辽育白牛胴体产肉量预测模型研究

为了快速且准确的预测辽育白牛胴体产肉量,进而建立完善的胴体分级体系,本试验对60头辽育白牛进行屠宰胴体分割试验,分别测量了胴体重(X₁),第5肋侧厚度(X₂),第5~6肋眼肌宽高乘积(X₃),第5~6肋眼肌面积(X₄),第12肋侧厚度(X₅),第12~13肋眼肌宽高乘积(X₆),第12~13肋眼肌面积(X₇),肾脏油、心脏油和膈肌油之和(X₈),后腿围(X₉)和大腿肌肉厚(X₁₀)等与产肉量、产肉率相关的10项指标,利用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行相关分析和线性回归分析。结果显示,X₁、X₈与产肉量和产肉率相关性最强,依此推导出2个可信度高、实践中方便应用的产肉量预测方程:①产肉量(眼肌宽高乘积)=0.809X₁+0.158X₆+0.857X₈-13.967 (R²=0.986);②产肉量(眼肌面积)=0.779X₁+0.318X₇+0.933X₈-17.779 (R²=0.990)。     

安格斯牛×秦川牛F1代产量分级模型的研究

本研究旨在对中长期育肥的安格斯牛×秦川牛F1代的胴体性状指标进行筛选并建立其产量分级模型。随机选取115头发育正常、健康无病的育肥牛屠宰后测定胴体性状指标,采用相关分析和因子分析对其进行筛选并建立产肉率预测模型。结果表明,胴体重、后躯部位肉重、眼肌面积、背膘厚是胴体产量分级的重要指标;将其与产肉率进行多元线性回归,得到胴体产量分级模型,产肉率(%)=41.372-0.046×胴体重+0.403×后躯部位肉重-0.049×眼肌面积+0.334×背膘厚(R²=0.850),经回归诊断和t检验证明该模型预测结果良好,预测值和实测值间差异不显著。结果提示,建立的产量分级模型可用于安格斯牛×秦川牛F1代产量的预测,为开展雪花牛胴体分级提供科学依据。     

纳罗克非洲狗尾草种子产量构成因子分析

为了解纳罗克非洲狗尾草单株种子产量构成因子,探索提高种子产量的解决途径,试验选择7个纳罗克非洲狗尾草单株种子产量构成因子;另取4个单株穗子10等分,从基部依次编为1-10号,试验中脱落的种子为11号。单株种子产量构成因子相关性分析结果表明,纳罗克非洲狗尾草单株种子产量(W)与生殖枝数(X₃)呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与分蘖数(X₂)呈显著正相关(P<0.05);多元逐步回归单株种子产量W=-16.59156+0.42479X₃-0.03082X₅+0.04923X₆。对穗子不同部位的种子分析结果表明,试验中脱落的种子11号质量最好,其次为7号种子。不同部位的种子产量以1、3、8号种子产量较高,而9、10号种子产量最低。提示,纳罗克非洲狗尾草穗子中部的种子产量较为稳定,产量也较高,而穗尾1/3部的产量最低,收种时应确定以穗子中部的种子成熟为最佳收种时机。     

秦川肉牛新品系公牛肉用性能研究

 选取发育正常、健康无病、经标准化育肥、年龄为24月龄的秦川肉牛新品系公牛5头进行屠宰及胴体分割,测定屠宰率、净肉率、胴体产肉率、肉骨比等产肉性能指标,并对里脊、西冷、眼肉、上脑、臀肉、胸肉、黄瓜条、牛腩、肋条肉、牛前10个部位取样进行水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、剪切力、失水率、系水力和熟肉率8项指标的测定。结果表明,秦川肉牛新品系公牛日增重、屠宰率、产肉率、胴体产肉率、肉骨比等生产性能较传统秦川牛均有较大幅度提高,经过标准化育肥,24月龄时已具备良好的肉用生产性能,达到国际优质肉牛品种标准;秦川肉牛新品系公牛胴体不同部位间肉品质差别较大,通过对其10个部位牛肉品质评定,西冷、上脑、里脊、眼肉为高档肉,肋条肉、臀肉、黄瓜条为中档肉,牛腩、胸肉、牛前为低档肉。     

Correlation and Regression Analysis of Body Size,Cashmere Traits and Economic Traits in Erlangshan Cashmere Goat

