捕食性郭公虫生物学和生态学研究概况

综述了小蠹重要天敌捕食性郭公虫的研究概况,主要包括:生活史及习性、对小蠹的捕食作用、人工饲养技术及人工饲料配方、用诱捕法进行种群动态监测、对信息素的反应和协同进化等,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

不同含量引诱剂对落叶松八齿小蠹及其天敌红胸郭公虫的引诱(英文)

在内蒙古阿尔山的田间诱捕试验中,落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂1共诱集到16头落叶松八齿小蠹和1319头天敌红胸郭公虫,而落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂2诱集到24104头落叶松八齿小蠹和776头红胸郭公虫。室内的触角电位试验结果表明:落叶松八齿小蠹对引诱剂2的触角反应(雌虫2.139mV±0.678mV,雄虫2.169mV±0.473mV)大于引诱剂1(雌虫0.440mV±0.232mV,雄虫0.297mV±0.142mV),对引诱剂1的反应值和对照差不多;而红胸郭公虫对引诱剂1的触角反应(雌虫4.618mV±1.106mV,雄虫4.534mV±1.087mV)明显大于引诱剂2(雌虫2.209mV±0.680mV,雄虫1.953mV±0.601mV),对引诱剂2也有一定的反应值。触角电位试验与田间诱捕试验结果相符合。GC-MS分析结果表明:引诱剂1的主要成分为3.06%的cis-geraniol,1.98%的Ipsenol,80.36%的(S)-cis-verbenol和1.03%的1-verbenone;结合卖方公司提供的数据,引诱剂1的主要成分为4.78%的2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol,63.71%的Ipsenol(纯度为96.9%),1.46%的Cedrene和22.42%的Isocaryophillene。结合以上数据分析得出:不同成分引诱剂对落叶松八齿小蠹及天敌红胸郭公虫引诱能力显著不同,Ipsenol对诱集落叶松八齿小蠹起重要作用,而(S)-cis-verbenol则对诱集天敌红胸郭公虫起重要作用。     

黑龙江省郭公虫科(鞘翅目)分类研究及一中国新记录种记述

本文报道了黑龙江省7种郭公虫科昆虫,包括1中国新记录种Orthrius striatulus （Motschlsky）.所有种类均列出了分布及成虫照片,中国新记录种还简要介绍了其鉴别特征.     

油松大蚜天敌昆虫的调查及主要天敌日捕食量初步研究

油松(Pinus tabuliformis)是内蒙古重要的造林树种,油松大蚜(Cinaraformosana)是危害油松的害虫之一,利用天敌昆虫来防治油松大蚜是重要的有效途径,因此,调查油松大蚜的天敌昆虫是非常必要的。在和林格尔县和武川县,对油松大蚜及其主要天敌的虫口密度和天敌种类进行了调查研究,室内饲养测定了天敌昆虫日均捕食量。结果表明,样地内油松大蚜的主要天敌有异色瓢虫(Leis axyridis)、七星瓢虫(Coccinellaseptempunctata)、双钩齐褐蛉(Kimminsiabihamita Yang)、伪郭公虫(Sasajiscymnustsugae)等6种,室内饲养异色瓢虫日均捕食量为23.8头,双钩齐褐蛉幼虫日均捕食量为15.1头,伪郭公虫日均捕食量为11.9头。     

天敌昆虫在我国重大林木害虫防治中的应用

天敌昆虫已成为我国可持续治理林业害虫的重要手段之一。笔者详细介绍了赤眼蜂、缨小蜂、管氏硬皮肿腿蜂、蒲螨、花绒寄甲5种寄生性天敌昆虫和瓢虫、草蛉、郭公虫、步甲4种捕食性天敌昆虫的发展历史与应用研究现状,指出了天敌昆虫在重大林木害虫综合治理中的重要作用和发展前景。     

宽结大头蚁的生物学及对马尾松毛虫的捕食研究

宽结大头蚁筑巢于土中，３月中，下旬开始出巢活动取食，５、６月为繁殖高峰，繁殖期巢内各虫态个体总数高达１４８６５头，７月中旬有翅雌雄成蚁羽化，１１月下旬开始越冬，越冬巢内个体数大减，仅以成蚁和少量幼蚁越冬，该蚁是马尾松毛虫卵和初龄幼虫的重要捕食性天敌，对人工挂放于林间的第２代马尾松毛虫卵的最高捕食率达５５．３３％。     

十六种木材防腐剂野外抗蚁试验

十六种木材防腐剂经八年野外(埋桩)抗蚁试验,按处理材遭白蚁的蛀蚀程度,进行定期观察、分级评定,得出了不同浓度、不同配方的防腐剂野外抗蚁效果,其中CCA(B)防蚁效果最好,其次为OP-1和OP-2。5%CCA(B)处理材的六年完好值为100,八年完好值为90,适宜于野外(露天)木结构的防蚁处理。FCCA和BBP等水溶性防腐剂,因成本低,具一定的防蚁效果,宜在室内使用。     

