不同纤维源对成年鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响

本试验旨在研究不同纤维源对成年扬州鹅肠道组织形态变化的影响。选用18只健康、体重相近的25周龄扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3组,即:稻壳粉组、苜蓿草粉组、羊草粉组,每组6只。试验期28 d,试验期末将试验鹅处死并留取各肠段组织,称重并观察肠道组织形态。结果表明:①不同纤维源对十二指肠和空肠长度影响差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳草粉组回肠长度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组差异不显著(P>0.05)。②稻壳粉组十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度、肌层厚度均显著高于苜蓿草粉组与羊草粉组(P<0.05),其中苜蓿草粉组隐窝深度、V/C与羊草粉组差异显著(P<0.05);稻壳粉组与羊草粉组空肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著低于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05),稻壳粉组与羊草粉组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),稻壳粉组肌层厚度显著高于苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);羊草粉组回肠绒毛高度显著高于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳粉组(P<0.05),3组间绒毛宽度差异显著(P<0.05),且以稻壳粉组最大,羊草粉组V/C显著高于苜蓿草粉组和稻壳粉组(P<0.05),羊草粉组肌层厚度显著低于苜蓿草粉组与稻壳草粉组(P<0.05)。由此可知,不同纤维源可显著影响25周龄扬州鹅肠道组织形态。     

菜籽粕对4~6周龄浙东白鹅体增重、养分利用率及血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨菜籽粕对4~6周龄浙东白鹅体增重、养分利用率及血清生化指标的影响,以确定此阶段肉鹅日粮中菜籽粕的合理添加水平。试验选用4周龄健康的浙东白鹅160只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,3个试验组分别饲喂以3%、6%和9%的菜籽粕代替基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮。预试期7 d,正试期14 d。结果表明:①3%、6%和9%组鹅体增重较对照组呈下降趋势,但各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。②3%组总能(GE)、粗蛋白质(CP)和总磷(TP)的利用率最高,均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),粗脂肪(EE)利用率较对照组极显著提高(P<0.01),随着菜籽粕添加量的增加,肉鹅对粗纤维(CF)和钙(Ca)的利用率降低,且6%和9%组较对照组呈现极显著差异(P<0.01)。③3%组天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)、色氨酸(Ser)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)利用率均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);6%组除缬氨酸(Val)、赖氨酸(Lys)外,其余氨基酸利用率均显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05;P<0.01);9%组色氨酸(Ser)、甘氨酸(Gly)、组氨酸(His)利用率均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。④随着菜籽粕添加量的增加,血清中血糖(GLU)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)含量呈上升趋势(P>0.05),9%组血清中总胆固醇(TC)含量较对照组显著升高(P<0.05),总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量与对照组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,4~6周龄浙东白鹅日粮中用3%~6%的菜籽粕代替部分豆粕较为适宜。     

不同纤维源日粮对四川白鹅肉品质及氨基酸含量的影响

为研究日粮纤维源对四川白鹅肉品质、氨基酸含量和营养价值的影响,试验选用28日龄体重相近的四川白鹅120只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,公母各半,采用地面平养方式,分别饲喂含苜蓿草粉、黑麦草粉、燕麦草粉和花生秧粉日粮,自由采食和饮水,试验期共42 d。结果显示,在日粮近似等氮等能、采食量相等的条件下,日粮纤维源对四川白鹅肉剪切力、肉色、滴水损失率、粗脂肪和氨基酸含量均有显著影响（P<0.05）,苜蓿和花生秧组剪切力均显著低于黑麦和燕麦组（P<0.05）,苜蓿、燕麦和花生秧组滴水损失率均显著低于黑麦组（P<0.05）,燕麦组粗脂肪显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）,而花生秧组显著低于其他3组（P<0.05）,不同纤维源日粮对水分、灰分和粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可提高鹅肉保水性,增加其嫩度,同时也可提升鹅肉中鲜味氨基酸含量,建议生产中可在肉鹅日粮中适当添加苜蓿草粉,以提升其肉品质和营养价值。     

Effect of Supplementing Alfalfa Powder to Diet on Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Goose

