川陕哲罗鱼、太门哲罗鱼及石川哲罗鱼的生物学比较

哲罗鱼属共有五个种类,其中川陕哲罗鱼(Hucho breeker)、太门哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)、石川哲罗鱼(HuchoishikawaiMori)在我国境内有分布.本文通过全面收集国内外资料,对我国分布的三种哲罗鱼,从形态特征、生物学特性、分布区域等指标进行了生物学的初步比较研究.     

“哲罗鱼营养需求、投喂策略研究及高效饲料开发”项目达到国际先进水平

<正>2013年12月,由中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所承担的黑龙江省科技攻关"哲罗鱼营养需求、投喂策略研究及高效饲料开发"项目通过了黑龙江省科技厅组织的专家鉴定。"哲罗鱼营养需求、投喂策略研究及高效饲料开发"项目查明了哲罗鱼对主要营养素蛋白质、脂肪、磷、肌醇、谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸的需要量,构建了氨基酸需要模型,建立了哲罗鱼主要营养素需求数据库;开发出哲罗鱼稚鱼和幼鱼饲料;建立了哲罗鱼的投饲模式,可以此预测养殖过程中的生长和摄食量。     

人工养殖条件下哲罗鱼生长的初步研究

哲罗鱼[Hucho taimen(Pallas)]又称太门哲罗鱼,属鲑形目,鲑科,哲罗鱼属,是我国大型的土著名贵冷水性鱼类。由于生态环境遭到破坏,资源量下降,目前仅分布于新疆哈纳斯湖和乌苏里江上游及黑龙江呼玛河段,并被列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》。哲罗鱼具有生长速度快、易驯养等优良特性,是较好的冷水性鱼类养殖品种,因此,开展人工养殖具有重要意义。关于哲罗鱼的研究,国内在20世纪50年代哈尔滨水产试验场冷水性鱼类凋查中就有记载,近年来董崇智等。在对濒危名贵哲罗鱼保护生物学的研究时,对哲罗鱼的分布、性状、生态学、濒危原因及保护对策进行了研究;黄权等研究了鸭绿江花羔红点鲑、细鳞鱼和长白哲罗鱼的繁殖策略比较;白桂芝等进行了哲罗鱼移植池塘与虹鳟混     

饥饿和再投喂对哲罗鱼幼鱼血液生理生化指标的影响

将哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)幼鱼进行7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d的饥饿处理后恢复投喂,研究饥饿和再投喂对其血液生理与生化指标的影响,各组实验期为56 d。结果显示:饥饿过程中哲罗鱼幼鱼血液红细胞数、血红蛋白和白细胞数均在饥饿14 d后显著上升(P<0.05),21 d后则开始下降;饥饿7 d后血糖浓度显著下降(P<0.05),14 d后趋于稳定;总蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白均呈下降趋势,分别在饥饿的第21天、28天和7天后与饥饿前差异显著(P<0.05);甘油三酯和总胆固醇分别在饥饿7 d和14 d后显著下降(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶均在饥饿14 d后显著下降(P<0.05);碱性磷酸酶在饥饿7 d后显著下降(P<0.05);饥饿7 d后Na+和Cl-浓度显著下降(P<0.05),14 d后均显著回升(P<0.05);Ca2+浓度在饥饿14 d后显著升高(P<0.05),28 d后显著降低(P<0.05);K+浓度在饥饿后升高,但与饥饿处理前比较无显著性差异。恢复投喂结束后,哲罗鱼幼鱼血液的各项生理生化指标均有不同程度的恢复。     

哲罗鱼人工繁育在辽宁省首次取得成功

<正>哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)是鲑科哲罗鱼属的冷水性鱼类,也是我国大型的名贵冷水性鱼类之一。辽宁省哲罗鱼养殖始于2010年,是利用参加的农业行业专项"冷水性鱼类产业化研究与示范"项目而开展的科研内容之一。至2016年底,对引进的哲罗鱼发眼卵或鱼苗开展了养殖试验研究,掌握了哲     

