中国肉用西门塔尔牛育种目标性状的选择及其经济权重的测算

为了选育中国西门塔尔牛肉用品系,本研究从中国肉用西门塔尔牛育种实践出发,确定了适应当前中国肉用西门塔尔牛的育种目标性状和选择性状。采用差额法计算出各目标性状的边际效益,并通过各目标性状表型值的遗传标准差校正边际效益,得到相应育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明,中国肉用西门塔尔牛近期的育种目标性状主要包括生长发育性状（断奶重、育肥期日增重、18月龄体重）、胴体性状（胴体品质、屠宰率、净肉率）及繁殖性状（初产年龄、产犊间隔和留群时间）。在现有市场和生产条件下,上述育种目标性状的边际效益分别为17.93元/kg、16.2元/kg、7.17元/kg、297.99元/级、497.82元/%、594.46元/%、-3.62元/d、-26.55元/d、232.75元/y,3类性状中生长发育性状、胴体性状及繁殖性状的经济权重之比为31.49%：15.86%：52.65%,约为2：1：3,繁殖性状占总经济权重最高,其次是生长发育性状和胴体性状。综上所述,在中国肉用西门塔尔牛育种过程中,繁殖性状具有最重要的地位,需加强繁殖性状的选择力度。     

鲁西黄牛肉用品系育种目标性状经济权重计算

根据鲁西黄牛肉用品系的育种和生产实际,在基础母牛群体规模固定的二阶开放核心群育种生产体系下,构建了核心群和商品群中犊牛、青年母牛、青年公牛、成年母牛、成年公牛和育肥牛6个群体,包含断奶重、周岁重、成年母牛体重、育肥期日增重、胴体等级、屠宰率、初产年龄、产犊间隔和生产年限9个目标性状的利润函数模型。采用边际预算法计算目标性状的经济值,经贴现指数和遗传标准差校正后估算其经济权重。结果表明,6个群体体系中,每头母牛年利润为-1033.96元;9个目标性状经济值分别为:1.44元/kg,1.49元/kg,-3.02元/kg,1.81元/g,315.45元/级,66.85元/%,-0.54元/d,-4.43元/d,0.09元/d;相对经济权重分别为0.11,0.11,0.14,0.26,0.14,0.12,0.01,0.08,0.03。结果表明,鲁西黄牛从役肉兼用向专门化肉用方向选育,需要加强生长发育性状选择的同时,兼顾胴体性状和繁殖性状。     

全混合日粮营养水平对肉牛育肥效果的影响

采用完全随机单位组设计方法,设计并开展试验,评价TMR营养水平对肉牛增重效果、产肉性能和经济效益的影响,结果表明:提高TMR营养水平可以提高肉牛日增重8.79%、采食速度、降低采食量0.65%;可以改善屠宰性能,提高肉牛屠宰率0.47%、净肉率1.28%、胴体产肉率1.46%及优质切块肉的比重;可以提高饲料报酬;两种经济效益分别提高159.53元、385.79元。综合以上结果得出,提高TMR营养水平可以提高肉牛增重效果、产肉性能及经济效益。     

湘西黄牛杂交组合育肥及肉质性能研究

选取18月龄湘西黄牛、西本（西门塔尔牛×湘西黄牛）、利本（利木赞牛×湘西黄牛）、西西本（西门塔尔牛×西本）、利西本（利木赞牛×西本）共24头,于舍饲条件下补饲精料,进行70d的育肥试验。结果表明：利西本三元杂交牛的增重水平和育肥效益明显优于其他组合和湘西黄牛,利西本三元杂交牛的日增重1.21 kg;屠宰率58.44%,净肉率47.68%;胴体质量与产量等级评定表明：利西本三元杂交牛牛肉指标达到了特级标准;产量达到了国内优质高档牛肉的重量标准。肉质特性测定表明：利本杂交牛肉品大理石纹较为丰富,利西本杂交牛肉品较细嫩、柔软;各组合间氨基酸含量差异不显著（P〉0.05）,而利西本和湘西黄牛臀肌总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量显著高于背肌（P〈0.05）,其他组合间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

Inbreeding effects on postweaning production traits, conformation, and calving performance in Irish beef cattle