To study the correlation and regression analysis of body size, cashmere traits and economic traits in Inner Mongolia Erlangshan cashmere goat, we selected the 1 000 3-year-old ewe and carried out production performance measurement, and using SAS 9.0 and Excel 2003 softwares for statistical analysis.The results indicated that a significant positive correlation of body height(X₁), body length(X₂), heart girth(X₃) and weight(Y)in Erlangshan goat.Regression model was Y=-12.0856+0.0821X₁+0.4053X₂+0.1624X₃.The intercept and three partial regression coefficient had reached a very significant extent (P<0.01), and indicating the equation was the optimal regression equation.The heart girth was the biggest influence on body weight, and the body height, body length and cashmere fineness impacted on body weight through the heart girth.The body height was biggest influence on cashmere yield and cashmere thickness for the second.We did not find optimal regression model between body height, body length, heart girth, cashmere fineness, cashmere thickness, hair long and cashmere yield.These results indicated the presence of complex intrinsic link between body size, cashmere traits and economic traits in Erlangshan cashmere goat.     

二郎山绒山羊体尺、绒毛性状与经济性状的相关及回归分析

为研究内蒙古二郎山绒山羊体尺、绒毛性状与经济性状间的相关关系,选取1 000只3岁成年母羊进行生产性能测定,并利用SAS 9.0和Excel 2003软件进行统计分析。结果表明,二郎山绒山羊体尺、绒毛性状中体高(X₁)、体斜长(X₂)、胸围(X₃)与体重(Y)之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),最优回归方程为Y=-12.0856+0.0821X₁+0.4053X₂+0.1624X₃,回归方程的截距和3个偏回归系数都达到了极显著的程度(P<0.01),说明该方程是最优回归方程。胸围对体重的影响最大,而体高、体斜长和绒细度主要通过胸围对体重产生影响;体高对产绒量的影响最大,其次为绒厚度,但是就体高、体斜长、胸围、绒细度、绒厚度、毛长与产绒量之间并未找到最优回归方程。表明二郎山绒山羊体尺、绒毛性状与经济性状之间存在着复杂的内在联系。     

菊苣种子丰产栽培模型分析

采用四元二次正交旋转组合设计,以行距（X₁）、施氮量（X₂）、施磷量（X₃）和施钾量（X₄）4个因素为控制变量进行田间试验,研究其对菊苣种子千粒重和种子产量的影响,分别建立了其与试验因子的回归模型。对模型解析可得,各因素对千粒重影响大小为氮肥（X₂） >钾肥（X₄） >磷肥（X₃） >行距（X₁）;对种子产量影响大小为X₁（行距） >X₂（氮肥） >X₃（磷肥） >X₄（钾肥）。通过模拟寻优,分别找到菊苣种子千粒重和种子产量的最佳栽培方案。经过综合分析,得到菊苣种子丰产栽培最佳方案为行距55~60cm,施氮量90~120kg·hm^-2,施磷量65~75kg·hm^-2,施钾量65~75kg·hm^-2。     

兰州大尾羊×小尾寒羊F1代体重和体尺的相关性研究

本研究旨在探讨兰州大尾羊×小尾寒羊F1代羔羊体重和体尺的相关关系,为通过体尺性状估计其体重提供科学的理论依据。试验随机选取80只150日龄兰小杂交F1代羔羊,公、母羔各半,测量其体重（Y）、体长（X₁）、体高（X₂）、胸围（X₃）、管围（X₄）、胸深（X₅）和胸宽（X₆）,运用SPSS 22.0软件分别对公、母羔的体重和体尺数据进行相关性分析、通径分析、逐步线性回归分析和相关系数的分解。结果表明,兰小杂交F1代羔羊的体重与体长、体高、胸围、管围、胸深、胸宽均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,公、母羔胸围与体重的相关程度最高,相关系数分别为0.907和0.908,其次为体长,相关系数分别为0.875、0.844。各体尺性状间也呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,其中胸围和体长的相关系数最高。胸围和体长主要通过直接作用影响体重,胸深、管围、体高、胸宽主要通过间接作用影响体重,胸围对体重的直接作用最大,胸深对体重的间接作用最大。公、母羔体重与体尺的最优回归方程分别为：Y=-43.861+0.675X₃+0.394X₁（r=0.945,P<0.01）和Y=-38.378+0.590X₃+0.397X₁（r=0.948,P<0.01）。综上所述,胸围和体长是影响兰小杂交F1代羔羊体重的两个重要因素,在该品种的选育和肥羔的生产过程中,要加强对胸围和体长的选择力度,同时考虑胸深、管围、体高、胸宽的影响。     