一例哲罗鱼稚鱼烂鳃病的诊治

<正>哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)又称太门哲罗鱼,属鲑行目、鲑科、哲罗鱼属,是鲑科中个体最大、生长速度最快的鱼类,其肉质细嫩、味道鲜美,是我国大型的土著名贵冷水鱼,有极高的经济价值。哲罗鱼因其生长速度快、养殖效益高,近年来养殖规模在国内迅速扩大。我所于2014年从黑龙江水产研究所引进该品种开始进行人工养殖。     

一例哲罗鱼稚鱼烂鳃病的诊治

<正>哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)又称太门哲罗鱼,是鲑科中体型最大的一种冷水性鱼,因其个体大、生长速度快、肉质细嫩、味道鲜美,有较高的经济价值和市场前景。近年来哲罗鱼养殖发展迅速,养殖面积和范围在国内迅速扩大。四川省成都市农林科学院水产研究所于2014年从黑龙江水产研究所引进该品种开始进行人工养殖。2016年8月份,该所冷水鱼养殖示范基地当年繁殖的哲罗鱼稚鱼出现死亡,且病死率居高不下,经现场诊断和剖检,判断为哲     

野生与养殖哲罗鱼消化系统及消化酶的比较研究

采用组织学方法对野生与养殖哲罗鱼（Hucho taimen Pallas）消化系统的形态及组织结构进行比较研究,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法比较了两个群体哲罗鱼3种消化酶的相对含量。结果表明,野生与养殖哲罗鱼的消化系统在形态上存在一定差异,在组织结构上无明显差异。两个群体哲罗鱼在食道与胃酯酶相对含量上差异不显著（P〉0．05）,在肝脏与幽门盲囊酯酶相对含量上差异显著（P〈0．05）,在肠道酯酶的相对含量上差异极为显著（P〈0．01）。两个群体哲罗鱼在食道与胃淀粉酶的相对含量上差异不显著（P〉0．05）,在肝脏与肠道淀粉酶的相对含量上差异显著（P〈0．05）,在幽门盲囊淀粉酶的相对含量上差异极为显著（P〈0．01）。哲罗鱼的蛋白酶表达存在一定的pH依赖性,在体外酸性条件下（pH3）,两个群体哲罗鱼只有食道与胃有蛋白酶表达;在体外碱性条件下（pH9）,两个群体哲罗鱼只有幽门盲囊与肠道有蛋白酶表达;两种pH条件下,两个群体哲罗鱼各组织中蛋白酶的相对含量差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。两个群体哲罗鱼的消化系统结构及消化酶含量所表现出的差异与其生活环境及食物有关。[中国水产科学,2008,15（2）：330-336]     

野生哲罗鱼种质资源遗传多样性的 AFLP 分析

目前哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)处于濒危状态,野生样品采集较困难,因此对其种群遗传结构了解甚少.本研究应用7对AFLP引物对5个野生哲罗鱼群体(104个体)进行了扩增和遗传结构分析.结果显示7对引物共扩增出193个多态位点,多态位点比率为70.18%;多态性位点数(AP)、多态性位点比率(P)、观测等位基因(Na)、有效等位基因(Nez、Nei's基因多样性指数(H)、Shannon's信息指数(I)和遗传距离(D)揭示的规律一致,在5个群体中上述指标从大到小依次均为虎头江段2002、抓吉江段、海青江段、虎头江段2006、呼玛河,H在0.148～0.195 3之间,I在0.221 5～0.291 3之间,5个群体的遗传多样性均偏低;且遗传距离(D)、遗传相似度(S)、遗传分化度(Gst)、基因流(Nm)和聚类结果显示5个群体间的基因交流少,遗传分化程度均很大,并在一定程度上存在近亲交配的现象.以上结果表明,哲罗鱼资源量的减少已经影响了其种群遗传多样性,保护野生哲罗鱼资源已迫在眉睫,应采取及时有效的措施对野生哲罗鱼资源进行保护以期恢复哲罗鱼资源.     