The experiment was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary alfalfa powder on the growth performance,body size,slaughter performance,organ index and meat quality of Siji geese.A total of 256 15-day-old geese (half male and half female) with similar body weight were randomly divided into four groups with 4 replicates of 16 geese each.The geese in control group were fed with corn-soybean meal-based diet (control diet),and geese in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet replaced with 10%,20% and 30% alfalfa powder,respectively.The results showed that,compared with the control group,dietary alfalfa powder supplementation had no significant effect on the average daily intake,average daily gain,feed conversion ratio,body oblique length,keel length,shin circumference,semi diving length,chest width and shin length (P>0.05),and also had no effect on the carcass ratio,half-eviscerated carcass ratio and pectoral muscle ratio (P>0.05).However,dietary 20% and 30% alfalfa powder supplementation significantly increased the chest depth (P<0.05),dietary 30% alfalfa powder significantly decreased the full-eviscerated carcass ratio (P<0.05),and dietary 10% alfalfa powder significantly increased the leg muscle ratio (P<0.05) of geese.In addition,dietary alfalfa powder significantly decreased the abdominal fat ratio (P<0.05),raised the growth index of liver,jejunum,ileum,and cecum (P<0.05),and increased the water loss rate of pectoral muscle and leg muscle (P<0.05) compared with the control group.Dietary 10% and 30% alfalfa powder significantly increased duodenal growth index (P<0.05) of geese.In conclusion,dietary alfalfa powder supplementation might improve the slaughter performance (increase chest depth and leg muscle ratio,reduce abdominal fat rate) and organ growth index (increase the growth index of liver,duodenum,jejunum,ileum and cecum).However,dietary alfalfa powder increased water loss rates in pectoral muscle and leg muscle,and 30% alfalfa powder reduced the full-eviscerated carcass ratio of geese.The appropriate supplementation level of alfalfa powder was recommended at 10% in the present study.     

日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对肉鹅生长性能及肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉对四季鹅生长性能、体尺、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉质性状的影响。选取健康、体重相近的15日龄四季鹅256只（公母各半）,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,3个试验组分别添加10%、20%和30%苜蓿草粉。每组4个重复,每个重复16只鹅。饲养至70日龄时,测量其各项体尺指标,每个重复选取4只鹅屠宰取样,测定屠宰性能、器官指数及肉质性质。结果表明：与对照组相比,日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉对四季鹅的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、体斜长、龙骨长、胫围、半潜水长、胸宽、胫长、屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率等均无显著影响（P>0.05）,添加20%和30%苜蓿草粉显著提高了鹅的胸深（P<0.05）,添加30%苜蓿草粉显著降低了鹅的全净膛率（P<0.05）,添加10%苜蓿草粉显著提高了腿肌率（P<0.05）。此外,与对照组相比,苜蓿草粉组腹脂率均显著降低（P<0.05）,肝脏指数、空肠指数、回肠指数以及盲肠指数均显著提高（P<0.05）,但胸肌、腿肌的滴水损失同时也提高了（P<0.05）;10%、30%苜蓿草粉组十二指肠指数均显著提高P<0.05）。综上所述,在日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可改善四季鹅的屠宰性能（增加胸深、提高腿肌率、降低腹脂率）,提高器官指数（肝脏指数、十二指肠指数、空肠指数、回肠指数以及盲肠指数）,但会提高胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失;且添加过多的苜蓿草粉（30%）还会显著降低全净膛率。综合考虑,四季鹅日粮中以添加10%苜蓿草粉为宜。     