新疆褐牛体重生长曲线的研究

试验旨在对新疆褐牛体尺指标进行分析,研究其生长发育规律并揭示各性状间的相互关系。选取2010～2015年间伊犁昭苏地区8～20月龄新疆褐牛公牛,共计2 794头,测定其体重、体高、体斜长、胸围及管围指标数据,绘制生长发育曲线,并对新疆褐牛2010～2015年体尺测定数据进行相关性回归分析及验证。结果表明,新疆褐牛公牛的体长在14～15月龄间增长较快;体重与所测4项体尺指标间均呈正相关关系,且均为极显著（P<0.01）,其中与胸围相关性系数最高（r=0.796）,与体长的相关性系数最低（r=0.163）;获得新疆褐牛公牛体重回归预测方程：Y=-564.607-0.174X₁+2.441X₂+3.497X₃-1.086X₄,经过验证回归方程具有统计学意义,为新疆褐牛的选育提供数据基础。     

Study on Body Weight Growth Curve in Xinjiang Brown Cattle

The experiment was designed to investigate growth and development pattern and reveal the correlation of each traits of Xinjiang Brown cattle according to analysis body index data.2 794 Xinjiang Brown bulls were selected to measure body index and draw the growth curve of body weight during year 2010 to 2015 in Yili Zhaosu region.The body index was composed by body weight,body height,body length,chest circumference and canon circumference.All measured data were analyzed and validated underwent correlation and regression analysis.The results showed that body length of Xinjiang Brown bulls were grow fastely at the age 14 to 15 months;Body weight was extremely significantly positive correlated with other four measured body index (P<0.01).Of them,the correlation coefficient with chest circumference was the highest (r=0.796),and the lowest was with body length (r=0.163).The body weight regression estimate formula of Xinjiang Brown bulls was Y=-564.607-0.174X₁+2.441X₂+3.497X₃-1.086X₄,and the validation result implied this formula was statistical significance.Our work offers a good data basic for genetics selection and breeding of Xinjiang Brown cattle.     

Genetic relationship of body measurement traits at early age with carcass traits in Japanese black cattle

Estimates of genetic parameters were obtained for body measurement traits of 648 animals at 4 months of age, of 545 at 8 months and carcass traits of 14 972 animals with the use of an animal model by the restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The estimated heritabilities for carcass traits were high (0.41 to 0.54). At 4 months the estimated direct heritabilities for body measurement traits were moderate to high (0.28 to 0.64), except for chest width (0.19); at 8 months they were also moderate to high (0.23 to 0.49), except for chest depth and chest width (0.18 and 0.06, respectively). Maternal heritabilities for all body measurement traits were low at both ages. The results indicate that because of their moderate direct genetic correlations with body measurement traits, carcass weight, rib thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness can be improved; however, rib eye area and beef marbling standard show little such possibility considering their correlation with body measurement traits.     

菊苣种子产量构成因子与产量的关联性分析

采用正交施肥试验设计与大样本取样,于2007年对菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)种子产量及其构成因子进行研究,并通过相关分析、通径分析及回归分析,明确影响种子产量的主要因子和提高种子产量的主要因子,以期了解并掌握相应的关键技术。结果表明:菊苣的花序数、生殖枝数和种子产量主要受水肥条件控制;每株生殖枝数、每株花序数和千粒重是影响菊苣种子产量的主要因素,其回归模型为Y=-13.8887+1.73862X_{2+0.00241X3+21.7579X6;提高每株生殖枝数和每株花序数是菊苣种子高产的关键技术措施。}     

Genetic relationships between temperament of calves at auction and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle

Correlations of calves’ temperament with carcass traits were estimated to clarify the genetic relationships between them in Japanese Black cattle. The temperament records for 3128 calves during auction at a calf market were scored on a scale of 1 (calm) to 5 (nervous) as temperament score (TS ), and the TS were divided into two groups (TSG ): TS 1 and 2 comprised TSG 1, and 3 to 5 constituted TSG 2. Carcass data were obtained from 33 552 fattened cattle. A threshold animal model was used for analyzing the underlying liability for TSG , whereas a linear one was used for TS and carcass traits. The heritability estimates for TS and TSG were 0.12 and 0.11, respectively. On the other hand, moderate to high heritability estimates were obtained for carcass traits (0.40 to 0.68). The temperament scores were negatively correlated with carcass weight, rib thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness (?0.13 to ?0.59). In contrast, weak to moderate positive correlations were found between the temperament scores and rib eye area or yield estimate (0.16 to 0.45). The temperament scores and beef marbling score had no correlation. These results showed that it is possible to improve temperament and carcass traits simultaneously.     

