Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in tropical rainforests?

Despite recent progress in understanding mechanisms of tree species coexistence in tropical forests, a simple explanation for the even more extensive diversity of insects feeding on these plants has been missing. We compared folivorous insects from temperate and tropical trees to test the hypothesis that herbivore species coexistence in more diverse communities could reflect narrow host specificity relative to less diverse communities. Temperate and tropical tree species of comparable phylogenetic distribution supported similar numbers of folivorous insect species, 29.0 +/- 2.2 and 23.5 +/- 1.8 per 100 square meters of foliage, respectively. Host specificity did not differ significantly between community samples, indicating that food resources are not more finely partitioned among folivorous insects in tropical than in temperate forests. These findings suggest that the latitudinal gradient in insect species richness could be a direct function of plant diversity, which increased sevenfold from our temperate to tropical study sites.     

Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning

Ecology seeks to explain species coexistence and its functional consequences, but experimental tests of mechanisms that simultaneously account for both processes are difficult. We used an experimental mycorrhizal plant system to test whether functional similarity among closely related species (phylogenetic conservatism) can drive community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Communities were constructed with the same number of fungal species, but after 1 year of growth, realized species richness was highest where the starting species were more distantly related to each other. Communities with high realized species richness also stimulated plant productivity more than those with low realized species richness. Our findings suggest that phylogenetic trait conservatism can promote coexistence because of reduced competition between distinct evolutionary lineages and enhance ecosystem function because of functional complementarity among those same lineages.     

Functional traits and niche-based tree community assembly in an Amazonian forest

It is debated whether species-level differences in ecological strategy, which play a key role in much of coexistence theory, are important in structuring highly diverse communities. We examined the co-occurrence patterns of over 1100 tree species in a 25-hectare Amazonian forest plot in relation to field-measured functional traits. Using a null model approach, we show that co-occurring trees are often less ecologically similar than a niche-free (neutral) model predicts. Furthermore, we find evidence for processes that simultaneously drive convergence and divergence in key aspects of plant strategy, suggesting that at least two distinct niche-based processes are occurring. Our results show that strategy differentiation among species contributes to the maintenance of diversity in one of the most diverse tropical forests in the world.     

千年桐人工林物种多样性研究

为了研究大面积人工种植的千年桐林中植被类型和物种多样性的变化,以福建省建瓯市小松镇千年桐林及其周围环境为研究区域,通过样方调查法,运用传统生态学的研究方法,运用重要值、多样性、丰富度、均匀度等指标,研究分析千年桐林结构、种类组成和物种多样性。结果表明,千年桐人工林群落内种类和个体数均较为稀少,但不同样方内物种变化较为复杂且不呈现出一定的规律性。千年桐样方内出现67种,隶属49科63属,其中以乔木层的科属种数最少。比较不同层次树种重要值大小,乔木层灌木层草本层。物种多样性差异与不同生境条件有关,灌、草层中虽然物种数多、丰富度高,但物种分布的均匀度和优势度比乔木层高。     

北京西山人工林群落物种多样性的研究

应用丰富度、多样性、均匀度指标 ,研究了北京西山地区 10种人工林群落的物种多样性 .结果表明 :①大多数群落的Shannon Wiener指数H在 1 5～ 3 0之间 ,且与物种丰富度指数的变化趋势一致 ,使用效果比较理想 ;②不同人工林群落中 ,乔木第一亚层的物种丰富度指数和Shannon Wiener指数均低于乔木第二亚层 ,而Simpson指数则相反 ;③不同人工林群落中 ,槲树和华山松林物种丰富度和Shannon Wiener指数较高 ;④草本层的物种丰富度和Shannon Wiener指数高于灌木层和乔木层 ,而乔木层和灌木层没有明显的差异 ;⑤各多样性指数在不同群落间的变化幅度均为草本层 >灌木层 >乔木层 .     

黄土区蔡家川流域河岸林物种多样性研究

河岸带植被是陆地和水生生态系统过渡区环境变化的敏感指标。利用样方法对黄土高原山西吉县蔡家川流域主沟道中部海拔1 020～1 240 m范围内的河岸带植被进行了调查,结果表明:该区域内河岸带植被的乔木层和灌木层结构较单一、物种丰富度较低,而草本层的物种丰富度相对较高,且长势良好;植物总的丰富度和乔木层的物种丰富度随海拔升高而呈现出显著的下降趋势,而灌木层却随海拔高度的变化呈现出较复杂的变化趋势;乔木层的均匀度也随海拔的变化而呈现出波浪式变化。      

林分树种组成多样性指数的构建

  目的  构建数量化指标以定量表达林分树种组成特征,是精准经营管理森林的技术基础。  方法  应用生物多样性理论,根据树种组成的特性和经营管理要求,构建了林分树种组成多样性指数(I_SCD)。采用“十分法”,分析了不同树种数下指数的变化规律及基本特性。以国家森林资源连续清查中浙江省322个针阔混交林样地为应用对象,对I_SCD与现有的α多样性指数进行了对比分析。  结果  I_SCD涵盖了林分中树种数、树种相对多度和树种蓄积比例等信息,突出体现树种数的同时,充分表达了树种组成的均匀性与混交程度。I_SCD可完整、独立和有效地表达树种组成的变化特性。与α多样性指数相比,I_SCD提高了对树种数判别的分异性和灵敏性,可严密地评价树种结构的均匀度和混交度,合理有效地反映树种多样性。  结论  与α多样性指数相比,构建数量化指标能更细致、全面、有针对性地定量化表征林分树种组成多样性,解决了低丰富度高均匀度、高丰富度低均匀度等不同林分树种组成类型难于有效区分的难题。图7表7参28     