核桃青皮及其提取物对黄羽肉仔鸡肠道形态、黏膜抗氧化性能及微生物多样性的影响

试验旨在探究添喂核桃青皮及其25%乙醇溶液提取物对黄羽肉仔鸡肠道形态、黏膜抗氧化性能及微生物多样性的影响。选取144只1日龄雄性黄羽肉鸡,随机分为3组,每组12个重复,每个重复4只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组分别在基础饲粮中添加1%的核桃青皮原粉和核桃青皮提取物,饲养至70日龄。试验结束后从每个重复中随机挑选1只,屠宰后取小肠,分别测定十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度;刮取十二指肠黏膜,测定总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、铜锌型超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）、锰型超氧化物歧化酶（Mn-SOD）、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）及谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性;取回肠内容物,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术分析肠道微生物多样性及相对丰度的差异。结果显示,与对照组相比,添加核桃青皮及其提取物对黄羽肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度以及绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值均无显著影响（P>0.05）;对十二指肠黏膜T-SOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、CAT的活性及T-AOC均无显著影响（P>0.05）;添加核桃青皮及其提取物后,回肠微生物物种数显著提高（P=0.05）,微生物多样性指数和物种丰富度指数明显增加,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。对照组黄羽肉仔鸡回肠菌群在门水平上主要是厚壁菌门,超过总细菌的99%。添加核桃青皮粉及其提取物使厚壁菌门丰度明显下降,而拟杆菌门的丰度明显增加,但均差异不显著（P>0.05）。乳杆菌属是对照组黄羽肉仔鸡回肠菌群最主要的属,平均占71%。添加核桃青皮及其提取物后,肠道中的乳杆菌属的相对丰度有所下降（P>0.05）,对照组黄羽肉仔鸡回肠中以鸟乳杆菌、唾液乳杆菌、敏捷乳杆菌、果囊乳杆菌和罗伊氏乳杆菌为主要的已知菌种,添加核桃青皮原粉及其提取物后鸟乳杆菌的丰度显著增加（P<0.05）,添加核桃青皮提取物后敏捷乳杆菌的丰度显著增加（P<0.05）。由此可见,在黄羽肉仔鸡饲粮中添加1%核桃青皮或其提取物不影响肠道形态结构和黏膜抗氧化能力,但肠道微生物多样性和物种丰富度提高,有益菌鸟乳杆菌和敏捷乳杆菌丰度增加。     

日粮中紫苏饼、菜籽粕代替豆粕对肉牛养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中紫苏饼、菜籽粕代替豆粕对肉牛养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响。选择20头体重相近、健康状况良好的12月龄左右的秦川肉牛（母牛）为试验动物,按照单因素随机区组设计,将20头试验牛分为5组,每组4头牛。不同试验组日粮中分别添加以31%豆粕（对照）、36%菜籽粕、14%紫苏饼+24%菜籽粕、28%紫苏饼+12%菜籽粕和42%紫苏饼为蛋白质原料配制的5种不同的精饲料。试验持续120 d,其中预饲期15 d,正试期105 d。试验期间,测定每头试验牛每天的摄入氮、尿氮及粪氮,测定日粮中干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的表观消化率。结果表明：① 42%紫苏饼组摄入氮含量最高,36%菜籽粕组最低,但各组间氮含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;36%菜籽粕组的粪氮显著高于28%和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,且与31%豆粕组和14%紫苏饼组差异不显著（P>0.05）;② 42%紫苏饼组的沉积氮最高,与其他各组均差异显著（P<0.05）,其中31%豆粕组显著高于36%菜籽粕组（P<0.05）;③ 42%紫苏饼组的DM、ADF表观消化率显著高于31%豆粕组和36%菜籽粕组（P<0.05）,14%和28%紫苏饼组的DM、OM和NDF的表观消化率均差异不显著（P>0.05）;④ 14%紫苏饼组尿液中尿素氮含量显著高于31%豆粕组和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,且与36%菜籽粕组和28%紫苏饼组差异不显著（P>0.05）;31%豆粕组尿液中马尿酸氮含量显著高于36%菜籽粕组和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,而这3组均显著高于14%和28%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）;31%豆粕组的尿囊素氮含量显著高于42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,与其他3组差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组的肌酸氮、微生物氮预测值、尿素氮/尿氮、肌酸氮/尿氮和嘌呤衍生物氮/尿氮均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,本试验条件下,精料中用42%紫苏饼代替31%豆粕,肉牛氮沉积最高,比对照组高3.65 g/d;DM、OM、NDF、ADF的表观消化率分别比对照组高3.45%、2.22%、6.56%、10.98%。     

Effects of Perilla Cake and Rapeseed Meal Instead of Soybean Meal in Diet on Apparent Digestibility and Nitrogen Metabolism of Beef Cattle

