猪ICSI胚胎制备条件的优化

为了进一步优化猪胞浆内单精子注射（intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI）胚胎制备条件,本试验将Piezo操作系统应用于猪ICSI胚胎制备过程中,并以胚胎各阶段存活率、分裂率和囊胚率作为衡量指标,对比Piezo操作系统与传统斜口针操作、Piezo操作条件时操作液中添加CB浓度、操作台温度及精子的不同处理方法对猪ICSI胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,Piezo操作系统可以显著提高注射卵的存活率和卵裂率（P<0.05）,但对囊胚率没有显著影响（P>0.05）;利用Piezo进行猪ICSI时,操作液中添加CB,可以减少显微操作时注射针卵母细胞的损伤,其中以7.5 μg/mL CB效果最佳;操作台温度30℃最适合制备猪ICSI胚胎;精子预先进行超声波断尾处理对猪ICSI胚胎的早期发育无显著影响。研究结果表明,精子预先进行超声波断尾处理后,操作液中添加7.5 μg/mL CB、操作台温度30℃,应用Piezo操作系统比较适合猪ICSI胚胎制备。     

影响猪卵母细胞胞质内单精子注射效果的因素

本试验探讨了成熟培养液中不同添加物、精子的处理方法及胞质内单精子注射(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)胚胎激活方法3个方面,研究了影响猪卵母细胞胞质内单精子注射效果的因素。结果表明,在体外成熟液中添加30 ng/mL上表皮生长因子(epidermal growth factor,EGF)可以明显促进ICSI胚胎的后续发育(P＜0.05);精子的超声波处理和显微操作处理两种方法对ICSI受精卵发育的影响不明显(P＞0.05);电激活比较适合于ICSI胚胎的激活。     

细胞松弛素B对猪孤雌胚胎和体外克隆胚胎发育能力的影响

为探讨细胞松弛素B（cytochalasin B,CB）对猪孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎发育能力的影响,本研究通过在猪体外胚胎培养基中添加不同浓度CB以及不同孵育时间的处理,筛选出CB对猪早期胚胎发育的最适浓度和最佳孵育时间,同时通过Hoechst33342染色检测猪体外囊胚孵化期的细胞数差异,进一步研究CB对孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎发育的影响。结果显示,培养基中添加CB浓度为7.5 μg/mL时孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎的卵裂率分别为85.00%和90.23%,囊胚率为35.68%和42.58%,均显著高于其他各组（P < 0.05）;采用7.5 μg/mL CB处理电激活后的孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎,孤雌胚胎孵育4 h组的卵裂率（83.80%）和囊胚率最高（35.39%）,与其他各组差异显著（P < 0.05）,而克隆胚胎孵育6 h组的卵裂率（83.98%）和囊胚率最高（55.62%）,与其他各组差异显著（P < 0.05）。此外,Hoechst33342染色结果显示,未添加CB处理的孤雌胚胎在囊胚孵化期的细胞平均数为28个,CB处理组的孤雌胚胎和克隆胚胎细胞平均数分别为36和52个,处理组和未处理组细胞数差异显著（P < 0.05）。结果表明,猪体外孤雌胚胎用7.5 μg/mL CB 处理4 h可获得较高的卵裂率和囊胚率;体外克隆胚胎用7.5 μg/mL CB 处理6 h卵裂率及囊胚率最高,且囊胚期内细胞团细胞总数最多。CB处理有利于体外胚胎早期发育,提高克隆胚胎移植受孕率。     

Effect of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes evaluated by the subsequent in vitro development of embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, or parthenogenetic activation

The aim of this work was to study the effect of recombinant human (rh) FSH and LH on in vitro maturation of pig oocytes compared with a conventional hormonal supplement based on equine (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG), as evaluated by the developmental ability of 3 types of pig embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), or artificial activation (ATA). In Exp. 1, one cumulus-oocyte complex group (A group) was supplemented with rh-FSH and rh-LH (0.1 IU/mL each), and the other group (B group) was supplemented with PMSG and hCG (10 IU/mL each). No differences in nuclear maturation between the A and B groups were observed (68.5 vs. 71.4%, respectively). No differences were detected between hormonal treatments in the rates of cleavage or blastocyst formation of ATA, IVF, and ICSI embryos. Total cell number of the embryos was not significantly different in any experimental group (A: 31.1, 28.5, and 19.8 vs. B: 25.2, 25.5, and 20.6 for ATA, IVF, and ICSI embryos, respectively). In Exp. 2, the effects of different concentrations of rh-FSH and rh-LH (0.5, 0.1, or 0.05 IU/mL) in maturation medium on nuclear maturation and in vitro development of embryos obtained by IVF were studied. No effect of different hormonal concentrations on blastocyst formation rates was observed (8.5, 13.0, and 5.7%, respectively). Blastocyst cell number was not different in any experimental group. In conclusion, the results obtained here permit us to substitute PMSG and hCG with rh-FSH and rh-LH and to produce pig embryos obtained by IVF, ICSI, or ATA.     