Economic losses related to internal diseases in Japanese black cattle

The objective of this study was to estimate the direct economic losses due to the condemnation of the liver and large intestine because of internal diseases (multifocal necrosis in the liver (MNL) and inflammation of the large intestine (ILI)), and the indirect losses because of reductions in carcass performance from MNL, bovine abdominal fat necrosis (BFN) and ILI using data from 5383 Japanese Black cattle. Direct losses were estimated by multiplying the price of the condemned part by the frequency of its occurrence owing to the disease. Similarly, indirect losses were estimated as the product of unit carcass price and reduction in carcass weight (CW) due to the disease. The direct impact on the beef cattle industry from MNL and ILI was estimated at around $1.29 million (US$1 = ¥120) per year. A least‐squares analysis showed that MNL had no influence on any carcass trait, whereas BFN and ILI significantly reduced CW, rib eye area and darkened the beef. ILI also reduced rib thickness. The indirect losses from BFN and ILI were estimated as a maximum of $131.7 and $256.4 per animal and around $6.26 million and $4.03 million for the industry, respectively, mostly because of the reduction in CW.     

非常规饲料原料日粮对肉牛生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响

文章旨在评估不同非常规饲料原料替代浓缩料对肉牛生长性能、胴体性状及肉品质的影响。试验选择初始体重为（291.69±5.7）kg的肉牛80头,随机分为4组,每组20头,每头牛为1个重复。对照组肉牛在8周试验期每天自由采食水稻秸秆粗饲料并补充基础浓缩料,处理组肉牛自由采食水稻秸秆粗饲料并分别补充用8%米糠、亚麻籽和葵花粕替代基础浓缩料混合物。结果：与米糠组相比,对照组和亚麻籽组肉牛的平均日增重分别显著提高10.74%和12.40%（P＜0.05）,同时米糠组肉牛的料重比较对照组和亚麻籽组分别显著提高11.69%和15.52%（P＜0.05）。亚麻籽组肉牛的背膘厚度较对照组和米糠组分别显著提高7.84%和8.65%（P＜0.05）。对照组肉牛眼肌C14：0脂肪酸含量显著低于处理组（P＜0.05）,而米糠组肉牛眼肌饱和脂肪酸含量较对照组显著提高16.55%（P＜0.05）,单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低11.95%（P＜0.05）。亚麻籽和葵花粕组眼肌中蛋氨酸含量较对照组和米糠组分别显著提高168%、179.17%和154%、164.58%（P＜0.05）。结论：在本研究条件下,用8%亚麻籽替代浓缩料饲喂肉牛可以提高肌肉蛋氨酸含量,对肉牛生长表现及肌肉脂肪酸组成无负面影响。 [关键词]非常规原料|肉牛|生长性能|胴体性状|肉品质     

饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕取代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响

本试验在满足肉牛营养需要的基础上,采用棉籽粕替代饲粮中的豆粕,形成不同蛋白质水平和成本的饲粮,旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响,同时为降低肉牛育肥成本和提高育肥效果提供依据.试验选用年龄(平均年龄为28月龄)、体重[初始均重为(678±122)kg]相近的健康杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)40头,随机分成4个试验组,每组10头牛.预试期为15 d,正试期240 d.结果表明:蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮组试验牛的日增重比蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮组提高18.57％(P ＞0.05).与饲喂蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮相比,饲喂蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮可以显著或极显著提高肉牛的屠宰率、净肉率、肋部脂肪厚、背膘厚(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而对肉牛的胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、高档肉块占活重比例、肉骨比影响不显著(P＞0.05).同等蛋白质水平下,用棉籽粕全部或部分替代豆粕对肉牛日增重及各项屠宰性能指标的影响均不显著(P＞0.05),但棉籽粕组饲粮单价、肉牛每千克增重成本都低于豆粕组.由此得出,在肉牛育肥后期可以用棉籽粕替代豆粕,以降低成本.目前我国《肉牛饲养标准》(2004)推荐的肉牛育肥所需的蛋白质水平低于本试验用杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)的需要.     