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of perilla cake and rapeseed meal instead of soybean meal on the apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle.20 Qinchuan beef cattle of about 12 months old with similar weight and good health were selected and divided into 5 groups with 4 cattle in each group according to the univariate randomized block design.Five different protein feeds treatments were 31% soybean meal,36% rapeseed meal,14% perilla cake+24% rapeseed meal,28% perilla cake+12% rapeseed meal and 42% perilla cake,respectively.The experiment lasted 120 days,of which the pre-feeding period was 15 days and the trial period was 105 days.During the test,the daily intake of nitrogen,urine nitrogen and fecal nitrogen,the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM),organic matter (OM),neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of each test cow were determined.The results showed that:① The 42% perilla cake group had the highest nitrogen intake,and the 36% rapeseed meal group had the lowest nitrogen content,and the differences between the groups were not significant (P>0.05).The manure nitrogen in 36% rapeseed meal group was significantly higher than 28% and 42% perilla cake groups (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference with 31% soybean meal group and 14% perilla cake group (P>0.05).② The 42% perilla cake group had the highest sedimentary nitrogen,which was significantly different from other groups (P<0.05),and the 31% soybean meal group was significantly higher than 36% rapeseed meal group (P<0.05).③ The apparent digestibility of DM and ADF in 42% perilla cake group were significantly higher than those in 31% soybean meal group and 36% rapeseed meal group (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in apparent digestibility of DM,OM and NDF between 14% and 28% perilla cake groups (P>0.05).④ The content of urea nitrogen in 14% perilla cake group was significantly higher than 31% soybean meal group and 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and it was not significantly different from the 36% rapeseed meal group and 28% perilla cake group (P>0.05).The 31% soybean meal group had significantly higher nitrosate nitrogen content than 36% rapeseed meal group and 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and these three groups were significantly higher than 14% and 28% perilla cake groups (P<0.05).Allantoin nitrogen in 31% soybean meal group was significantly higher than 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference from the other three groups (P>0.05).There was no significant differences in creatine nitrogen,microbial nitrogen predicted value,urea nitrogen/urine nitrogen,creatine nitrogen/urine nitrogen,and purine derivative nitrogen/urine nitrogen among all groups (P>0.05).In summary,in this test,when 42% perilla cake was used instead of 31% soybean meal in the concentrate,the beef cattle had the highest nitrogen deposition,which was 3.65 g/d higher than 31% soybean meal group.The apparent digestibility of DM,OM,NDF and ADF were 3.45%,2.22%,6.56%,and 10.98% higher than 31% soybean meal group,respectively.     

Study on the Morphology and Fuction of the Duodenum in Lambs with Same Weaning Age but Different Body Weight

To understand the effect of intestinal digestion and absorption on the growth and development of lambs.60 5-month and healthy lambs were selected as the study subjects which were F1 generation hybridized by Altay sheep × Teksaier sheep and were fed in the same rearing conditions and had the same weaning date.And then, 8 lambs with significant weight differences were equally divided into HBW group and LBW group, the former with average weight (37.20±2.80)kg and the latter with average weight (28.24±3.75)kg.Measurements were to be performed for the differences in the morphological indicators of villus in duodenum, digestive enzyme activity in duodenum and sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the lambs'mucosa.The results showed that the villus height and crypt depth of duodenum in HBW group were significantly lower than that in LBW group (P< 0.05), there were no significant differences in the mucosal thickness and V/C between two groups (P> 0.05);The amylase activity in HBW group was significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.05), the activities of maltase, lactase and sucrase in HBW group were extremely significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.01), there were no significant differences in the activities of lipase and protease between two groups (P> 0.05);The expression amount of SGLT1 in HBW group was significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.05), the expression amount of GLUT2 in HBW group was extremely significantly higher than that in LBW group (P< 0.01).In conclusion, there was close correlation between the weight increment of the lambs and digestive and absorptive functions of duodenum, and that further research and study need to be conducted to have a better understanding of the regulating mechanism of molecular biology for digestive enzyme and glucose transporter.     