ICSI受精卵胞质注射生产转基因猪胚胎的初步研究

试验旨在探讨单精子胞浆内注射（intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI）法生产猪体外受精卵和应用猪ICSI受精卵进行胞质注射生产转基因胚胎的可行性。首先对比了猪体外受精（in vitro fertilization,IVF）受精卵与ICSI受精卵的胚胎发育效率;然后观察了猪ICSI受精卵的双原核形成时间及效率,对精子注射到胞质后6~18 h分6个时间段进行地衣红染色,对比精子进入卵胞质后的状态及原核形成;最后对猪IVF受精卵受精后8~10 h及ICSI受精卵受精后12~14 h进行EGFP-N1质粒（20 ng/μL）胞质注射,观察胚胎发育效率及转基因效率。结果表明,ICSI受精卵的胚胎发育率（卵裂率89.4%和67.9%、囊胚率36.5%和16.1%）显著优于IVF组（P<0.05）,适合用于猪的体外受精卵试验;猪ICSI受精卵双原核在精子注射到卵胞质后12~14 h形成,双原核形成率为54.90%,显著高于其余5个试验组（P<0.05）;ICSI受精卵胞质注射组胚胎卵裂率（86.2%和66.3%）、囊胚率（30.0%和13.6%）及转基因效率（18.5%和0）均显著高于IVF受精卵胞质注射试验组（P<0.05）。本试验结果为采用ICSI受精卵进行胞质注射生产转基因猪的研究奠定了基础。     

Delay in Cleavage of Porcine Embryos after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Shows Poorer Embryonic Development

In pigs, the embryonic developmental ability after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is inferior to that resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF). We evaluated the timing of cell division up to blastocyst formation on embryonic development after ICSI using either whole sperm (w-ICSI) or the sperm head alone (h-ICSI) and IVF as a control. At 10 h after ICSI or IVF, we selected only zygotes, and each of the zygotes/embryos was evaluated for cleavage every 24 h until 168 h. We then observed a delay in the 1st and 2nd cleavages of h-ICSI embryos and also in blastocoele formation by w-ICSI embryos in comparison with IVF embryos. The rate of blastocyst formation and the quality of blastocysts in both ICSI groups were inferior to those in the IVF group. In conclusion, the delay in cleavage of porcine ICSI embryos shows poorer embryonic development.     

Full‐Term Development of Rabbit Embryos Produced by ICSI with Sperm Frozen in Liquid Nitrogen without Cryoprotectants

The aim of the present study was to establish the technology of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in rabbit by using the sperm frozen without cryoprotectants. Observation under an electron microscope revealed that the rabbit spermatozoa frozen without cryoprotectants had severe damage especially in the plasma membrane and junction between head and tail. However, after being injected into the oocytes, the sperm frozen without cryoprotectants retained the capability of supporting the cleavage and development of the ICSI oocytes, with no significant difference from that of fresh sperm, although the development of ICSI embryos derived from either frozen sperm or fresh sperm is much lower than that of in vivo‐fertilized zygotes. When additional artificial activation was applied following ICSI, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation of ICSI oocytes were significantly increased when compared with the oocytes without additional activation. Yet, the cell numbers in blastocysts were not significantly different between the activation and non‐activation group. After embryo transfer, four offspring were obtained from the oocytes microinjected with the sperm frozen without cryoprotectants. The technology established by this study may facilitate exploring the ICSI‐based transgenic method in rabbit and broaden the application of ICSI technique in related field.     

