适于转基因苹果种子和果肉总DNA提取的方法

为探求适宜的转基因苹果种子和果肉DNA提取方法,以转豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因（CpTI）嘎拉（Gala）苹果果实为试材,采用改良CTAB法、SDS法与高盐低pH值SDS法对苹果种子和果肉进行基因组总DNA提取。结果表明,在提取种子基因组DNA时,供试3种提取方法均可获得纯度较高的DNA,但不同方法所获得的DNA产量差异较大,以改良CTAB法获得的DNA产量最高,为0.221 mg?g-1鲜重,SDS法和高盐低pH值SDS法所获得DNA产量偏低,分别为0.053 mg?g-1鲜重和0.034 mg?g-1鲜重;在提取果肉基因组DNA时,SDS法在纯度和产量上效果最好,DNA的A260/ A280 值为1.808,产量为0.012 mg?g-1鲜重,而其它两种方法提取质量较差。考虑到质量和得率的综合因素,认为改良CTAB法适宜提取转基因苹果种子DNA,SDS法适宜提取转基因苹果果肉DNA。     

广东猕猴桃基因组DNA提取方法比较

为了从富含多糖和多酚等次生代谢物质的猕猴桃叶片中分离出高质量的基因组DNA，以8个不同种（品种）猕猴桃幼叶为试验材料，采用改良SDS冰浴法、改良CTAB冰浴法及陈大明SDS液氮法对-20℃保存的猕猴桃叶样中DNA的提取效果进行了比较研究。结果表明，改良SDS冰浴法提取的DNA提取率最高，琼脂糖凝胶电泳谱带明亮清晰；改良CTAB冰浴法提取的DNA纯度较高；陈大明SDS液氮法提取的DNA纯度和提取率都较差。     

高质量枣树基因组DNA提取方法的研究

主要针对枣树组织中多糖严重干扰基因组DNA提取质量的问题，本研究比较了常规CTAB法、TE3D法和改良CTAB法3种方法的处理效果。结果表明：常规CTAB法提取DNA难以去除植物组织中的多糖类杂质；TE3D法提取DNA多糖杂质少，但产率低、易降解、褐化严重；而改良CTAB法提取DNA量大(1000ng／μl左右)，产率高，可达120μg DNA／g新鲜组织，无明显降解，杂质少，A260/A280比值1．80左右，通过基因组DNA-AFLP指纹图谱分析，完全满足实验要求。并进一步对改良CTAB法的关键步骤作出具体分析讨论。     

黑核桃叶片基因组DNA提取方法比较研究

探索从富含多酚和多糖等次生代谢物质的黑核桃叶片中获得高质量DNA的提取方法。以黑核桃与核桃叶片为材料,采用SDS、CTAB和改良CTAB 3种DNA提取方法对黑核桃与核桃基因组DNA提取效果进行比较研究,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳与紫外分光光度计检测所提取样品的质量;SDS与CTAB法重复性较差,提取的黑核桃DNA易降解;改良CTAB法可有效抑制酚类物质及细胞内多糖对DNA纯度的影响,对样品提取的DNA也无降解现象,纯度较高,得到的DNA A260/A280值均处于1.80~1.95之间;改良CTAB法是适用于高质量黑核桃DNA的提取方法。     

基于改良SDS法的杏基因组DNA提取

为探讨改良SDS法是否适用于杏基因组DNA提取及提取液适宜浓度,以6个品种杏叶片为试材提取DNA,提取液设0.5%、1%、2%三个浓度梯度。检测结果表明,改良SDS法完全适用于杏叶片基因组DNA的提取,3种浓度的提取液均可得到质量较高的DNA, 且0.5%为改良SDS法提取杏叶片基因组DNA的适宜提取液浓度。     