The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of inbreeding on carcass quality, growth rate, live conformation measures, and calving performance in purebred populations of Charolais, Limousin, Simmental, Hereford, and Angus beef cattle using data from Irish commercial and pedigree herds. Variables analyzed are reflective of commercial farming practices. Inbreeding was included in a linear mixed model as either a class variable or a linear continuous variable. Nonlinear effects were nonsignificant across all traits. Inbred animals had decreased carcass weight and less carcass fat. The effects of inbreeding were more pronounced in the British beef breeds. Effects for carcass weight ranged from -0.87 kg (Charolais) to -1.90 kg (Hereford) per 1% increase in inbreeding. Inbred Charolais and Hereford animals were younger at slaughter by 3 and 5 d, respectively, per percentage of increase in inbreeding, whereas the effect of inbreeding on age at slaughter differed significantly with animal sex in the Limousin and Angus breeds. Inbred Limousin and Angus heifers were younger at slaughter by 5 and 7 d, respectively, per percentage of increase in inbreeding. Continental animals were more affected by inbreeding for live muscling and skeletal conformational measurements than the British breeds; inbred animals were smaller and narrower with poorer developed muscle. Calf inbreeding significantly affected perinatal mortality in Charolais, Simmental, and Hereford animals. The effects were dependent upon dam parity and calf sex; however, where significant, the association was always unfavorable. Dam inbreeding significantly affected perinatal mortality in Limousin and Hereford animals. Effects differed by parity in Limousins. Inbred first-parity Angus dams had a greater incidence of dystocia. Although the effects of inbreeding were some-times significant, they were small and are unlikely to make a large financial effect on commercial beef production in Ireland.     

非常规饲料原料饲喂肉牛育肥的试验研究

[目的]本研究旨在分析全混合日粮中添加苹果渣、玉米纤维及玉米酒精糟三种非常规饲料原料对育肥肉牛采食量、增重效果、产肉性能及经济效益的影响。[方法]选用体重（455±10）kg、健康年龄相近的西门塔尔杂交品种育肥牛14头,随机分为2组,每组7头,设对照组和试验组。分别饲喂未添加非常规饲料原料和添加非常规饲料原料的饲料。[结果]显示：试验组较对照组日增重、屠宰率、净肉率、胴体产肉率、眼肌面肌分别提高了1.1%、2.1%、2.1%、3.3 cm2。出售活牛试验组头均盈利比对照组多出205.2元、牛副产品头均盈利值多出586.8元。[结论]表明在肉牛育肥中,应用推广苹果渣、玉米酒精糟及玉米纤维等非常规饲料原料,具有扩大饲料来源、降低饲养成本等优点,能进一步提高肉牛的增重速度与产肉性能,增加养殖的经济效益。     

西门塔尔牛与我国地方黄牛的杂种优势预测分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和与性状相关的SNPs标记分析西门塔尔牛和地方黄牛两个亲本群体的遗传结构,通过亲本种群之间的遗传距离预测不同杂交组合在生长、胴体和肉质性状上的杂种优势。本研究选择来自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区牧场的1 222头西门塔尔牛和8个地方黄牛品种190头共组成8个杂交组合,对亲本群体进行遗传结构分析。利用牛770K SNP芯片对两个亲本群体进行基因型分型,通过牛QTL数据库筛选与目的性状对应的QTLs,对全基因组SNP位点进行映射分析得到与性状相关的SNP标记。利用两种SNP标记构建状态同源矩阵,计算各杂交组合亲本间的遗传距离。结果,所有亲本群体聚成3类,西门塔尔牛聚成一类,北方黄牛（蒙古牛、西藏牛和柴达木牛）聚成一类,南方黄牛（昭通牛、平武牛、南丹牛、文山牛和凉山牛）聚成一类。西门塔尔牛与北方黄牛在PCA图上的距离较近,说明两者之间亲缘关系相对较近,遗传背景差异较小。在各性状中,遗传距离最大的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。除了大理石花纹评分性状是西门塔尔牛与昭通牛之间的遗传距离最小,其余性状遗传距离最小的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与平武牛杂交组合。据此推测,各性状杂种优势较优的可能组合是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。     

中国肉用西门塔尔牛场间遗传联系分析

旨在加快中国肉用西门塔尔牛的遗传进展，实现全国范围内的联合育种。本研究利用全国38家育种场和公牛站在2000—2019年出生的3 991头肉用西门塔尔牛初生重性状，使用DMU软件对场间关联率进行计算。对各场站划分关联组，并比较单场和关联组内的遗传力和估计育种值（estimated breeding value，EBV）的预测准确性。结果表明，中国肉用西门塔尔牛全国平均关联率为1.91%，大部分场间关联率处于较低水平。依据关联率可划分出两个关联组，分别包括6个和8个场，组内平均关联率分别为11.23%和12.54%。对两个关联组分别进行单场和联合估计，单场估计初生重的遗传力范围为0.32~0.44，关联组1的初生重遗传力为0.47，关联组2的初生重遗传力为0.43。两个关联组单场估计EBV的平均准确性分别为0.47和0.45，联合估计EBV的平均准确性分别为0.61和0.56。联合估计较单场估计EBV的准确性有明显提高。依据关联率划分关联组进行联合育种有利于加快中国肉用西门塔尔牛的育种进程。为推进中国肉用西门塔尔牛的育种进程，应先形成区域性联合育种，再逐步加强遗传联系，形成全国范围内的遗传关联体系。     