Prediction of yield of retail cuts for native and crossbred Chinese Yellow cattle

Seven hundred and three native and crossbred Chinese Yellow cattle (mean live weight: 523 ± 38 kg) were slaughtered, chilled and segmented. The hot carcass weight (HCW, kg), fat thickness (FT, cm) and rib eye area (REA, cm²) were measured to predict weights and percentages of beef cattle retail cuts. A correlation analysis showed that the HCW and REA were positively correlated with the weights of the total retail cuts (TRC, kg), top grade retail cuts, prime retail cuts and percentage of total carcass weight. A regression analysis indicated that HCW and REA were the best predictors for the weight of total retail cuts (Y = ?16.71 + 0.382 HCW + 0.593 REA), and the HCW explained more of the variation than REA. Meanwhile, HCW and REA accounted for 62% of the variation of percentage of total retail cuts (Y = 43.24 ? 0.025 HCW + 0.170 REA), whereas the REA was more valuable than the HCW. The FT contributed little in estimating weight or percentage of retail cuts.     

玉米不同加工方式对肉牛育肥性能的影响

本试验旨在探讨玉米加工利用的适宜方法,以提高玉米的利用效率。选用120头利木赞杂交阉牛(590 kg±10 kg),随机分为4组,分别饲喂蒸汽压片(A)、粉碎后过七目筛(B)、十目筛(C)和十四目筛(D)的玉米型日粮,研究日粮玉米不同加工方法对阉牛育肥性能的影响。结果表明,玉米不同加工方式对肉牛的生产性能和大多数胴体指标都没有显著影响(P＞0.05)。蒸汽压片玉米组的胴体产肉率高于十目筛组,骨重低于十目筛组(P<0.05)。十四目筛组的高档肉块比例和上脑重显著高于其它3个处理组,牛柳重显著低于其它处理组,七目筛组西冷重高于十目筛组(P<0.05)。养殖效益则以十目筛组阉牛最高。     

Genetic parameters for carcass traits of field progeny and their relationships with feed efficiency traits of their sire population for Japanese Black cattle

Genetic parameters for carcass traits of 1774 field progeny (1281 steers and 493 heifers), and their genetic relationships with feed efficiency traits of their sire population (740 bulls) were estimated with REML. Feed efficiency traits included feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI). RFI was calculated by the residual of phenotypic (RFI_phe) and genetic (RFI_gen) regression from the multivariate analysis of feed intake on metabolic weight and daily gain. Progeny traits were carcass weight (CWT), rib eye area (REA), rib thickness (RBT), subcutaneous fat, yield estimate (YEM), marbling score (MSR), meat quality grade, meat color, fat color, meat firmness and meat texture. The estimated heritability for CWT (0.70) was high and heritabilities for all the other traits were moderate (ranged from 0.32 to 0.47), except for meat and fat color and meat texture which were low (ranged from 0.02 to 0.25). The high genetic correlation (0.62) between YEM and MSR suggests that simultaneous improvement of high carcass yield and beef marbling is possible. Estimated genetic correlations of RFI (RFI_phe and RFI_gen) of sires with CWT (− 0.60 and − 0.53) and MSR (− 0.62 and − 0.50) of their progeny were favorably negative indicating that the selection against RFI of sires may have contributed to produce heavier carcass and increase in beef marbling. The correlated responses in CWT, REA and RBT of progeny were higher to selection against RFI than those to selection against FCR of sires. This study provides evidence that selection against RFI is preferred over selection against FCR in sire population for getting better correlated responses in carcass traits of their progeny.     

Analysis of Speed Characteristics on 1000 m Trot Training Race in Yili Horse

In order to provide some reference on scientific training and determination of horse trot training race, experiment was conducted on analysis of speed characteristic of Yili horse trot training race. The grade of 7 Yili horses 1000 m trot training race and the speed per 50 m were measured, which was used as a research object and sample, by statistical analysis, correlation analysis, the difference of the linear regression method for quantitative analysis. It was resulted that between subsection speed (2 to 18) and average speed were significantly or extremely significantly correlated (P<0.05;P<0.01), the 9^th subsection speed had the highest relevancy; 6 high correlation subsection speeds were choosed for regression analysis, equation:Y=4.039X₉+2.256X₈－2.653X₁₆－1.361X₅－3.739X₁₃+2.529X₁₉－0.728. The experiment preliminary proved the difference among every subsection speed of 1000 m speed training race and the correlation between subsection speed and average speed, establishing a regression equation of subsection speed and average speed.