饲料蛋白水平对史氏鲟幼体消化率的影响

本实验研究了饲料蛋白水平对史氏鲟 (Acipenserschrenki)幼体消化率的影响。试验设计了四个饲料蛋白水平 ,分别为 :2 8%、 32 %、 36 %、 41 %。结果表明饲料的蛋白质含量对史氏鲟幼体总消化率 (干物质消化率 )影响不显著 ,但对饲料中各主要营养成分的消化率有明显作用。饲料蛋白质含量对鲟鱼幼体的蛋白消化率影响极显著 ,二者呈三次曲线关系 :y=0 92 +0 0 0 0 5 (x - 36) 2 +4 44(x - 36) 3,饲料蛋白含量 36 %的试验组幼鲟对蛋白质的消化率最高 ,达到 93 % ;鲟鱼对饲料粗脂肪的消化率也受到饲料蛋白水平的显著影响 ,蛋白含量为 32 %和 36 %的两个试验组对脂肪的消化率显著高于其他两组 ;幼鲟对糖类的消化率同饲料蛋白水平间呈显著的对数曲线关系 :y=1 90 3 - 84 2lgx。综合分析认为 ,当饲料中的蛋白含量在 36 %时 ,幼鲟对饲料各营养物质的消化率最高 ,所以幼鲟饲料的蛋白含量控制在 36 %左右比较适宜     

饲料蛋白质水平对俄罗斯鲟幼鲟生长的影响

设计 5种不同粗蛋白质水平的饲料 ,分别投喂平均体重约为 4 2 9g的俄罗斯鲟幼鲟 ,试验时间 4 0天。结果表明 ,幼鲟对饲料中粗蛋白质的最适需要量为 4 2 %。当饲料粗蛋白质水平低于 4 2 %时 ,随着饲料中粗蛋白质水平的增加 ,幼鲟的生长速度和饲料转换率都显著增加。当饲料中粗蛋白质水平达到和超过 4 2 %时 ,随着饲料粗蛋白质水平的增加 ,幼鲟的生长速度和饲料转换率没有明显变化。     

中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投喂率研究

通过４周的生长试验来确定中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投喂率。试验饲料是一种半湿性的配合饲料,日投喂率分别为鱼体重的２％,４％,６％,８％,根据最大增重率和最小饲料系数这一标准,在水温１４℃的条件下,中华鲟幼鲟的适宜投率应是体重的２％。     

中华鲟幼鱼饲料营养素适宜含量的研究

用蛋白质梯度饲养法测定蛋白质适宜含量范围,以增重率为指标,采用直线和抛物线回归,计算得出幼鲟饲料蛋白质适宜需要量为３５ ．４１ ％ ～４９ ．０９ ％ ;用正交试验法,以生长比速、蛋白质效率和饲料系数为评价指标,筛选幼鲟最适生长的饲料营养素含量为：蛋白质４０ ．４１ ％ ,脂肪９ ．０６ ％ ,糖２５ ．５６ ％ ,纤维素４ ．０８ ％ 。各营养素对幼鲟的生长及蛋白质效率的影响大小为：蛋白质＞ 脂肪＞ 糖＞ 纤维素,其中蛋白质为影响生长和鱼体成份变化的主要因素（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） ;用脂肪梯度饲养法对正交试验结果进一步重复和验证,结果吻合。     

人工养殖环境下中华鲟野生幼鲟的生长特征

暂养2006年5月渔民在崇明东滩误捕受伤的中华鲟野生幼鲟,分析研究了其6—8月的生长特点。结果显示,抢救存活的中华鲟幼鲟在人工环境下,体长和体重分别从(15.40±0.64)cm和(26.00±1.34)g增加到(29.20±0.75)cm和(108.00±3.87)g,日均增长1.54 mm,日平均增重0.90 g。拟合中华鲟幼鲟体长与体重的关系为:W=0.121 5 L2.031 3(R2=0.945 7),其中b小于3,为异速生长,说明其体长增长快于体重增长。与同期野生环境下的中华鲟幼鲟比较,幂指数系数b人工=2.0313相似文献   

稚鳖饲料适宜蛋白含量的研究

用蛋白质梯度法,以白鱼粉为蛋白源,对稚鳖蛋白质需求进行测定。试验期间水温28 3℃,420只稚鳖平均体重(11 23±0 93)g,分成7个组,每组3个重复,饲养60d。结果表明,蛋白质质量分数50 91%、54 81%生长较好,稚鳖饲料粗蛋白适宜质量分数应为49 52%。     