款冬花DNA提取及ISSR体系优化

摘 要：为了从分子水平对款冬种质资源进行鉴定和遗传多样性分析,分别采用SDS法、CTAB法、改良SDS法和改良CTAB法提取款冬叶片基因组DNA,比较不同方法的提取效果,并用改良CTAB法提取的DNA进行ISSR-PCR扩增体系摸索,建立优化的ISSR-PCR反应体系。结果显示：改良SDS法和改良CTAB法都可以提取出高质量的DNA,最优的ISSR-PCR反应条件为: 20μl反应体系中含DNA模板约20ng,Taq 酶1.0 U,Mg2+ 2.00 mmol/L,dNTPs 0.20 mmol/L,引物0.6 μmol/L,1×PCR缓冲液。     

海南龙血树基因组DNA提取方法比较

摘 要：为选择一种简单、快速、有效的海南龙血树总DNA的提取方法,分别采用CTAB法、SDS法、SDS-CTAB法和改良CTAB法提取海南龙血树嫩叶片的总DNA,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计和ISSR对所提取的总DNA进行检测。结果表明,改良CTAB法提取的DNA A260/A280在1.7-1.9之间,纯度高、杂质少、DNA完整性好。以该方法提取的总DNA为模板进行ISSR扩增,谱带清晰,多态性、稳定性、重复性好。该法提取的总DNA适用于PCR扩增和其他分子生物学研究是有效提取海南龙血树基因组的方法。     

藏茴香总DNA提取方法探究

本试验取藏茴香叶片制成干样、鲜样,采用SDS法、CTAB法、改良SDS法、改良CTAB法、试剂盒法五种提取方法对其总DNA进行提取,比较DNA样品的纯度、得率、完整度等指标,以期获得优质高效的藏茴香总DNA的提取方法。试验结果如下:材料选用藏茴香叶片干样所提取的总DNA效果好。用试剂盒法和改良CTAB法提取的藏茴香总DNA样品质量优良、完整性好、纯度高,明显优于其他方法;使用改良CTAB法和试剂盒法所提取的藏茴香DNA进行PCR检测,获得了明亮清晰的扩增图谱;从成本方面考察,试剂盒法远高于其他方法。因此,改良CTAB法提取藏茴香干样总DNA效果最佳。     

梨RAPD分析技术体系的建立及遗传多样性研究

以梨叶为试材,从DNA提取入手,通过优化扩增程序和反应条件,建立起梨的RAPD分析技术体系,并对15个梨材料进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明：用改良SDS法提取DNA能有效抑制酚的氧化,所提DNA模板呈无色透明状,A260／A280为1.70以上,DNA（鲜重）平均产率为365.7μg/g,所提模板DNA能成功用于RAPD分析。经过梨遗传多样性分析表明,梨的DNA多态性高,多态带百分率达到81．7％,证明梨的遗传基因广泛、种质资源丰富。根据相似系数用UPGMA法聚类,将起源不同的东方梨和西洋梨明显分成两大类,证明RAPD技术能在DNA分子水平上较好地揭示梨的遗传背景及其亲缘关系。     

一种快速高效的油茶叶片DNA提取方法

油茶叶片含有较多的多糖和多酚等次生代谢产物是提取DNA的重要障碍。本研究以油茶叶片为材料研究高质量的DNA提取方法。建立了一种改良的CTAB法,运用2×CTAB缓冲液来裂解细胞,在裂解细胞后的溶液中加入终浓度为2 mol/L Li Cl,用氯仿异戊醇抽提溶液,用等体积的异丙醇沉淀DNA,用预热的70%乙醇洗涤DNA沉淀。运用紫外分析和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析测定了DNA的产率和质量,并与经典SDS法、经典CTAB法、高盐低p H法进行了对比。结果表明,改良的CTAB法提取的DNA产率比经典SDS的少,与经典CTAB法和高盐低pH法的相似,达到39.0μg/g,且纯度高,无RNA的污染。改良的CTAB法提取的叶片DNA可用于油茶后续的PCR分析研究。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.