哲罗鱼即食食品加工工艺

正哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen Pallas),又称太门哲罗鱼,属于鲑形目,鲑科,哲罗鱼属,是我国大型的名贵冷水性鱼类。哲罗鱼肉质细腻,味道鲜美可口,营养价值高,富含蛋白质,是目前极具开发潜力的淡水品种。近几年哲罗鱼的研究主要集中在养殖技术、亲鱼运输及营养成分等方面,对哲罗鱼产品精深加工研究未见报道。本研究对哲罗鱼即食食品加工进行尝试,探索加工工艺,现已制做鱼头罐头、烟熏鱼、鱼松、鱼丸、鱼油、鱼钙骨粉等便食食品,以     

Hsp60/10 and sHsp families of heat shock protein genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their expression under heat stress

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved proteins whose expression can be induced by high temperature and play an important role in a variety of biological processes. However, systematic identification of the Hsp60/10 and small Hsp (sHsp) gene family in rainbow trout has not yet been reported, and there is little available information about its roles in evolution in rainbow trout, a typical economical cold-water fish. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the rainbow trout Hsp60/10 and sHsp gene family and to investigate their expression profiles. A total of one Hsp60 gene, one Hsp10 gene, and ten sHsp genes were identified. According to RNA-seq analysis of rainbow trout liver and head kidney under heat stress, a total of six out of ten sHsp genes were significantly upregulated in liver and head kidney. Real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to quantitatively analyze the expression levels of these genes in different tissues of rainbow trout. Results showed that the expression of hspe1 and hspd1 was lowest in liver and gill, respectively, and highest in brain. In sHsp gene family, all genes are highly expressed in the liver and head kidney, but relatively low in the heart, spleen, brain, gills, and muscles. This systematic analysis provided valuable information about the diverse roles of Hsp60/10 and sHsp in the evolution of teleost fish, which will contribute to the functional characterization of Hsp60/10 and sHsp genes in further research.

     

热应激对鱼类hsp70基因和caspase-3基因影响的研究进展

鱼类对温度的适应因其种类不同而有差异,这是长期进化和演变的结果。本文通过对不同种鱼类的最大临界温度和高起始致死温度这两个热耐受性指标、耐热相关基因的表达等进行了综述,发现影响鱼类耐热能力的重要因素是基础水温和温度升高的速率,以及生物的生理及遗传,进而掌握不同鱼类的耐热能力,并对在高温胁迫下表达差异显著的hsp70基因和caspase-3细胞凋亡相关基因进行了分析讨论;发现热应激使hsp70在鱼类体内的合成速度显著增加,以提高鱼类的抗应激能力,同时也会使caspase-3基因被激活,诱导细胞发生凋亡。     

饲料中添加复方中草药对哲罗鱼生长、存活及部分生化指标的影响

在饲料中添加几种自拟中草药复方药剂,研究其对平均体重0．08—0．10kg的1＋龄哲罗鱼（Huchotaimen）增重率、死亡率以及血液组织中部分生化指标的影响。实验组30尾,饲养在室内水族箱（0．90m×0．50m×0．45m）中,每天按照鱼体重的2．O％投喂饲料,对照组投喂不含中草药添加剂的饲料,每组设平行组。实验结束后,对各组的增重率和死亡率进行统计并对鱼体进行采样,进行生化指标的测定。结果显示,复方五对鱼体的增重效果显著;所有复方实验组鱼皆没有死亡;生化指标方面,复方二明显提高血清中总蛋白、白蛋白,及球蛋白的含量;复方一能明显升高乳酸脱氢酶的含量;复方二组、复方三组尿素氮在血清中的含量明显升高;其余几项生化指标与对照组相比没有明显变化。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加不同的中草药方剂对哲罗鲑血液中部分生化指标的改变与药物种类和剂量密切相关。     

Effects of single and repeated heat stress on anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in medaka fish

In this study, we examined whether a single heat stress incident and long-term repeated heat stress could affect behavioral and neural responses in male medaka fish Oryzias latipes. By using the novel tank diving test, we found that 7-day repeated heat stress led to anxiety-like behaviors and suppressed locomotor activity, whereas fluoxetine treatment during repeated heat stress led to anxiolytic behaviors. Furthermore, a single heat stress incident increased hyper-locomotor activity. A single heat stress incident decreased mRNA expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2), a rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, while a single heat stress increased mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase 1 (th1) and tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (th2), catalyzing dopamine biosynthesis in the brain. Plasma cortisol concentration increased after a single stress, repeated stress, and fluoxetine treatment during repeated stress. These results suggest that medaka fish are a good model for assessing anxiety-like behavior induced by long-term repeated stress. Moreover, th1, th2, and tph2 in the brain would be key factors in the exploration of the central regulation of behavioral responses to a single and repeated stress in fish.