宽结大头蚁的生物学及对马尾松毛虫的捕食研究

宽结大头蚁ＰｈｅｉｄｏｌｅｎｏｄｕｓＳｍｉｔｈ筑巢于土中。３月中、下旬开始出巢活动取食，５、６月为繁殖高峰，繁殖期巢内各虫态个体总数高达１４８６５头。７月中旬有翅雌雄成蚁羽化，１１月下旬开始越冬，越冬期巢内个体数大减，仅以成蚁和少量幼蚁越冬。该蚁是马尾松毛虫卵和初龄幼虫的重要捕食性天敌，对人工挂放于林间的第２代马尾松毛虫卵的最高捕食率达５５．３３％。     

圆唇散白蚁防治试验

通过多年的防治试验结果表明 :采伐林内病虫木、衰弱木、枯立木及清理林内根桩 ,施用磷化铝熏蒸处理带虫木材及根桩 ,灭蚁效果均在 98%以上。‘6 0 1’灭蚁液对蚁巢内的工蚁和兵蚁效果明显 ,并在树体内残效期长达 2 0年以上 ,而敌杀死在处理飞出的有翅成虫 (繁殖蚁 )时有效率达98%以上。掌握白蚁的防治适期 ,采取灯光诱杀、保护利用天敌等办法降低虫口密度     

云杉八齿小蠹生物学和生态学研究

采用林间被害木定点调查和饵木观察相结合方法,对云杉八齿小蠹生物学和生态学进行了研究,结果表明:在吉林省红石林区,越冬后成虫于5月下旬扬飞,卵期在5月末出现,6月初卵开始孵化,6月下旬出现蛹,7月上旬成虫羽化,10月上旬成虫开始越冬。该虫主要危害云杉成过熟林的亚健康衰弱木和枯萎木的树干中下部。上年9月份制作的饵木诱集效果最好,上年12月份制作饵木效果较差,当年5月份制作的饵木基本无效果。敌种类主要有长足虻、郭公虫、埋葬甲、蚂蚁、金小蜂等,对该虫种群控制有一定辅助作用。     

灵长类动物食性研究的主要方法及其评价

国内外常见的灵长类动物食性研究方法主要包括实地观察法、粪便分析法、室内笼养饲喂法、胃内容物分析法和毛发中同位素含量测定法等.实地观察法虽然较为可靠,但在林栖胆怯的灵长类动物中难以开展;粪便显微分析法能精确地确定动物所摄入的食物种类,但在显微定量方面必须进行合理的修正才能使实验数据更为精准地反映动物的食性;室内笼养饲喂法可为粪便分析法提供修正参数;胃内容物分析法要以杀死动物作为代价,在目前灵长类动物食性研究中几乎不可行.文章对上述各种方法进行了分析和权衡,总结出应用于灵长类动物食性分析较为可靠的方法,即粪便分析法与室内笼养饲喂法相结合的分析法.     

3种饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育的影响

为筛选异色瓢虫的适宜饲料,观察比较了菜缢管蚜、麦蛾卵和人工饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育的影响。结果显示:菜缢管蚜饲养的异色瓢虫发育最快,世代历期为25.3d,产卵前期为11.0d,平均单雌产卵量为929.3粒;麦蛾卵饲养的世代历期为39.5d,产卵前期为18.2d,平均单雌产卵量为391.9粒;人工饲料饲养的世代历期为44.9d,产卵前期为17.2d,平均单雌产卵量为262.3粒。由此表明,菜缢管蚜的饲养效果最好,麦蛾卵和人工饲料虽能满足异色瓢虫世代营养的需求,但发育历期明显延长、产卵量明显下降。因此,在天然食物蚜虫不足时,麦蛾卵和人工饲料可作为补充饲料。     

Development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) on natural and synthetic diets

The development of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was investigated on a newly developed semiartificial diet as compared with two natural diets namely sugarcane stem and banana fruit. The weevil was successfully maintained on these diets and duration of the life cycle for males and females, respectively were 164.97 and 194.61 days on the semiartificial diet, 192.5 and 186.5 days on banana, and 172.00 and 170.00 days on sugarcane. The average egg production per female was shown to be significantly higher on the semiartificial diet, being 184.00?±?18.68 eggs compared with an average of 125.00?±?11.97 and 133.00?±?15.21 eggs on banana and sugarcane, respectively. The fertility ranged between 94?–?100?% in those eggs deposited by females previously reared on the tested diets. The developed semiartificial diet was shown to be suitable for maintaining laboratory colonies of the red palm weevil, and it can substitute natural diets.     

The Potential of Albizia lebbeck as a Supplementary Feed for Goats in Tanzania

Forty growing goats (20 males and 20 females) were used in a 90-day growth and intake study to evaluate the potential of Albizia lebbeck (ABC) based concentrate as compared with Gliricidia sepium (GBC), Leucaena leucocephala (LBC), and Moringa oleifera (MBC) based concentrates with cotton seed cake (CSC) as a control. The animals were fed a basal diet of maize stover and supplemented daily with 30 g/kg W^0.75 of ABC, GBC, LBC, MBC, and CSC. They were compounded so as to formulate iso-protein diets. Treatment effects were significant (p<0.05) for growth rates in that with the exception of GBC, goats on CSC exhibited significantly higher gains compared to counterparts in other treatments. The total DM intake was between 50.6 and 52.6 g/kg W^0.75/day and there were no significant (p>0.05) differences among treatments. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among treatments for maize stover intake. CSC based treatment showed the highest intake with insignificant (p>0.05) differences amongst the leaf meal based concentrates. It can be concluded that Albizia lebbeck had similar potential to the other leaf meal based supplements studied but had lower potential compared to a cotton seed cake based supplement, as protein sources for growing goats fed a poor quality basal diet.     