浙江凤阳山自然保护区福建柏群落物种多样性

对浙江省凤阳山自然保护区福建柏Fokienia hodginsii群落的不同样地、不同层次的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度进行了分析。结果表明:木本植物的物种丰富度(161种)和物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物(14种),而群落均匀度两者无显著差异。在群落垂直结构中,灌木层的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度均大于乔木层,但两者之间差异不显著。乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数均明显大于草本层。而乔木层、灌木层与草本层之间的群落均匀度差异不显著。表4参29     

肇庆九龙湖水源涵养林黑桫椤群落植物物种多样性研究

以肇庆九龙湖水源涵养林黑桫椤群落的代表样地调查资料为基础,研究九龙湖水源涵养林黑桫椤群落不同样地、不同层次的植物物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度。结果表明:在群落垂直结构中,乔木层物种多样性的各项指标除物种丰富度以外,其他指标都是最小的,灌木层物种多样性的各项指标除Pielou均匀度指数以外,其他指标都是最大的。各样地间多样性指数测值变幅不大,物种多样性在群落不同层次的变化规律为:灌木层>草本层>藤本>乔木层。人为因子的干扰对黑桫椤群落的物种多样性有较大的影响。     

Rapid diversification of a species-rich genus of neotropical rain forest trees

Species richness in the tropics has been attributed to the gradual accumulation of species over a long geological period in stable equatorial climates or, conversely, to speciation in response to late Tertiary geological events and unstable Pleistocene climates. DNA sequence data are consistent with recent diversification in Inga, a species-rich neotropical tree genus. We estimate that speciation was concentrated in the past 10 million years, with many species arising as recently as 2 million years ago. This coincides with the more recent major uplifts of the Andes, the bridging of the Isthmus of Panama, and Quaternary glacial cycles. Inga may be representative of other species-rich neotropical genera with rapid growth and reproduction, which contribute substantially to species numbers in the world's most diverse flora.     

龙王山落叶阔叶林群落特征及物种多样性研究

采用丰富度（R1、R2）、多样性（D、H）和均匀度（J1、J2）各2种指数研究龙王山落叶阔叶林的物种多样性。结果表明,龙王山落叶阔叶林植物资源丰富,灌木种数最多,草本植物最少,共计有维管束植物54科91属140种（含变种）;群落层次分明,从上到下,分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有少量层间植物。乔木层和草本层中优势种比较明显,灌木层中各优势种的差异不明显;丰富度指数（R1、R2）,多样性指数（D、H）,均匀度指数（J1、J2）的变化趋势均一致,灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层;t检验结果表明,各个层次之间的物种丰富度和多样性差异性均显著,灌木层的均匀度指数（J1、J2）与乔木层和草本层的差异性并不显著,而乔木层与草本层均匀度差异却相对显著。     

大岗山中亚热带常绿阔叶林物种多样性研究

对大岗山常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性进行了研究,结果表明,物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数在群落梯度上的分布趋势基本一致,较好地反映了不同植物群落类型在物种组成方面的差异。大岗山常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性的大小与立地条件、林分郁闭度及受干扰的状况有关。一般立地条件较好,林分郁闭度小或林分受强度干扰后正处于次生演替的恢复阶段,物种多样性较高。植物生长型与群落物种多样性指数的关系为：灌木层〉乔木层〉草本层,草本层与乔木层的物种多样性指数较小,灌木层种类丰富。随着海拔高度的增加,常绿阔叶林群落重要值先增后减,中海拔的丰富度最大,由此认为干扰严重低海拔重要值增加,而乔木层在低海拔丰富度最小,草本层丰富度较高。     

雾灵山物种多样性及景观格局多样性的研究

选取雾灵山10个主要森林景观类型,通过比较这些森林景观类型的物种多样性和相关的环境因子,揭示了这些景观类型物种多样性的差异,与环境因子的关系,及其空间分布规律。结果显示:各森林景观类型乔木层物种丰富度均较低,灌木层和草本层物种丰富度较高,大部分景观类型的物种丰富度均表现出:草本层>灌木层>乔木层的特点;各森林景观类型的Simpson指数和Shannon指数同物种丰富度具有相似的规律。根据平均相似度值,对这些森林景观类型进行了排序。运用亲和度分析方法测度景观格局多样性,根据平均亲和度值,可将这些森林景观类型划分为中心点、中间点和外点三部分。     