同日龄不同体重羔羊十二指肠形态功能的比较研究

为了解小肠消化吸收功能对羔羊生长发育的影响,本试验选择60只相同饲养条件、相同断奶日龄(3月龄断奶)的5月龄健康阿勒泰×特克赛尔杂交F1代羔羊为研究对象,从中选择体重大小具有显著性差异的8只羔羊分为大体重组(HBW组)4只,平均体重(37.20±2.80)kg;小体重组(LBW组)4只,平均体重(28.24±3.75)kg。测定两组羔羊十二指肠绒毛组织形态学指标、消化酶活性及其黏膜中钠依赖性葡萄糖转载蛋白1(SGLT1)和葡萄糖转载蛋白2(GLUT2)表达量的差异。结果显示,HBW组羔羊十二指肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度均显著低于LBW组(P< 0.05),而黏膜厚度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值差异均不显著(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊淀粉酶活性显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.05),麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶、蔗糖酶活性均极显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.01),脂肪酶及蛋白酶活性在两组羔羊间均无显著差异(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊SGLT1表达量显著高于LBW组(P< 0.05),GLUT2表达量极显著高于LBW组(P< 0.01)。综上所述,反刍动物体重增加与十二指肠消化吸收功能密切相关,这些消化酶及葡萄糖运载蛋白的分子生物学上调机制尚需进一步研究。     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Fermented Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance,Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of soybean meal replacement by fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance,meat quality and serum biochemical indexes of broilers.A total 400 23-day-old Yellow-feathered male broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 25 broilers per replicate.The broilers in control group were fed a basal diet,and the others were fed the basal diets with the 3% (group Ⅰ),6% (group Ⅱ) and 9% (group Ⅲ) fermented rapeseed meal equal-nutritionally replacing the soybean meal,respectively.The experiment lasted for 43 days.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the ADG,ADFI and F/G of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ showed no significant differences (P>0.05);The ADG of group Ⅲ were 16.47% (P<0.05),15.03% (P<0.05) higher than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ,the F/G of group Ⅲ were 7.71% (P<0.05),4.27% (P>0.05) lower than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ.② There were no significant differences in the pH₁,pH₂₄,meat color (L^*,a^*,b^*),cooking loss and tenderness of chest muscle among all groups(P>0.05);Compared with control group,the water loss rate of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the serum GLU content of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were decreased by 13.06%(P<0.05),8.12%(P>0.05) and 9.57%(P>0.05);The serum TP content of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were increased by 2.50%(P>0.05),20.86%(P<0.05) and 33.92%(P<0.05);The serum GPT content of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were decreased by 7.99%(P>0.05),18.85%(P>0.05) and 26.98%(P<0.05).It was concluded that it would be feasible to replace the soybean meal with 3% to 9% fermented rapeseed meal in broiler feeding,and the optimum supplemental level of fermented rapeseed meal was 9%.     

发酵菜籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵菜籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及血清生化指标的影响。选用23日龄黄羽肉公鸡400只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复25只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加3%、6%和9%发酵菜籽粕等营养替代豆粕。试验期43 d。结果表明:①与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05);与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡平均日增重分别提高16.47%(P<0.05)、15.03%(P<0.05),料重比分别降低7.71%(P<0.05)和4.27%(P>0.05)。②各组肉鸡胸肌的pH₁、pH₂₄、肉色(L^*、a^*、b^*)、蒸煮损失和嫩度差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡胸肌的失水率与对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡血清中葡萄糖含量分别降低13.06%(P<0.05)、8.12%(P>0.05)和9.57%(P>0.05);总蛋白含量分别提高2.50%(P>0.05)、20.86%(P<0.05)和33.92%(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶含量分别降低7.99%(P>0.05)、18.85%(P>0.05)和26.98%(P<0.05)。综上所述,肉鸡日粮中添加3%~9%发酵菜籽粕等营养替代豆粕是可行的,其中添加9%发酵菜籽粕效果最好。     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Brewer's Grain or Fermented Brewer's Grain on Growth Performance,Immune Organ Index and Intestinal Flora of Meat Geese

