剂的防治效果,选出适宜药剂与施药方法。结果表明：拌种处理中,毒死蜱被害指数最低（2~3叶期4.15%、4~5叶期20.38%、5~6叶期32.08%）,氰戊•马拉松、甲维盐次之;拌种+喷雾处理中,氰戊•马拉松（1.83%、15.84%、25.16%）、甲维盐（6.20%、29.25%、29.24%）防效最佳,吡虫啉次之;喷雾处理中,氰戊•马拉松（5.24%、18.79%、29.17%）最佳,甲维盐、吡虫啉次之。氰戊•马拉松、辛硫磷、毒死蜱、甲维盐拌种、拌种+喷雾,甲维盐喷雾将最终死苗率控制在5%以内,大田示范试验中被害指数控制在40%以内,有效控制了对油菜的为害。由此,可以用毒死蜱、氰戊•马拉松、甲维盐、吡虫啉替代高毒农药甲拌磷防治油菜蚤跳甲。其中吡虫啉、甲维盐适宜喷雾,毒死蜱适宜拌种,氰戊•马拉松拌种或喷雾均适宜。     

啶酰菌胺50%水分散粒剂防治油菜菌核病田间试验研究初报

为了明确啶酰菌胺50%水分散粒剂对油菜菌核病的田间防效,于2010-2011年进行了2年田间试验。结果表明,啶酰菌胺50%水分散粒剂使用225～450g/hm2,在油菜初花期、盛花期各喷雾1次,防效达85%～90%,可有效减轻菌核病的危害,是防治油菜菌核病的一种新型、有效的药剂。     

农抗2-16防治油菜菌核病效果研究

利用农抗２┐１６防治油菜菌核病效果良好。在油菜盛花期喷施农抗２┐１６水剂１００、１５０倍液,对油菜菌核病防效分别达８２．６％和７８．１％,其防效高于４０％治萎灵可湿性粉剂（９００ｇ／ｈｍ２）和５０％多菌灵可湿性粉剂（３０００ｇ／ｈｍ２）,低于３６％粉霉灵悬浮剂（１５００ｍｌ／ｈｍ２）。喷施农抗２┐１６,能有效地减轻主茎发病,降低病情指数。     

春油菜蚜虫的为害及防治指标的研究

蚜虫是造成春油菜减产的重要因素之一,1991～1992年作者研究了春油菜不同生育阶段受蚜虫为害损失及防治指标。结果表明,不同生育阶段的油菜植株受蚜虫为害时,导致株高下降、有效角果数减少、单株产量下降。油菜苗期、苔花期、角果期的临界为害量分别为12～15、50～100、90～100(头/株)。根据虫量与产量损失预测模型,结合春油菜价格、产量水平、防治费用、经济效益及天敌各防治风险等因素,本文提出了每hm~2产1050kg的油菜田,防治指标为12头/株。     

药剂拌种对春油菜白粉病和茎象甲的防效及对油菜产量的影响

为明确不同药剂拌种对春油菜出苗率、病虫害防效及产量的影响, 本文在3种不同种植密度下, 针对春油菜白粉病、油菜茎象甲, 选择25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、600 g/L吡虫啉SC、30%噻虫嗪SC、600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、30%噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC进行了拌种处理试验。结果表明, 各拌种处理对春油菜的出苗有一定的影响, 其中600 g/L吡虫啉SC、30%噻虫嗪SC、600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、30% 噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种对春油菜出苗的影响大于25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种; 600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC、30%噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种对白粉病和茎象甲的防效均高于单剂拌种; 600 g/L吡虫啉SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种, 对春油菜白粉病的最高防效可达59.3%, 30%噻虫嗪SC+25 g/L咯菌腈FSC拌种对油菜茎象甲最高防效可达69.2%。白粉病病情指数与春油菜种植密度呈正相关, 拌种防效随密度增加而降低, 综合产量分析, 最佳种植密度为28.5万～34.5万株/hm2。     

应用有色板诱杀棉蓟马效果的研究

棉蓟马是棉花苗期的主要,害虫,目前主要使用农药防治,但由于长期使用,产生了一定的抗药性,防效降低。为了探讨简易的防治途径,笔者自1978—1984年,采用有色板诱杀试验,现将结果报道如下:     

10.8%精喹禾灵乳油防除春油菜田野燕麦的效果

为了更好地防除春油菜田野燕麦,对10.8％精喹禾灵乳油防除春油菜田野燕麦的效果及其对春油菜的安全性进行了田间小区试验.结果表明,10.8％精喹禾灵乳油在一定剂量范围内于野燕麦3～4叶期(春油菜3～4叶期)兑水300 L/hm2茎叶喷雾,对野燕麦的防除效果达到66.24％～ 95.75％,各处理区油菜生长正常.10.8％精喹禾灵乳油安全性好、防效高、持效期长.     