张掖肉牛屠宰性能和肉质评定报告

[目的]通过屠宰分析和测定评价,明确张掖肉牛的屠宰性能和肉质风味,作为依据制定下一阶段的选育目标和选配方案。[方法]选择核心育种场育肥牛,检疫后定点集中屠宰测定分析;分割排酸取样,真空包装不同部位肉样带北京试验室根据相应的测定标准进行肉质评定。[结果]张掖肉牛公牛育肥至22.4月龄屠宰,活重、胴体重分别达635.4 kg,371.4 kg,产净肉303.66 kg;屠宰率、净肉率和胴体产肉率分别达58.48%,47.8%和81.76%;胴体脂肪覆盖度良好,肉色和脂肪颜色达到日本胴体分级标准中较高级别。牛肉肉质细嫩,高蛋白,低脂肪,但大理石花纹欠缺。熟肉制品风味独特,多汁性良好,与北京市场销售西门塔牛肉相比,具有较高的适口性和营养价值。[结论]张掖肉牛品种改良、培育成效显著,生产水平达到肉用牛标准,肉质风味能够满足目前的市场需求;若开拓高端牛肉市场,需着力大理石花纹的培育。     

Genetic relationships between calving and carcass traits for Charolais and Hereford cattle in Sweden

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between calving difficulty score and carcass traits in Charolais and Hereford cattle, treating first and later parity calvings as different traits. Genetic correlations between birth weight and carcass traits were also estimated. Field data on 59,182 Charolais and 27,051 Hereford calvings, and carcass traits of 5,260 Charolais and 1,232 Hereford bulls, were used in bivariate linear animal model analyses. Estimated heritabilities were moderate to high (0.22 to 0.50) for direct effects on birth weight, carcass weight, and (S)EUROP (European Community scale for carcass classification) grades for carcass fleshiness and fatness. Heritabilities of 0.07 to 0.18 were estimated for maternal effect on birth weight, and for direct and maternal effects on calving difficulty score at first parity. Lower heritabilities (0.01 to 0.05) were estimated for calving difficulty score at later parities. Carcass weight was positively genetically correlated (0.11 to 0.53) with both direct and maternal effects on birth weight and with direct effects on calving difficulty score. Carcass weight was, however, weakly or negatively (-0.70 to 0.07) correlated with maternal calving difficulty score. Higher carcass fatness grade was genetically associated with lower birth weight, and in most cases, also with less difficult calving. Genetic correlations with carcass fleshiness grade were highly variable. Moderately unfavorable correlations between carcass fleshiness grade and maternal calving difficulty score at first parity were estimated for both Charolais (0.42) and Hereford (0.54). This study found certain antagonistic genetic relationships between calving performance and carcass traits for both Charolais and Hereford cattle. Both direct and maternal calving performance, as well as carcass traits, should be included in the breeding goal and selected for in beef breeds.     

湿态发酵蛋白饲料肉牛育肥试验

湿态发酵蛋白饲料是玉米经酵母发酵、提取酒精后,又经益生菌发酵、密封包装的产物,其可溶性好、易消化、易吸收、蛋白质含量高。通过对肉牛进行饲喂试验可知,肉牛食用8kg该饲料,平均每头牛日增重1.81kg,比对照组高0.26kg;平均屠宰率为57.1%,比对照组高3.8%;平均售价为21.35元/kg,比对照组高1.52元/kg;平均每日比对照组多收益6.1元。试验结果表明,肉牛饲喂湿态发酵蛋白饲料增重效果好、屠宰率高,经济效益显著提高。     