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal replaced by brewer's grain (BSG) or fermented brewer's grain (FBSG) on growth performance,immune organ index and intestinal flora of meat geese.A total of 250 geese at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate.The geese in control group were fed a basal diet (with soybean);The geese in groups 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% BSG replacing the soybean,respectively;The geese in groups 3 and 4 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% FBSG replacing the soybean,respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days,including three phases:15 d (early stage),14 d (middle stage) and 14 d (later stage).The results showed as follows:①From the whole experiment period,compared with control group,the ADG of geese in group 1 was significantly increased (P<0.05),the ADG and ADFI of geese in group 4 were significantly decreased (P<0.05),there were no obvious change in growth performance of geese in groups 2 and 3 (P>0.05).② Compared with control group,the thymus index and spleen index of geese in groups 1,2 and 3 were extremely significantly increased at early stage (P<0.01);At middle and later stages,the spleen index of geese in group 2 were significantly and extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01);There were no significant differences in bursa of fabricius index of geese among all groups (P>0.05).③ Compared with control group,the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cecum in groups 1 and 2 were extremely significantly decreased at early and later stages (P<0.01),while the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased in different degrees;the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in cecum in groups 3 and 4 were extremely significantly increased at later stage (P<0.01).In conclusion,10% BSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could improve the growth performance and intestinal flora of meat geese;10% FBSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could promote the growth of beneficial bacteria of meat geese,but had no effect on growth performance;While 20% replacing soybean in the basal diet could decrease the feed intake and weight gain of meat geese,hinder its growth and development.     

啤酒糟、发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕对肉鹅生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究啤酒糟、发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕对肉鹅生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响。选取250只28日龄健康皖西肉鹅,根据体重相近原则随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鹅,对照组饲喂不含任何杂粕类饲料的基础日粮;试验1、2组分别饲喂用10%、20%风干啤酒糟替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮;试验3、4组分别饲喂用10%、20%风干发酵啤酒糟替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮,添加量以基础日粮干物质为基础。试验期43 d,分为早期(28~42日龄)、中期(43~56日龄)、后期(57~70日龄)3个阶段。结果表明:①从整个试验期来看,与对照组相比,试验1组肉鹅平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),试验4组肉鹅平均日增重和平均采食量显著降低(P<0.05),试验2、3组肉鹅生长性能未发生明显改变(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,试验1、2、3组肉鹅胸腺指数和脾脏指数在试验早期均极显著提高(P<0.01);在试验中期和后期,仅试验2组肉鹅脾脏指数显著或极显著提高(P<0.05;P<0.01);各组间肉鹅法氏囊指数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组肉鹅盲肠中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量在试验早期和后期极显著降低(P<0.01),同时双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量不同程度地增加;试验3、4组双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量在试验后期极显著升高(P<0.01)。综上所述,10%啤酒糟替代日粮中豆粕时可提高其生长性能,改善肉鹅肠道菌群;10%发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕时可促进肠道有益菌的生长,但不影响其生长性能,而20%替代豆粕时则会降低肉鹅采食量和增重,阻碍其生长发育。     

苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、血清抗氧化及免疫性能相关指标的影响

【目的】 该试验通过研究添加不同比例苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化性能以及免疫指标的影响，以探明育肥猪饲粮中苜蓿草粉的较优添加比例。【方法】 选取健康、平均体重（75.5±1.03） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪120头，随机均分为4组，每组6个重复，1个重复1栏。分别在基础饲粮中添加0（对照组）、5%、10%、15%的苜蓿草粉进行饲喂试验，预试期7 d，正式期45 d。测定每头猪初始体重、终末体重及每栏日采食量；试验结束后，每栏随机抽取1头猪，通过前腔静脉采血10 mL，测定血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫球蛋白含量。【结果】 与对照组相比，各试验组平均日增重均显著降低（P<0.05），5%和10%苜蓿组料重比（F/G）无显著差异（P>0.05），而15%苜蓿组料重比显著提高（P<0.05）；各试验组抗氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均显著提高（P<0.05）；5%苜蓿组甘油三酯（TG）含量显著提高（P<0.05），丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P<0.05）；10%苜蓿组总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均显著提高（P<0.05），MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）。【结论】 添加15%苜蓿草粉会显著提高育肥猪料重比，添加5%、10%苜蓿草粉能够提高抗氧化能力。推荐在育肥猪饲粮中苜蓿草粉添加量以5%~10%为宜。     

Study on Changes of Blood Chemistry Indexes,Hepatic Routine Nutritional Composition and Expression of Lipid Metabolism-associated Genes during the Recovery of Geese with Fatty Livers