     

热应激对剑尾鱼HSP70家族两成员基因表达的影响

采用RT-PCR方法扩增实验动物剑尾鱼（Xiphopohorus helleri）纯系RR-B的HSP70家族两个成员的eDNA片段，并将其克隆到PMD18-T载体中测序，将测序结果与GenBank中的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列进行同源性比较。同时利用RT-PCR半定量方法研究热应激时两个成员在剑尾鱼组织中的表达。通过克隆获得了剑尾鱼的HSP70家族两个新成员的cDNA片段，两序列均包含HSP70家族的特征性签名序列和热休克蛋白的定位序列；通过对克隆片段与已发表的青锵（Oryzias latipes）等鱼类HSP70的核苷酸序列和其编码的氨基酸序列同源性比较，发现核苷酸序列同源性较高，成员一和成员二分别为85％-89％和82％-99％；氨基酸序列同源性更高，成员一和成员二分别为97％-99％和93％-99％。一般条件下，两成员在剑尾鱼肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和心脏中不表达，但热应激能刺激成员一在剑尾鱼脾脏中表达，成员二在肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和心脏中强烈表达，并可能在参与热应激保护方面起更大作用。     

Heat shock protein 70 expression in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) following heat stress

Members of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are highly conserved proteins of about 70 kDa and play important roles in protein folding. Levels of these proteins increase when cells are under stress. Environmental temperature influences both the basal and induced levels of HSPs. However, studies on HSPs in fishes from a tropical country such as India are lacking. In the present study, Indian major carp (IMC) Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) acclimatized at 25±2°C had high levels of HSP70, viz., 1.2–1.3 ng μg^?1 total protein in kidney and gill and 4.2–5.3 ng μg^?1 total protein in liver and brain tissues, indicating the presence of biochemically significant levels of stress. However, maintenance of acclimatized fish at 17°C for up to 48 h did not lead to a significant decrease in stress protein levels. A heat shock at 37°C for up to 48 h resulted in only two to threefold increase in HSP70 levels in these organs. Although the increase in HSP70 levels was apparent from the first hour of heat stress in all these tissues, the increase was significant from the second hour in the brain, the sixth hour in liver and kidney and the 20th hour in the gills.     

Assessment of the accuracy of physiological blood indicators for the evaluation of stress,health status and welfare in Siberian sturgeon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser baerii</Emphasis>) subject to chronic heat stress and dietary supplementation

There is growing interest in the evaluation of stress, health and welfare of farm-raised fish. However, there is no scientific consensus about the methodology that is used to assess them. Sturgeon aquaculture is a recent industry with increasing interest in the production of caviar, which is characterized by high turnover and costs. To improve aquaculture efficiency, this study was conducted on routine blood samples, taken from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), to test the robustness of using only physiological indicators to assess heat stress, health, and welfare. Sampling was performed after 1 month of prebiotic dietary supplementation followed by 4 weeks of sublethal heat stress. Data interpretation was achieved with a multivariate statistical tool. The expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) was assessed for the first time in sturgeon erythrocytes. Hsp70 and hsp90 expression was triggered by both stress and dietary supplementation. Indicators of non-specific immunity were modified mainly by stress. Complement activity increases with stress while lysozyme activity decreases, but to a lesser extent in supplemented fish. The antioxidant capacity increases with stress while oxidant metabolites decrease and overall oxidative stress was lower for fish that received dietary supplementation. The positive impact of dietary supplementation on health status was observable after a stress challenge. A principal component analysis was used to combine all the measured parameters and to observe patterns in physiological fish status. The four experimental groups of fish were clearly discriminated with this statistical tool. Physiological indicators from blood samples may enable heat stress, health, and welfare to be assessed in Siberian sturgeon.     