甘肃莲花山植物群落物种多样性对海拔梯度的响应

植物群落的物种多样性与海拔梯度的关系是植物生态学的研究热点。通过对甘肃莲花山自然保护区森林植物群落样地调查,计算乔木层、灌木层和草本层的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数,分析森林植物群落物种多样性与海拔的之间的相关性,以此来探讨山地植物群落的变化对海拔梯度的响应,为山地植被的垂直地带性分布提供物种多样性分析的依据。通过分析得出,甘肃莲花山植物群落乔木层的丰富度指数较小,而灌木层的多样性指数较大,乔木层和草本层的均匀度指数在群落间变异幅度较大,而灌木层变异较小。在中海拔地区白桦、红桦和糙皮桦群落的针阔叶混交林中乔木层的丰富度指数、灌木层的多样性指数大于其他海拔地区。在低海拔地区乔木层、灌木层的群落物种多样性较高,而草本层的群落物种多样性较低。     

Global correlations in tropical tree species richness and abundance reject neutrality

Patterns of species richness and relative abundance at some scales cannot be distinguished from predictions of null models, including zero-sum neutral models of population change and random speciation-extinction models of evolutionary diversification. Both models predict that species richness or population abundance produced by independent iterations of the same processes in different regions should be uncorrelated. We find instead that the number of species and individuals in families of trees in forest plots are strongly correlated across Southeast Asia, Africa, and tropical America. These correlations imply that deterministic processes influenced by evolutionarily conservative family-level traits constrain the number of confamilial tree species and individuals that can be supported in regional species pools and local assemblages in humid tropical forests.     

广州南沙区河涌沿岸植物景观特征及其与人类活动的关系

为了解河涌沿岸植被特征及其与人类活动的关系,选取广州市南沙区4条河涌作为研究对象,对河涌沿岸的农业景观、工业景观和村落景观3种类型河段的植物景观特征进行了分析。结果表明:①河涌沿岸植物共计有70科126属144种,其中农业景观河段有45科51属58种,工业景观河段有25科33属40种,村落景观河段有64科119属130种。②河涌沿岸各景观类型河段植物区系分布均以广义热带成分为主,占比均达80%以上,符合所在区域气候特点。③植物功能需求差异和人为利用方式差异,导致不同景观类型河段的优势植物组成产生差异。农业景观河段,食用型果树表现出显著优势;工业景观河段,防护植物和城市绿化植物占有优势;村落景观河段,食用型果树和观赏型植物表现出显著优势。④3种景观类型河段植物多样性特征存在差异,植物丰富度、多样性和均匀度从高到低均为村落景观河段、农业景观河段、工业景观河段。⑤道路建设活动与农业景观河段乔木丰富度呈负相关。建筑物构造活动对各景观类型河段的植物多样性特征具有积极影响,其中对农业景观河段的影响体现在乔木的多样性上,对工业景观河段的影响体现在灌木的丰富度、多样性和均匀度上,对村落景观河段的影响体现在乔木和灌木的丰富度、多样性上。     

Amazonian ecology: tributaries enhance the diversity of electric fishes

Neotropical rivers support a diverse array of endemic taxa, including electric fishes of the order Gymnotiformes. A comprehensive survey of the main channels of the Amazon River and its major tributaries (>2000-kilometer transect) yielded 43 electric fish species. Biogeographical analyses suggest that local mainstem electric fish diversity is enhanced by tributaries. Mainstem species richness tends to increase downstream of tributary confluences, and species composition is most similar between tributaries and adjacent downstream mainstem locations. These findings support a "nodal" or heterogeneous model of riverine community organization across a particularly extensive and diverse geographical region.     

色季拉山植物群落物种多样性研究

通过对西藏东南部地区色季拉山样地的调查,从不同类型群落的物种多样性与海拔、坡向的关系等方面对其植被进行分析,结果表明：在该特定的地带性地区,植物群落层次结构受海拔、坡向的影响,群落物种多样性程度为阴坡低于阳坡;森林群落内不同生长型的物种多样性指数在阴坡大小顺序为灌木层〉草本层〉乔木层,在阳坡则表现为草本层〉灌木层〉乔木层;随海拔的升高,阴、阳坡的物种组成差异缩小,植被群落类型和植物组成也相似,丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出基本一致的变化趋势．     

南方红豆杉群落物种的多样性

以植物群落调查样地资料为基础,对福建龙栖山和梅花山国家级自然保护区南方红豆杉群落物种多样性特征进行了研究,测定了群落植物生长型构成以及各层次植物物种的重要值,采用多种测度方法计算了群落各层次植物物种的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数。结果表明:南方红豆杉群落总体上物种多样性高,种类组成复杂;龙栖山国家级自然保护区南方红豆杉—毛竹群落植物生长型在物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度等多样性指数上表现出灌木层>草本层>乔木层的规律;梅花山国家级自然保护区南方红豆杉群落物种多样性指数则表现出乔木层>灌木层>草本层的规律。     

北京妙峰山地区栓皮栎林物种多样性的研究

在2005年进行样地调查获得原始数据的基础上,对妙峰山地区栓皮栎林的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度,以及植物区系成分和群落结构特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,北京妙峰山地区栓皮栎林群落区系组成丰富,外貌结构典型,植物物种多样性较高。物种多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为草木层>灌木层>乔木层。