This experiment aimed to determine the changes of body weight, liver weight, abdominal fat weight, hepatic routine nutritional composition, blood biochemistry indexes, as well as mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes during the recovery of Landes geese with fatty liver, which provided the basis for the further elucidation of the recovery or protection mechanism of goose fat liver.18 Landes geese were divided into three groups (6 gees in each group).Group 1 was control group, in which the geese were fed with boiled maize;Group 2 was the overfeeding group without recovery, in which the geese were overfed with a maize-based diet for 19 days;And group 3 was the overfeeding group with 20-day recovery, in which the geese were overfed with the maize-based diet for 19 days followed by feeding boiled maize for 20-day recovery.The results showed that compared with group 2, the body weight and liver weight of the geese in group 3 decreased extremely significantly (P<0.01), and the abdominal fat weights undecreased significantly (P>0.05);Moreover, the percentages of nutrients including water, ash, CP of livers in group 3 increased significantly (P<0.05), while the percentage of EE decreased significantly (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference for these variables between groups 1 and 3 (P>0.05) except water.In regard to blood biochemistry indexes, the contents of blood ALT, AST, TG and HDL-C in group 3 decreased significantly (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference from those of group 1 (P>0.05).The mRNA expression levels of FADS1, SCD1 and CYP2C45 in group 3 decreased significantly compared with group 1 (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference between groups 1 and 3 (P>0.05).In summary, this study demonstrated the recoverability of goose fatty liver at different layers, and thus laid a foundation for further investigation on the recovery or protective mechanism of goose fatty liver and found the solution to resolve the problems related to animal fatty liver.     

载锌蒙脱石对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能及肠道组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究载锌蒙脱石（zinc-montmorillonite,Zn-MMT）对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、免疫功能及肠道形态的影响。选择1日龄健康科宝公雏288只,按体重随机分成6个处理组,每处理6个重复,每个重复8只仔鸡。对照组（CK）饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,正对照组饲喂基础日粮添加40 mg·kg^-1 ZnSO₄,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加20、40、60和80 mg·kg^-1 Zn-MMT（均以Zn含量计算）,自由采食饮水,试验42 d,采集肠道和脾组织,并测定脾IL-2、TNF-α、IgG、IgA基因表达及肠道绒毛高度与隐窝深度。结果表明：1）与CK和ZnSO₄组相比,Zn-MMT对肉鸡平均日采食量（average daily feed intake,ADFI）无显著影响（P>0.05）,但80 mg·kg^-1 Zn-MMT显著降低了1~21、22~42及1~42日龄的仔鸡平均日增重（average daily gain,ADG）（P<0.05）,且40 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT显著降低1~42日龄的料重比（feed to gain ratio,F/G）（P<0.05）。2）相比CK组,添加ZnSO₄和60 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT显著提高21日龄法氏囊指数（P<0.05）,且60 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT提高42日龄法氏囊指数（P<0.05）。同时,ZnSO₄、20和40 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT显著提高42日龄脾IgG的表达（P<0.05）。同时,ZnSO₄组显著提高脾IgA的表达（P<0.05）。相比CK和ZnSO₄组,20 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT显著提高脾TNF-α表达,添加40、60和80 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT显著提高脾IL-2的表达（P<0.05）。3）与CK相比,Zn-MMT对肉鸡屠宰性能无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）相比CK与ZnSO₄组,添加40 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT可以显著提高十二指肠、空肠的绒毛高度（villus height,VH）和绒毛高/隐窝深（villi height to crypt depth ratio,V/C）（P<0.05）,且显著降低十二指肠的隐窝深度（crypt depth,CD）（P<0.05）,但对回肠的CD无显著影响（P>0.05）。同时,相比CK组,40 mg·kg^-1的Zn-MMT显著提高回肠的VH和V/C（P<0.05）,但与ZnSO₄组无显著差异（P>0.05）。添加ZnSO₄对肉仔鸡十二指肠和空肠的VH、CD、V/C及回肠的VH、CD均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但能显著提高回肠的V/C（P<0.05）。结果显示,日粮添加Zn-MMT显著提高饲料转化率、增强机体免疫力,促进肠道绒毛的发育。     