影响猪ICSI转基因技术效率的主要因素研究

以猪体外成熟卵子和冷冻解冻的死精子为材料,以pEGFP-N1为模式基因,探讨注射台温度、激活后6-DMAP的处理和精子与PEGFP-N1孵育液添加BSA(牛血清白蛋白)对精子胞质内注射(ICSI)转基因效率的影响。结果表明:注射台温度为30℃时的阳性率为40.07%,而38.5℃时为20.97%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。添加BSA的囊胚转基因率为55.56%,对照组为33.33%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。6-DMAP处理组与对照组的转基因率分别为52.53%和26.25%,差异极显著(P<0.01);而且6-DMAP处理组的囊胚率(9.96%)显著高于(P<0.05)对照组(2.30%)。研究表明注射台温度对转基因效率有明显影响,温度高转基因率低;精子与PEGFP-N1孵育液添加BSA对转基因胚胎发育有一定促进和保护作用,有利于提高囊胚转基因率;激活后用6-DMAP处理能提高转基因率和囊胚率。     

Effect of Pre‐Treatment of Ovine Sperm on Male Pronuclear Formation and Subsequent Embryo Development Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various methods of sperm pre‐treatment on male pronuclear (MPN) formation and subsequent development of ovine embryos derived from in vitro‐matured oocytes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The effect of treatment of injected oocytes with dithiothreitol (DTT) on embryo development was also assessed. In Exp. 1, the injected oocytes with non‐treated sperm were activated with three different procedures. The cleavage and blastocyst rates in those activated with DTT was lower (p < 0.05) than those activated with either ionomycin (Io) + 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) or DTT + I + 6‐DMAP. In Exp. 2, the effects of sperm pre‐incubated with DTT, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or DTT + SDS as well as two‐time frozen/thawed sperm (without cryoprotectant) on MPN formation and oocyte activation were examined. The non‐treated sperm served as controls. The MPN formation in DTT + SDS group was higher (p < 0.05) than other groups except for freeze–thaw group. No difference in the rate of activated ICSI oocytes was observed among groups. In Exp. 3, the effect of pre‐treatment of sperm on subsequent development of ICSI embryos and blastocyst cell numbers were examined. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation as well as the blastocyst cell numbers were similar among the pre‐treated and control groups. In conclusion, pre‐treatment of sperm with DTT + SDS positively affected MPN formation, although the subsequent development capacity of the resulting embryos remained limited. Moreover, DTT was not effective on oocyte activation compared with Io + 6‐DMAP after ICSI.     

应用ICSI技术生产转基因水牛胚胎的初步研究

本研究旨在探讨水牛精子完整质膜和破损质膜的方法对水牛单精子注射(ICSI)技术转基因效果的影响。水牛精子经冻融、Triton×-100、超声波3种方法破损精子质膜后与外源质粒DNA混合,采用ICSI的方法将基因转染后的精子注射到水牛体外成熟卵内,观察水牛ICSI卵激活后的发育状态和外源基因的表达效果。结果表明:精子质膜完整性实验中,冻融破损精子质膜组早期胚胎基因表达率为21.8%,显著高于活精子组的5.1%(P<0.01);冻融组与活精子组的卵裂率、囊胚发育率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。以冻融、Triton×-100、超声波3种方法破损精子质膜,冻融组的囊胚发育率(16.7%)最高,显著高于Triton×-100组(P<0.01)。同时,冻融组的早期胚胎基因表达率亦显著高于Triton×-100组和超声断尾组(60.3%vs.31.7%vs.18.2%,P<0.01)。上述结果说明,使用ICSI技术转外源基因可获得表达EGFP基因的水牛早期胚胎;冻融精子质膜破损法能有效破损精子质膜,有利于外源DNA与精子的结合,且提高转基因效率。     

Efficiency of sperm-mediated gene transfer in the ovine by laparoscopic insemination, in vitro fertilization and ICSI

Transgenesis constitutes an important tool for pharmacological protein production and livestock improvement. We evaluated the potential of laparoscopic insemination (LI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to produce egfp-expressing ovine embryos, using spermatozoa previously exposed to pCX-EGFP plasmid in two different sperm/DNA incubation treatments: "Long Incubation" (2 h at 17 C) and "Short Incubation" (5 min at 5 C). For LI, Merino sheep were superovulated and inseminated with treated fresh semen from Merino rams. The embryos were recovered by flushing the uterine horns. For IVF and ICSI, slaughterhouse oocytes were fertilized with DNA-treated frozen/thawed sperm. All recovered embryos were exposed to blue light (488 nm) to determine green fluorescent morulae and blastocysts rates. High cleavage and morulae/blastocysts rates accompanied the LI and IVF procedures, but no egfp-expressing embryos resulted. In contrast, regardless of the sperm/plasmid incubation treatment, egfp-expressing morulae and blastocysts were always obtained by ICSI, and the highest transgenesis rate (91.6%) was achieved with Short Incubation. In addition, following the incubation of labeled plasmid DNA, after Long or Short exposure treatments, with fresh or frozen/thawed spermatozoa, only non-motile fresh spermatozoa could maintain an attached plasmid after washing procedures. No amplification product could be detected following PCR treatment of LI embryos whose zonae pellucidae (ZP) had been removed. In order to establish conditions for transgenic ICSI in the ovine, we compared three different activation treatments, and over 60% of the obtained blastocysts expressed the transgene. For ICSI embryos, FISH analysis found possible signals compatible with integration events. In conclusion, our results show that in the ovine, under the conditions studied, ICSI is the only method capable of producing exogenous gene-expressing embryos using spermatozoa as vectors.     