一种桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料的配制

以豆渣、麦胚、酵母粉、蔗糖为主要原料,配制成桔小实蝇幼虫人工饲料,与天然饲料(水果)和现常用的人工配方饲料进行饲养试验,测定采用3种饲料饲养的桔小实蝇的卵孵化率、化蛹率及羽化率。结果表明,以豆渣为主要原料的人工饲料配制成本低廉,饲养效果接近天然饲料。     

Using a population growth model to simulate response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plodia interpunctella</Emphasis> Hübner to temperature and diet

Response to temperature and diet are major factors in the potential population growth of Plodia interpunctella Hübner, a damaging pest of many stored products. A population growth model was used to simulate population development on an optimal wheat-based diet and a sub-optimal diet of raisins at 20–35°C, using different starting values for initial density and life stage. Predicted population development on the two diets increased with temperature and growth patterns were similar regardless of starting population levels at temperatures over 20°C. The predicted population levels on raisins were much less than those predicted for wheat diet, with the same general patterns of increasing populations with temperature at each starting density level or life stage. Results show that the intrinsic population dynamics for P. interpunctella even on a sub-optimal diet and at sub-optimal temperatures are such that density can increase rapidly to levels that would cause extensive economic damage. The ability to predict population growth is a valuable tool to aid pest managers in decision making.     

柞蚕蛹胶囊饲养蠋蝽对其捕食枸杞棉蚜功能的影响

为探明柞蚕Antheraea pernyi蛹胶囊饲养的蠋蝽Aram chinensis对枸杞棉蚜Aphis gossypii捕食功能的影响,在室内分别测定柞蚕蛹和柞蛹胶囊饲养不同虫态蠋蝽对枸杞棉蚜的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、种内干扰效应.结果表明:2种饲料饲养的同一虫态蠋蝽对枸杞棉蚜的捕食功能反应,无显著差异,均符合Ho...     

高糖高脂食物对高山姬鼠体重和血清瘦素含量影响研究

为了验证高糖高脂食物是否会引起高山姬鼠的瘦素抵抗的发生,将高山姬鼠分为两组,一组为对照组,一组为高糖高脂组,各自驯化28 d。结果表明:第28 d,高糖高脂组高山姬鼠的体重和体脂极显著高于对照组(体重:t=-11.97,P<0.01;体脂:t=-7.99,P<0.01),摄食量和血清瘦素含量显著高于对照组(摄食量:t=-3.06,P<0.05;血清瘦素含量:t=-2.94,P<0.05)。血清瘦素含量与体脂呈显著正相关(r=0.636,P<0.01),与摄食量呈极显著正相关(r=0.744,P<0.01)。分析以上结果表明:在高糖高脂食物条件下,高山姬鼠会增加体重、摄食量和血清瘦素含量。此外,高山姬鼠在该条件下可能存在瘦素抵抗。     

Zur Weiterentwicklung eines halbsynthetischen Nährmediums fürIps typographus L.

The semiartificial diet for the bark beetleIps typographus L. ofSimsek andFührer (1993) andSimsek (1995) was further developed in its handling and composition of the vitamin solution. The biological availability of the vitamins of the vitamin b-group was investigated. The diet is useful as rearing medium for larvae, pupae and adult beetles. But it is not possible by now to grow reproducibly a whole generation cycle on this diet.     

Intake, rumen digestion, digestibility and microbial nitrogen supply in sheep fed Cynodon nlemfuensis supplemented with Gliricidia sepium

Four Pelibuey sheep fitted with flexible rumen cannula were fed increasing levels of Gliricidia sepium foliage (gliricidia) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were: control, 10, 20 and 30% (dry basis) of gliricidia mixed in a basal diet of Cynodon nlemfuensis (stargrass) hay. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) intakes were linearly increased (P < 0.05) from 45.2, 40.4, 2.0 to 71.5, 63.3 and 6.8 g/kg W^0.75/d, for the control and the 30% gliricidia diet, respectively. Similarly, increments of gliricidia in the diet resulted in a linear increase in DM, OM and CP apparent disgestibilities from 43.7, 48.4 and 27.0 to 50.7, 54.7 and 57.3%, for the control and 30% gliricidia diet, respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of supplementation with gliricidia on rumen dry matter digestion of stargrass. Microbial nitrogen (N) supply to the small intestine had a trend towards an increase from 4.9, for the control, to 9.6 g N/d, for the 30% diet, though it was not significant (P > 0.05). It is concluded that, gliricidia might be incorporated into low quality diets since it increases total DM intake, supplies highly degradable N to the rumen and appears to increase the microbial N supply to the small intestine of sheep. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.