小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系

为明确小麦不同生育期地下害虫为害程度与其虫口密度的关系,采用棋盘式10点取样法,在调查秋播前麦田地下害虫种类和数量的基础上,研究冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期地下害虫为害造成的麦苗死亡率。在陕西武功,秋播前麦田地下害虫有20种,其中以金针虫和蛴螬为优势种,分别占地下害虫发生总量的58.66%和21.91%。地下害虫为害引起的死苗现象主要发生在冬前秋苗期,供试5块田的死苗率达4.4%～9.1%;春季返青拔节期的死苗率较低,仅为1.0%～2.3%。相关分析表明,地下害虫为害造成的冬前秋苗期和春季返青拔节期死苗率与其虫口密度密切相关。     

试论农业害虫的自然控制

作者根据水稻、棉花、玉米、小麦、油菜、果树和蔬菜等的重要害虫几十年的防治经验，论述了农业害虫自然控制因素的作用和自控措施。这些措施包括作物耐抗性的利用、植物性杀虫剂的利用、昆虫行为和习性的利用、天敌资源的保护利用、农业措施的利用以及农业害虫的综合自控技术。依据可持续农业的发展要求，讨论了在农业害虫的治理中应充分重视和利用一切自然控制因素     

Pesticide-mediated homeostatic modulation in arthropods

The term hormesis was coined to describe a phenomenon where exposure to high levels of stressors is inhibitory whereas low (mild, sublethal, and subtoxic) doses are stimulatory. The stimulatory effects are believed to be the result of compensatory biochemical processes following a destabilization of normal homeostasis. Exposure of arthropods to mild levels of chemical stressors (i.e., pesticides) may result in enhanced reproduction that has been associated along with other factors with pest outbreaks and resurgences. Hormesis, however, cannot be claimed for cases in which the observed stimulatory effects were due to exposure of non-target pests (i.e., mites) to pesticides (DDT, carbaryl, insecticidal pyrethroids or imidacloprid). Pesticides applied to non-target pests cannot be regarded as stressors since inhibition or mortality at very high doses can hardly be observed and measured. Pesticide-induced homeostatic modulation (PIHM) is suggested as a broader term to include both hormesis and stimulatory effects of pesticides on non-target pests. The specific role played by PIHM in inducing pest outbreaks in agroecosystems is difficult to evaluate as other complex environmental factors are most likely involved. The time factor is significant where applied pesticides undergo physical dissipation as well as biological, chemical, and/or photochemical modifications. A delay in outbreaks may be anticipated as arthropod pests exposed to effective residues and degradation products will be subjected to PIHM resulting in enhanced reproduction. Knowledge about hormesis and PIHM has practical aspects for designing pest control strategies and pest resistance management practices.     

农作物病虫害防治农药速查系统构建与应用

为了让农户能够直观了解及掌握常见病虫害的防治信息,帮助农户通过智能手机在农田、果园和茶园等现场方便快捷地获取作物病虫害图文识别要点与科学防治方法,为农户提供在线植保技术服务,本研究采用RESTful Web 服务架构设计,运用HTML5移动Web开发技术,借助微信平台作为用户访问入口,开发了一款跨平台 (android/iOS) 的农药速查软件系统,实现了农药信息查询、病虫害图谱查询及后台数据管理等功能。通过建立农药与病虫害间的关联关系,实现了从农药名称和病虫害名称两个途径查询农药信息;所构建的数据库涵盖了蔬菜、果树、水稻、茶叶及烟草等共30种福建省常规种植作物上的重要病虫害农药防治技术。初步运用验证结果表明,该系统整体实用性和稳定性较好,适合在农村基层推广应用。基于微信平台的农药速查系统能够满足植保新技术普及和应用的需求,可为农户提供简单便捷、对症下药的在线植保科技服务,对提高用户安全施药和科学防控能力、推进农药的增效减量均具有重要意义。     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of accidental insect pest introduction into Switzerland and its implications for plant protection1

The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of accidental introduction of pest organisms into Switzerland by means of international plant trade, and to discuss its consequences for the development of plant protection strategies. We found substantial levels of infestation in samples of all producing countries included in the study. Since the use of synthetic pesticides is the main basis of pest control in the ornamental industry, the results of this study indicate that chemical pest control has reached a limit above which no further reduction of pest population levels is possible. The increased pesticide tolerance of many arthropod pests is mainly due to increased levels of resistance to pesticides caused by their excessive use. Therefore, alternative methods supplementing pesticide use are required to develop an optimal pest management strategy for the future. It is proposed that, in the Swiss ornamental production industry, pest monitoring should be the first step in this direction.     

