All-polymer field-effect transistor realized by printing techniques

A field-effect transistor has been fabricated from polymer materials by printing techniques. The device characteristics, which show high current output, are insensitive to mechanical treatments such as bending or twisting. This all-organic flexible device, realized with mild techniques, opens the way for large-area, low-cost plastic electronics.     

Continuous particle separation through deterministic lateral displacement

We report on a microfluidic particle-separation device that makes use of the asymmetric bifurcation of laminar flow around obstacles. A particle chooses its path deterministically on the basis of its size. All particles of a given size follow equivalent migration paths, leading to high resolution. The microspheres of 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 micrometers that were used to characterize the device were sorted in 40 seconds with a resolution of approximately 10 nanometers, which was better than the time and resolution of conventional flow techniques. Bacterial artificial chromosomes could be separated in 10 minutes with a resolution of approximately 12%.     

Breaking the diffraction barrier: optical microscopy on a nanometric scale

In near-field scanning optical microscopy, a light source or detector with dimensions less than the wavelength (lambda) is placed in close proximity (lambda/50) to a sample to generate images with resolution better than the diffraction limit. A near-field probe has been developed that yields a resolution of approximately 12 nm ( approximately lambda/43) and signals approximately 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold larger than those reported previously. In addition, image contrast is demonstrated to be highly polarization dependent. With these probes, near-field microscopy appears poised to fulfill its promise by combining the power of optical characterization methods with nanometric spatial resolution.     

Organic transistors: two-dimensional transport and improved electrical characteristics

The thiophene oligomer alpha-hexathienylene (alpha-6T) has been successfully used as the active semiconducting material in thin-film transistors. Field-induced conductivity in thin-film transistors with alpha-6T active layers occurs only near the interfacial plane, whereas the residual conductivity caused by unintentional doping scales with the thickness of the layer. The two-dimensional nature of the field-induced conductivity is due not to any anisotropy in transport with respect to any molecular axis but to interface effects. Optimized methods of device fabrication have resulted in high field-effect mobilities and on/off current ratios of > 10(6). The current densities and switching speeds are good enough to allow consideration of these devices in practical large-area electronic circuits.     

Somatically evoked magnetic fields of the human brain

The human brain is found to produce a magnetic field near the scalp which varies in synchrony with periodic electrical stimulation applied to a finger. Use of a highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference device as a magnetic field detector reveals that the brain's field is sharply localized over the primary projection area of the sensory cortex contralateral to the digit being stimulated. The phase of the response at the stimulus frequency varies monotonically with the repetition rate and at intermediate frequencies yields a latency of approximately 70 milliseconds for cortical response.     

X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier

Single soft-x-ray pulses of approximately 90-electron volt (eV) photon energy are produced by high-order harmonic generation with 7-femtosecond (fs), 770-nanometer (1.6 eV) laser pulses and are characterized by photoionizing krypton in the presence of the driver laser pulse. By detecting photoelectrons ejected perpendicularly to the laser polarization, broadening of the photoelectron spectrum due to absorption and emission of laser photons is suppressed, permitting the observation of a laser-induced downshift of the energy spectrum with sub-laser-cycle resolution in a cross correlation measurement. We measure isolated x-ray pulses of 1.8 (+0.7/-1.2) fs in duration, which are shorter than the oscillation cycle of the driving laser light (2.6 fs). Our techniques for generation and measurement offer sub-femtosecond resolution over a wide range of x-ray wavelengths, paving the way to experimental attosecond science. Tracing atomic processes evolving faster than the exciting light field is within reach.     

Pharmacological modulation of perceptual learning and associated cortical reorganization

The pharmacological basis of perceptual learning and associated cortical reorganizations remains elusive. We induced perceptual learning by Hebbian coactivation of the skin of the tip of the right index finger in humans. Under placebo, tactile two-point discrimination was improved on the coactivated but not on the left index finger. This augmentation was blocked by an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor blocker, but doubled by amphetamine. No drug effects were found on the left index finger. The individual amount of cortical reorganization as assessed by mapping of somatosensory evoked potentials was linearly correlated with the pharmacological modulation of discrimination thresholds, implying that perceptual learning and associated cortical changes are controlled by basic mechanisms known to mediate and modulate synaptic plasticity.     

Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor

We report the fabrication of transparent field-effect transistors using a single-crystalline thin-film transparent oxide semiconductor, InGaO3(ZnO)5, as an electron channel and amorphous hafnium oxide as a gate insulator. The device exhibits an on-to-off current ratio of approximately 106 and a field-effect mobility of approximately 80 square centimeters per volt per second at room temperature, with operation insensitive to visible light irradiation. The result provides a step toward the realization of transparent electronics for next-generation optoelectronics.     

一个逆境诱导表达的水稻锌指蛋白基因的分离和鉴定

为鉴定逆境应答相关转录因子,以1个水稻EST为基础,通过RT-PCR分离到了1个编码锌指蛋白的转录因子新基因的全长cDNA,命名为OsZF19。该基因编码171个氨基酸,包含zf-AN1和zf-A20两个锌指结构域,预测的该基因启动子区含有逆境应答顺式元件。Northern杂交分析表明,OsZF19的确受到高盐和植物激素ABA胁迫的诱导,而在干旱胁迫早期显著地诱导表达,胁迫后期OsZF19的表达量轻微下降。试验结果表明,OsZF19可能在水稻对干旱和高盐逆境的应答反应中发挥作用。     

Fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain

Many hypotheses have been postulated regarding the early evolution of the mammalian brain. Here, x-ray tomography of the Early Jurassic mammaliaforms Morganucodon and Hadrocodium sheds light on this history. We found that relative brain size expanded to mammalian levels, with enlarged olfactory bulbs, neocortex, olfactory (pyriform) cortex, and cerebellum, in two evolutionary pulses. The initial pulse was probably driven by increased resolution in olfaction and improvements in tactile sensitivity (from body hair) and neuromuscular coordination. A second pulse of olfactory enhancement then enlarged the brain to mammalian levels. The origin of crown Mammalia saw a third pulse of olfactory enhancement, with ossified ethmoid turbinals supporting an expansive olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, allowing full expression of a huge odorant receptor genome.     

拟南芥AtOHRP1在氧化胁迫应答中的功能初探

C3HC4 RING finger结构在植物非生物胁迫应答中发挥着重要作用。在对拟南芥基因组进行生物信息学分析过程中发现,NP_195772.1含有一个C3HC4 RING finger保守结构域。基因表达分析显示该基因受H2O2显著诱导。其突变体对高光、过氧化氢、高盐以及黑暗等胁迫高度敏感,叶片白化现象显著,相对叶绿素含量较于野生型也有明显降低,故将其命名为AtOHRP1(Arabidopsis thaliana Oxidative Hypersensitive RING Finger Protein 1)。通过分析氧化胁迫后植物体内过氧化氢的含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化,发现突变体体内有更多过氧化氢的积累且活性氧清除系统中关键酶,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性比野生型降低明显。表明AtOHRP1在氧化胁迫等非生物胁迫过程中发挥着重要的生理功能。     

Beaming light from a subwavelength aperture

Light usually diffracts in all directions when it emerges from a subwavelength aperture, which puts a lower limit on the size of features that can be used in photonics. This limitation can be overcome by creating a periodic texture on the exit side of a single aperture in a metal film. The transmitted light emerges from the aperture as a beam with a small angular divergence (approximately +/-3 degrees ) whose directionality can be controlled. This finding is especially surprising, considering that the radiating region is mainly confined to an area with lateral dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the light. The device occupies no more than one cubic micrometer and, when combined with enhanced transmission, suggests that a wide range of photonic applications is possible.     

Three-Dimensional X-ray Microtomography

The new technique of x-ray microtomography nondestructively generates three-dimensional maps of the x-ray attenuation coefficient inside small samples with approximately 1 percent accuracy and with resolution approaching 1 micrometer. Spatially resolved elemental maps can be produced with synchrotron x-ray sources by scanning samples at energies just above and below characteristic atomic absorption edges. The system consists of a high-resolution imaging x-ray detector and high-speed algorithms for tomographic image reconstruction. The design and operation of the microtomography device are described, and tomographic images that illustrate its performance with both synchrotron and laboratory x-ray sources are presented.     