中国肉用西门塔尔牛生长曲线参数的全基因组关联分析

旨在通过对中国肉用西门塔尔牛纵向体重性状的全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study, GWAS）,定位与肉牛生长发育性状显著关联的候选基因。本研究利用808头中国肉用西门塔尔牛公牛0、6、12、18月龄的纵向体重数据,采用Gompertz、Logistic和Brody 3种非线性模型拟合个体的体重预测模型,估计参数A（成熟体重）、b（达到最大生长率的时间）和K（成熟率）,然后以参数值为表型,BovineHD （770K） 芯片数据质控后剩余671 991 个SNPs,利用GAPIT进行关联分析,结合基因注释筛选影响肉牛发育的候选基因。选取拟合度最高的Gompertz模型（R²=0.954）确定相应参数估计值,GWAS共筛选到了9、49和7个显著的SNPs分别与A、b和K关联,且主要分布在2、3、7、9、11、14、22和25号染色体上。基因注释结果发现,PLIN3、KCNS3、ANGPTL2和ALPL与生长发育过程相关,其中KCNS3被认为是肌内脂肪含量的候选基因;IGF-1、TMCO1、PRKAG3和SHISA9影响肌肉发育过程,其中IGF-1被报道为生长发育过程的核心调控元件;ASPH基因参与调控肉牛胴体发育和肉质性状。本研究利用体重预测模型的参数估计值作为表型进行GWAS分析,定位到了一些与生长发育性状相关的候选基因,为其他纵向数据的研究提供了参考,也为调控肉牛生长发育进而提高产肉量的育种工作提供了新的候选分子标记。     

全混合日粮饲喂技术应用于肉牛育肥的研究

本研究旨在分析全混合日粮饲喂技术与传统的精粗分饲对育肥肉牛增重效果、产肉性能及经济效益的影响。采用完全随机单位组设计方法,选择体重(455±10)kg、年龄相近的西门塔尔杂交品种育肥牛14头,随机分为2组,分别为精粗分饲组(对照组)与全混合日粮组(试验组),两组只是在饲喂方式的不同,其余饲养管理条件均一致,试验期153 d。结果表明:(1)头均日增重对照组(968.2±86.84)g,试验组(1 078.5±40.04)g,提高了11.4%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);(2)屠宰率、净肉率、胴体产肉率、肉骨比值、眼肌面积、失水率与不同等级分割肉占净肉重的比例等,两组均存在差异,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05);(3)累计增重利润试验组比对照组多243.4元。结果表明在肉牛产业化生产中,应用推广全混合日粮饲喂技术,替代传统的精粗分饲,效果更好。     

三种不同方法处理的玉米青贮饲喂肉牛效果对比

摘要：本试验旨在研究不同方法处理的玉米青贮饲喂肉牛效果对比,选择体重340kg左右的西门塔尔杂交牛30头,随机分为3组,保证精饲料不变,粗饲料分别饲喂3种不同方法处理的玉米青贮,其中试验Ⅰ组为全株玉米青贮、试验Ⅱ组添加剂全株玉米青贮、试验Ⅲ组玉米秸秆黄贮,试验期70d。结果表明：1）试验Ⅱ组的平均日增重极显著高于试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅲ组（P＜0.01）,分别比Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组高出17.57%、65.71%;Ⅲ组干物质采食量显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组料重比极显著低于Ⅲ组（P＜0.01）。试验Ⅱ组养殖效益最高为14.14元?天-1?头-1,比试验Ⅰ组高5.05元,比试验Ⅲ组高15.74元。综上,添加剂全株玉米青贮饲喂肉牛效果和养殖效益最佳,全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆黄贮次之。     

中国西门塔尔牛GH基因SNPs与经济性状的关联分析

本试验采用PCR-RFLP和DNA测序等技术检测牛生长激素基因P3位点（growth hormone,GH-P3）在中国西门塔尔牛群体中的多态性,并利用最小二乘法拟合线性模型对该位点与牛经济性状进行关联分析。结果表明,BB基因型个体胴体重和净肉重极显著高于AA和AB基因型个体（P＜0.01）,屠宰率和净肉率显著高于AA和AB基因型（P＜0.05）,AA基因型背膘厚极显著低于AB、BB基因型（P＜0.01）。本研究结果显示,GH-P3位点对中国西门塔尔牛个体胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、净肉率及背膘厚等经济性状有显著或极显著的影响,为中国西门塔尔牛重要经济性状的分子标记辅助选择（MAS）及品系培育提供理论依据。     