肥肝鹅恢复期血液生化指标、肝脏常规营养成分及脂代谢相关基因表达水平的变化研究

试验旨在研究朗德鹅填饲形成肥肝及恢复后其体重、肝脏重、腹脂重、常规营养成分、血液生化指标和肝脏中与脂代谢相关基因的表达变化情况,为进一步阐明鹅肥肝的恢复或保护机制提供依据。将18只70日龄朗德鹅随机分为3组(每组6只):组1为对照组,用玉米饲料进行常规饲喂;组2为填饲组,填饲玉米饲料19 d;组3为填饲19 d后再用玉米饲料常规饲养20 d进行肝脏恢复。结果显示,与组2相比,组3鹅体重、肝脏重均极显著降低(P<0.01),而腹脂重下降不显著(P>0.05);与组2相比,组3肝脏水分、灰分和粗蛋白质均显著上升(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量显著下降(P<0.05),但与组1相比,除水分外,各项指标均无显著变化(P>0.05);与组2相比,组3血浆中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)浓度与组2相比均显著下降(P<0.05),但与组1相比,均无显著差异(P>0.05);与组2相比,组3肝脏中脂肪酸脱氢酶(FADS1)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD1)和细胞色素P450 2C45(CYP2C45)基因的表达量均显著下降(P<0.05),但与组1相比均无显著变化(P>0.05)。综上所述,本研究从不同层面揭示了鹅肥肝的可逆性,为深入研究鹅肥肝的恢复或保护机制,促进动物脂肪肝问题的解决奠定了基础。     

苜蓿黄酮对杂交绵羊瘤胃发酵功能和纤维降解酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究苜蓿黄酮对杂交绵羊瘤胃发酵功能和纤维降解酶活性的影响。选择体重为27.02 kg±3.03 kg、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的萨福克羊×小尾寒羊杂交F1代绵羊(公羊)12只,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复1只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.4%苜蓿黄酮。预试期7 d,正试期41 d。结果表明:①与对照组相比,添加苜蓿黄酮12 h后,0.2%组pH显著升高(P<0.05),其余各组差异均不显著(P>0.05);各试验组氨态氮(NH₃-H)浓度均无显著变化(P>0.05),浓度变化幅度随剂量增加而变大。②与对照组相比,0.1%和0.4%组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸的平均浓度均提高,0.2%组则相反;添加苜蓿黄酮2 h后,0.1%、0.2%组异戊酸浓度显著高于0.4%组(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,0.1%和0.2%组木糖酶、内切葡聚糖酶、纤维二糖酶和纤维素酶活性均下降,0.4%组则升高,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加苜蓿黄酮可维持杂交绵羊瘤胃发酵功能稳定,不同剂量苜蓿黄酮对纤维降解酶活性作用不同。在本试验条件下,建议苜蓿黄酮在杂交绵羊日粮中的添加量为0.4%。     

全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】试验旨在研究全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为小黑麦干草在畜牧业中的合理使用提供数据参考。【方法】在相同的饲养条件下,选取10月龄、平均体重为（325.0±20.0） kg、健康、生理状态良好的荷斯坦育成牛30头,随机分为3组：对照组、Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组10头牛,每头为一个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆＝1：1）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别以全株小黑麦干草替代饲粮中50％（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆：全株小黑麦干草＝0.5：0.5：1）和100％干草（100%全株小黑麦干草）,试验预饲期7 d,正试期66天。于正试期前后对每头牛称重,并每天记录采食量,计算平均日增重和料重比;正试期最后4 d采集粪便和饲粮样品,测定各营养物质表观消化率;正试期第66天晨饲前采集血液,晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液,测定血清生化和瘤胃发酵指标。【结果】①各组育成牛体重、日增重均差异不显著（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组料重比显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。②Ⅰ组育成牛干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）和粗蛋白质（CP）表观消化率与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但极显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,且极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。③育成牛血清中葡萄糖（GLU）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、总蛋白（TP）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛血清白蛋白（ALB）浓度极显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛血清尿素氮（UN）含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但与Ⅱ组差异不显著（P>0.05）。④育成牛瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量及乙酸/丙酸（A/P）在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,与对照组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃微生物蛋白（MCP）含量显著低于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。【结论】将育成牛粗饲料中50％的干草替换为全株小黑麦干草,对其血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵均具有一定的改善作用,且显著提高了饲粮中营养物质表观消化率。