Embryo development of porcine oocytes after injection with miniature pig sperm and their extracts

This study examined embryo development of porcine oocytes after microinjection of sperm extracts (SE) in porcine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). SE was prepared from miniature pig sperm by a nonionic surfactant, and various concentrations (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/mL) of SE were injected into the matured oocytes with a first polar body. In the pronuclear stage, the rate of oocytes with two pronuclei and a second polar body (21.4%) in the sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. The rate of 2–4‐cell stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 38.1%, and it was significantly higher than that in the sperm injection group (22.9%). The rate of blastocyst stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 21.4%, the value was significantly higher than those in SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (0%), sperm injection group (5.7%), and sperm and SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (2.6%). These results suggest that SE induces activation of porcine oocytes and their further embryonic development, and that SE is effective for porcine ICSI.     

马卵母细胞胞质内精子注射后体外发育能力的研究

本研究在非繁殖季节评估卵丘形态(松散型、致密型)、成熟培养体系(TCM 199、NCSU 23)、体外成熟时间(34、38 h)和离子霉素结合6-DMAP激活对马卵母细胞胞质内精子注射(ICSI)后体外发育能力的影响。从屠宰场采集马卵巢,获得的卵母细胞进行体外成熟,然后注射马冷冻解冻精液,统计分裂情况。试验结果表明,①马松散型卵母细胞成熟率显著高于致密型卵母细胞(P<0.05),分别为61.09%和41.24%,但ICSI后36 h分裂率无显著差异(P>0.05),分别为47.34%和44.92%;②两种培养体系对马松散型或致密型卵母细胞成熟率及ICSI后36 h分裂率无显著影响(P>0.05),但相同成熟体系培养松散型卵母细胞成熟率均显著高于致密型卵母细胞(P<0.05),然而ICSI后36 h分裂率差异不显著(P>0.05);③松散型或致密型卵母细胞在TCM 199或NCSU 23中成熟38 h成熟率均高于34 h成熟率,分别为44.43%～68.87%和34.52%～58.90%,松散型卵母细胞在TCM 199体系中成熟34 h、ICSI后激活组或对照组的分裂率显著高于成熟38 h、ICSI后激活组的分裂率(P<0.05),以及致密型卵母细胞在TCM 199体系中成熟34 h、ICSI后激活组的分裂率(P<0.05),而且显著高于松散型卵母细胞在NCSU 23体系中成熟38 h、ICSI后对照组的分裂率(P<0.05);④ICSI后用离子霉素结合6-DMAP激活对马卵母细胞ICSI后36 h分裂无显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,马松散型和致密型卵母细胞的成熟能力存在差异,TCM 199和NCSU 23成熟体系对这2种类型卵母细胞的发育能力无显著影响(P>0.05),马卵母细胞成熟38 h成熟率高于34 h成熟率,TCM 199成熟体系培养松散型卵母细胞34 h进行ICSI后的分裂率最高。离子霉素结合6-DMAP激活对TCM 199或NCSU 23体系成熟马卵母细胞ICSI后的体外发育能力无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

单精注射法生产转GFP基因猪胚胎的研究

卵胞质内单精子注射(ICSI)的出现为治疗人类男性不育提供了新的途径。作为一种家畜胚胎工程新技术，ICSI可以解决猪的多精子受精问题。本研究用冷冻/解冻的猪精子与GFP基因孵育后对猪IVM卵母细胞进行ICSI，通过对猪ICSI卵母细胞发育能力和基因表达效率的分析，初步研究以精子为载体的转基因与卵细胞质内单精注射相结合的技术(SMGT-ICSI)生产转基因猪胚胎的技术路线的可行性。用GFP基因转染的精子注射后化学激活的ICSI卵母细胞基因表达率显著高于电激活处理的ICSI卵母细胞的基因表达率。用精子头部注射的猪卵母细胞和用完整精子注射的猪卵母细胞总基因表达效率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明，用冷冻/解冻后的猪精子或精子头部与外源DNA孵育后通过ICSI方法生产转基因胚胎是可行的。     