蔬菜嫁接机器人砧、穗木套管式接合装置的设计

针对蔬菜自动嫁接时砧木和穗木的接合采用嫁接夹固定而存在的送夹装置设备复杂、耗材成本高等问题，设计了套管式接合装置。该装置由套管自动进给切断机构和套管夹持手爪组成：套管自动进给切断机构实现套管的自动进给和自动剪切。套管夹持手爪是左右对称的四杆机构，左右各有1个主动杆和从动杆。手爪执行构件固定在从动杆上；套管夹持手爪可将套管在开口处撑开，实现套管的张开和闭合。建立了套管式接合装置的数学模型，对夹持手爪的设计参数的优化结果为：当主、从动杆长度为35和25mm，手爪执行构件长度为15mm、手爪两转轴间距为6mm、力作用点与转轴连线的距离为21mm、电磁铁行程为5mm时，套管张1：7幅度为5．4mm。样机试验结果表明，套管夹持手爪将套管套在砧、穗木接合处的成功率为97％，达到设计要求。     

水稻化学氮肥减量施用的有效途径

通过2年水稻化学氮肥减量施用田间试验及1年较大面积的推广示范研究,结果表明:崇明常年高氮水平下的水稻栽培区,降低氮肥用量可以通过土壤高、中、低碱解N含量水平,以维持现有水稻单产为原则,针对性地选取减氮途径进行减量,2年结果可比习惯施肥减氮15%～20%。     

Single-cycle nonlinear optics

Nonlinear optics plays a central role in the advancement of optical science and laser-based technologies. We report on the confinement of the nonlinear interaction of light with matter to a single wave cycle and demonstrate its utility for time-resolved and strong-field science. The electric field of 3.3-femtosecond, 0.72-micron laser pulses with a controlled and measured waveform ionizes atoms near the crests of the central wave cycle, with ionization being virtually switched off outside this interval. Isolated sub-100-attosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet light (photon energy approximately 80 electron volts), containing approximately 0.5 nanojoule of energy, emerge from the interaction with a conversion efficiency of approximately 10(-6). These tools enable the study of the precision control of electron motion with light fields and electron-electron interactions with a resolution approaching the atomic unit of time ( approximately 24 attoseconds).     

Embedded nanostructures revealed in three dimensions

Nanotechnology creates a new challenge for materials characterization because device properties now depend on size and shape as much as they depend on the traditional parameters of structure and composition. Here we show that Z-contrast tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope has been developed to determine the complete three-dimensional size and shape of embedded structures with a resolution of approximately 1 cubic nanometer. The results from a tin/silicon quantum dot system show that the positions of the quantum dots and their size, shape, structure, and formation mechanism can be determined directly. These methods are applicable to any system, providing a unique and versatile three-dimensional visualization tool.     

辐射松层板抗弯性能的指接参数优化及无损检测研究

[目的]通过对辐射松层板指接工艺的研究,优化指接过程中的参数,提高指接层板的力学性能;基于应力波方法,开展对指接层板抗弯性能的无损检测研究,提高指接层板的强度稳定性.[方法]通过预试验过程确定端压,选择4种不同指长的铣刀,设定3种不同嵌合度大小,研究3因素对指接层板抗弯性能的影响,进而从中选出较优指接参数组合并与标准比...     

X-ray holograms at improved resolution: a study of zymogen granules

X-ray holography offers the possibility of three-dimensional microscopy with resolution higher than that of the light microscope and with contrast based on x-ray edges. In principle, the method is especially advantageous for biological samples if x-rays in the wavelength region between the carbon and oxygen K edges are used. However, until now the achieved resolution has not exceeded that of the light microscope because of the poor coherence properties of the x-ray sources and the low resolution of the detectors that were available. With a recently developed x-ray source based on an undulator on an electron storage ring, and high resolution x-ray resist, a hologram has been recorded at about 400-angstrom resolution. The experiment utilized x-rays with wavelengths of 24.7 angstroms and required a 1-hour exposure of the pancreatic zymogen granules under study.     

沙冬青A20／ANl锌指蛋白基因序列及表达分析

A20/AN1锌指蛋白普遍存在于真核生物中,在胁迫响应引起的信号传导过程中发挥着重要作用。本文利用生物信息学和RT-PCR方法从低温干旱胁迫的沙冬青叶片组织中分离锌指蛋白基因AmSTZF,该基因编码一条含172个氨基酸残基的多肽,含A20和AN1两个锌指蛋白保守结构域,属A20/AN1锌指蛋白。生物信息学分析显示该蛋白定位于细胞质中,具有磷酸化位点,参与细胞转录调控。RT PCR分析表明:低温和干旱胁迫处理的沙冬青叶片中,AmSTZF的表达增强,初步推测该基因与沙冬青低温、干旱胁迫响应相关。