江苏水稻生产全程简约化绿色防控策略研究与应用

针对江苏水稻病虫害灾变规律变化发展的新特点,以及农药减量控害难度加大、稻米品质质量要求提高等社会需求,结合农药残留风险关键控制点和农药施用对稻米品质的影响分析,提出了水稻病虫害"前防、中控、后保"的全程简约化防控新策略.构建了以"种苗处理和穗期病虫绿色用药"为核心、以"生态调控"为配套的水稻不同生长时期防控技术体系和基...     

临麦系列春小麦品种抗条锈性分析

小麦条锈病是发生于甘肃省临夏州小麦生产上的最主要病害,种植抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效且有利于保护环境的措施。作者于2013年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州低温温室和甘谷试验站进行了苗期、成株期分小种接种鉴定,并于2010-2014年对临麦系列春小麦品种‘临麦32号’~‘临麦36号’在甘肃省不同生态区的8个试验点进行成株期抗条锈性分析,结果表明:春小麦品种‘临麦32号’苗期对所有供试菌系均表现感病,成株期对CYR29和CYR32表现中抗-中感;‘临麦33号’除对CYR29苗期表现免疫、成株期表现中抗-中感外,对其余供试菌系均表现感病。对自然诱发的条锈病,两品种也表现感病;‘临麦34号’和‘临麦36号’除对新菌系G22-9、G22-14表现感病外,对其余菌系表现抗病,但自2013年开始两品种在田间也表现感病;‘临麦35号’全生育期对接种及自然诱发的条锈菌均表现抗病。苗期选用24个国内外供试条锈菌单孢菌系进行基因推导分析,发现供试临麦系品种抗性谱与已知基因载体品种的抗性谱均不一致,初步推测供试临麦系品种含有未知抗条锈基因。     

Determinants of farmers’ decisions on pesticide use in oriental tobacco: a survey of common practices

Information about pesticide use and perceptions of their risks among farmers is important for identifying problems associated with pest-control decisions and developing appropriate management practices in given crops. In tobacco, a plant sensitive to many pests and diseases, such information is lacking. The patterns of pesticide use in oriental tobacco, as well as the most important factors for farmers’ decisions relating to chemical pest control were studied among randomly selected farmers in northern Greece on the basis of self-reported information acquired through a pre-tested questionnaire. High reliance of farmers on pesticides and field use of all well-known classes of chemical pesticides were reported. While all the active ingredients reported were registered for pest control in tobacco, they differed considerably in terms of toxicity. A normal cropping season received at least 14–16 pesticide applications for soil disinfection, pest control, and weed control. Most farmers stated that they usually spray chemicals on a calendar basis or on the first appearance of a pest. Efficacy on target pests and market price of the pesticide products to be used were the most important criteria for selection of pesticides, i.e. products that are considered to be highly effective and/or that are cheap are more likely to be selected. Better-educated and more experienced farmers were found to pay more attention to environmental safety and pesticide toxicity. Most farmers felt that pesticide use can reduce crop damage by more than 75%, assuring high yields. Main determinants of pesticide use were primarily the fear of severe yield and economic losses and the doubts about the effectiveness and the correct implementation of alternative pest-control methods. Pesticide use could be reduced by exposing farmers to improved pest-control practices such as site-specific integrated pest management.     

害虫生物防治新技术——载体植物系统

建立一个自我维持并可有效降低害虫种群水平的系统是害虫生物防治长期追求的理想目标。载体植物系统（banker plant system）又称开放式天敌饲养系统,是近年来开发出的一种集保护利用本地天敌、人工繁殖释放天敌以及异地引进天敌等传统技术特点为一体的新型生物防治技术。载体植物（banker plants）、替代食物（alternative foods）和有益生物（beneficial）是该系统的三个基本要素。本文对载体植物和载体植物系统概念、特点以及近年来国际上的研究进展进行了综述,并结合自身的研究实践,举例介绍载体植物系统的应用,以推动国内外对载体植物系统的研究和应用。