急性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼组织抗氧化酶活性及HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达水平的影响

为了探讨急性氨氮胁迫对黄颡鱼组织中抗氧化酶活性及HSP70和HSP90基因mRNA表达水平的影响,实验随机挑选了360尾黄颡鱼[初体质量(17.25±0.05)g],分别暴露于含有0(对照)、5.70(低浓度组)、28.50(中浓度组)和57.00(高浓度组)mg/L总氨氮浓度的水体中,进行96 h的急性胁迫实验。实验开始后,分别于0、12、24、48和96 h取样。结果显示,氨氮胁迫发生后,低、中浓度组实验鱼肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先升高后降低趋势,而高浓度组则持续降低;低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量在胁迫开始后显著升高;3 h时,高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中SOD活性达到最低,而MDA含量最高;24 h后,高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高;低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏中HSP70基因的mRNA表达量呈先降低后升高趋势,而鳃中HSP70基因表达量持续升高,但脑中HSP70基因在0 h后显著降低;氨氮胁迫3 h时,低、中、高浓度组实验鱼肝脏和脑中HSP70基因表达量显著低于对照组,而在鳃中正好相反;相比HSP70基因,高氨氮浓度组实验鱼肝脏和鳃中HSP90基因的mRNA表达量在24 h时达到最高。研究表明,不同浓度的氨氮胁迫会对黄颡鱼抗氧化酶活性造成不同程度的抑制,原因与丙二醛的积累量有关;相比HSP90基因,黄颡鱼HSP70基因的表达量在氨氮胁迫发生后迅速上调,这种生理调控机制提示HSP70在应对急性氨氮胁迫时发挥着更重要的作用。     

稀有鮈鲫热休克因子1的分子克隆与表达分析

热休克因子1(Heat shock factor 1,HSF1)作为转录调控元件,能够调控热休克蛋白(heat shock proteins,HSPs)的表达,保护机体免受压力损伤。为评估稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)HSF1和环境污染物五氯酚(pentachlorophenol,PCP)的关系,本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术从稀有鮈鲫肝脏中克隆HSF1全长序列,并将其命名为GrHSF1;利用Real-time PCR检测稀有鮈鲫GrHSF1的组织分布;温度以及PCP暴露下稀有鮈鲫肝脏中的GrHSF1的表达情况。RACE结果显示:GrHSF1的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)长度为1581 bp,共编码527个氨基酸。系统发育树分析表明,预测得到的GrHSF1氨基酸序列与其他鱼类HSF1具有广泛的序列相似性。组织分布显示GrHSF1在稀有鮈鲫的12种组织中均表达,在肝脏中表达量最高。在肝脏中的暴露实验表明,当80μg/L≥PCP≥8μg/L时,GrHSF1的mRNA与PCP之间具有明显的剂量依赖效应,当160μg/L≥PCP≥8μg/L时,GrHSF1的mRNA与PCP之间具有明显的时间依赖效应;在过高或过低温度下,GrHSF1的mRNA均显著下降。结果表明GrHSF1是已知鱼类HSF1家族的同源基因,并可作为评估环境污染物PCP的生物标志物。     

哲罗鲑的集约化流水养殖

本文对利用泉水集约化养殖哲罗鲑的生长情况、饵料系数、养殖成活率、病害防治进行了总结,并进行了养殖密度和饲料对比试验。经过323d的养殖,哲罗鲑从初始时的1．59g／尾增长到1020g/尾,达到了上市标准,养殖成活率84．84％,饵料系数0．86;密度和饲料实验表明放养800尾/池的哲罗鲑能够获得较好的效果,且投喂进口饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数0．92,每Kg鱼饲料成本9．05元,投喂国产饲料的哲罗鲑饵料系数1．05,每Kg鱼饲料成本7．66元;影响哲罗鲑的主要疾病是小瓜虫病、烂鳃病和出血病,要提早预防。