史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量

通过生长饲养试验研究史氏鲟幼鲟对饲料中磷的需要量.以Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O为磷源,配制含磷水平分别为0.18%(对照组),0.40%,0.71%,0.98%,1.38%和1.66%的6组等能等氮纯化饲料,每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每个重复饲养20尾初体质量约为4.7 g的幼鲟.经过8周的饲养后,对生长、饲料效率、成活率、幼鲟肌肉常规组成及脊椎骨灰分和钙磷含量进行分析.结果表明,随饲料中磷含量的升高,鱼体增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率显著增加(P<0.05),直至0.98%组达最大,然后随着饲料磷含量的增加,这些指标显著降低(P<0.05);试验各添加组的成活率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但各添加组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);饲料添加磷对鱼体肌肉水分、粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05);当饲料磷含量在0.71%～1.66%之间时,脊椎骨中灰分、钙和磷含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著高于对照组和0.40%试验组(P<0.05).经过折线回归分析得出,为维持史氏鲟幼鲟最佳生长和骨骼磷水平,饲料中磷的需要量为0.88%～1.00%(占干饲料).     

长江江苏溆浦段2015 年发现中华鲟野生幼鱼的形态和分子鉴定

在葛洲坝下中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)产卵场连续两年未监测到自然繁殖的情况下,2015年6月在江苏溆浦段发现15尾疑似中华鲟幼鱼。本研究通过形态学和分子生物学方法对该15尾幼鲟进行鉴定。形态学度量结果显示,除1尾个体外,新发现的14尾幼鲟与历史记载的中华鲟野生幼鱼生物学性状完全一致,但其体长和体重低于历史同期出现在该区域的中华鲟。同时采用11个多态微卫星位点,对15尾幼鲟样本和分布于我国的3种鲟鱼,包括30尾中华鲟(A.sinensis)、39尾达氏鲟(A.dabryanus)和33尾施氏鲟(A.dabryanus)进行遗传分析,发现这15尾幼鲟与中华鲟的遗传距离最近(F_(st)=0.039,P0.05),其次为达氏鲟(F_(st)=0.108,P0.05),最远为施氏鲟(F_(st)=0.209,P0.05),从遗传和进化的角度判定该批幼鱼为中华鲟,该结果暗示中华鲟在葛洲坝下游极有可能找到了新的产卵场,为中华鲟的繁殖群体和幼鱼的种群监测提供了依据。遗传多样性分析显示,该批鱼的遗传多样性(SW=1.998)略低于野生中华鲟(SW=1.886),暗示中华鲟幼鱼遗传多样性水平降低,野生亲本的数量仍不容乐观。     

饲料蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾生长性能的影响

为探索饲料蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾生长性能的影响,选用体质健壮、规格一致的克氏原螯虾[初始体质量为(9.45±1.33) g]225尾随机分成5组,每组设3个重复,每个重复15尾虾,分别饲喂5种不同蛋白质水平(质量分数为25%、30%、35%、40%、45%)的饲料,试验期为60 d。试验结果显示:当饲料中蛋白质质量分数由25%提高至45%时,试验虾的体质量增长率(WGR)先升高后降低,而饲料系数(FCR)呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势;当饲料蛋白质质量分数为30%时,克氏原螯虾的WGR和特定生长率(SGR)均达到最大值,显著高于除饲料蛋白质质量分数为35%外的其他各组(P0.05); FCR在饲料蛋白质质量分数为30%时最低,显著低于除35%和40%组外的其他各组(P0.05)。通过二次曲线方程回归分析,当饲料蛋白质质量分数分别为31.66%、31.37%和32.20%时克氏原螯虾的WGR、SGR和FCR达到最优。结果表明,在该试验条件下,克氏原螯虾饲料中适宜的蛋白质质量分数为31.37%～32.20%。     

鲟鱼营养研究进展(二)

<正>三、蛋白质(一)最佳饲料蛋白质关于最佳饲料蛋白含量已有的报道如下:高首鲟(初重145g)为40.5%(Mooreet al.,1988),西伯利亚鲟(初重20g～40g)40%(Medale etal.,1995),中华鲟(初重8g～34g)40%～45%(Xiao et     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.