我国肉用西门塔尔牛群体生长发育性状遗传参数估计及其遗传进展

旨在对我国国家肉牛遗传评估中心收集的于2000-2019年出生的6 837头肉用西门塔尔牛的各阶段体重和日增重数据进行遗传参数估计,并估计其在2007-2017年取得的遗传进展。本研究利用REML算法估计我国肉用西门塔尔牛各性状遗传力,通过ASREML软件计算所有个体的育种值,再估计各性状的遗传进展。结果显示,我国肉用西门塔尔牛初生重、6月龄重、12月龄重、18月龄重和24月龄重的遗传力估计值分别为0.44、0.42、0.35、0.38和0.46,初生至6月龄日增重、6~12月龄日增重、12~18月龄日增重、18~24月龄日增重的遗传力估计值分别为0.47、0.32、0.36、0.39。我国肉用西门塔尔牛在2007-2017年初生重、6月龄重、12月龄重、18月龄重和24月龄重的平均每年遗传进展为0.46、2.65、4.31、4.12和2.44 kg,初生至6月龄日增重、6~12月龄日增重、12~18月龄日增重、18~24月龄日增重的平均每年遗传进展为0.014、0.016、0.009和0.007 kg·d^-1。本研究对我国肉用西门塔尔牛群体生长发育性状的遗传参数做了系统评估分析,并评估了我国肉用西门塔尔牛取得的遗传进展,为下一步我国肉牛遗传改良计划的实施提供理论依据。     

不同月龄杂交肉牛肥育试验

[目的]为了观察不同月龄杂交肉用牛的育肥效果.[方法]本试验选择20～21月龄、25～26月龄左右(体重分别为300 kg、350 kg左右)的西杂牛各25头.以玉米青贮秸秆和酒糟为基础粗料,经过3个月的短期集中肥育,研究杂种肉牛肥育效果与牛只不同月龄的关系,近而分析屠宰性能上的效应.[[结论] 果]表明:屠宰率、净肉率、胴体产肉率、肉骨比、剪切值20～21月龄牛﹤25～26月龄牛,眼肌面积、熟肉率20～21月龄牛﹥25～26月龄牛.各项屠宰指标有一定差异.选择2岁以内的架子牛,不仅肉质好,屠宰率高,而且节省饲料,缩短生产周期,显著提高肉牛的经济效益34%.[结论]肉牛育肥具有很好的推广价值.     

三种杂交牛产肉性能研究

试验旨在研究相同营养水平日粮对不同杂交肉牛生产性能及肉品质的影响.以10月龄10头西杂、10头夏杂、6头安杂牛为试验材料,以美国NRC肉用小公牛营养需要为饲养标准,进行255 d强度育肥试验,试验后进行屠宰及肉质分析.测定三种杂交牛的日增重、胴体重、屠宰率、牛肉脂肪酸、粗蛋白质、氨基酸等含量,并进行差异比较.结果发现各分析指标在各组间虽有差异,但均未达显著水平,综合分析后认为安格斯杂交牛的育肥效果最好,其次是西门塔尔杂交牛,最后是夏洛来杂交牛.     

秦川牛肉用性状功能基因确定及核心群分子育种遗传进展分析

[目的]为加快秦川肉牛肉用新品种的选育进程。[方法]根据秦川牛育种目标性状,采用PCR-SSCP技术分析了21个基因的多态性,找到了4个与秦川肉牛肉用性状紧密连锁的分子标记,初步确定了影响秦川肉牛肉用性状的主要功能基因,并进一步将分子育种技术和常规育种技术紧密结合,应用于秦川肉牛早期选种。[结果]通过育种核心群多育种目标性状相比,生长发育性状的遗传进展最快,其次为繁殖性状和胴体性状,[结论]明显提高了育种工作的效率和准确性。     

Breeding objectives for beef cattle used in different production systems: 2. Model application to production systems with the Charolais breed

A general bio-economic model for beef cattle production was used to define breeding objectives for Charolais cattle to be utilized in a variety of linked production systems. Economic weights were calculated for 16 traits (some with both direct and maternal components) in three production systems (pure-breeding and terminal crossing with beef or dairy cows) and two marketing strategies (sale or fattening of weaned surplus calves). Economic weights for the total breeding objective were calculated as weighted averages, where weights were numbers of cows expected to be mated with Charolais bulls in each production system and marketing strategy. Results suggest that the direct component of calving performance and cow longevity were of primary economic importance in all systems. Conception rate of cows and weaning weight reached about 50% of the standardized economic weight of calving performance in purebred systems with sale of weaned calves, whereas in purebred systems with fattening the economic importance of the direct component of cow conception rate, losses at calving, mature weight of cows, weaning weight, and fattening traits were of equal importance (each approximately about 20% that of calving performance). In terminal crossing systems, weaning weight was important when calves were sold at weaning, and fattening traits were important for systems selling fattened animals. The bio-economic model performed well under the conditions of this demonstration and could easily be customized for other applications.