Use of a Piezo Drill for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection into Cattle Oocytes Activated with Ionomycin Associated with Roscovitine

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) consists of the introduction, by micromanipulation, of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature egg. This technique is particularly advantageous when only a few sperm are available for fertilization, representing an important tool in preserving genetic material, especially from poorly fertile males. The results from ICSI in cattle are very often unsatisfactory and difficult to reproduce. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the use of a Piezo drill (PD) and oocyte activation with ionomycin + roscovitine (I + R) during ICSI in cattle oocytes. After in vitro maturation (24 h), cumulus complex oocytes were divided into four groups: G1 – the ICSI was performed without the use of a PD and the oocyte was activated with I + R; G2 – the ICSI was performed with the use of the PD and activation with I + R; G3 – the ICSI was performed with the use of the PD, but without activation and G4 – parthenogenetic control, treated with I + R, but without sperm injection. The presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 days and evaluated on day 3 for cleavage rate and on day 7 for blastocyst formation. Embryo production by standard in vitro fertilization in the laboratory was 78% for cleavage (117/150) and 35% for blastocyst formation (41/150). The cleavage rates obtained in G1, G2 and G4 were similar (66.7%, 71.6% and 66.3%, respectively), demonstrating the beneficial effect of oocyte activation. However, in G3, despite the presence of the sperm and the electric stimulation of a PD, the cleavage rates were significantly lower (17.5%) compared with the groups that used chemical activation, even in the absence of sperm (G4). Despite the beneficial effects of activation, this stimulus alone, or in the absence of the PD, was not sufficient for adequate morulae formation (13.4%, 37.9%, 0.0% and 13.5% for G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively). Only in G2, when the PD was used followed by artificial activation, blastocysts were obtained (14.7%). These results indicate that cattle oocytes must be activated after ICSI to produce viable embryos.     

Electrical activation enhances pre-implantation embryo development following sperm injection into in vitro matured pig oocytes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation (EST) on pronuclear formation, chromosomal constitution, and developmental capability among in vitro matured pig oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). After ICSI, the oocytes were randomly distributed and cultured into 3 groups: the EST activated ICSI group, non-activation ICSI group, and in vitro fertilization (IVF) group. The proportion of oocytes in which 2 pronuclei were formed in ICSI groups was significantly higher in the former groups than in the IVF group (96.2 and 93.5 vs. 64.5%, respectively, P<0.05). The cleavage rate was significantly higher in EST activated ICSI group (78.6%) than in the IVF and non-activated ICSI groups (51.8 and 46.0%, respectively, P<0.05), as was the proportion of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage at day 7 (18.9 vs. 11.6 and 9.1%, respectively, P<0.05). Diploid blastocysts were observed in 52.4, 63.0, and 65.2% of oocytes in the IVF, activated, and non-activated ICSI groups, respectively. Eight out of 23 gilts (34.8%) were confirmed to be pregnant in activated ICSI groups, but none of these pregnancies were carried to term. These results show that oocyte activation after ICSI is effective in elevating the cleavage rate and blastocyst development, while ensuring normal chromosome composition. Further research is needed to determine the pregnancy maintenance requirements for ICSI-embryos in pigs.     

Procedure for bovine ICSI, not sperm freeze-drying, impairs the function of the microtubule-organizing center

This study was designed to investigate whether freeze-dried (FD) bull spermatozoa maintained the function of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) after rehydration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In a preliminary attempt, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates in FD-ICSI zygotes (36 and 1%, respectively) were found to be considerably lower than those in control ICSI zygotes (67 and 21%, respectively) or in IVF zygotes (78 and 43%, respectively). An alkaline comet assay indicated that the DNA fragmentation index (length of comet tail % DNA liberated) was not significantly different between fresh and FD spermatozoa. In the main experiment, formation of sperm-asters in the FD-ICSI oocytes 7 h postinsemination occurred at a similar rate when compared with the control ICSI oocytes (41 vs. 49%). Among the oocytes exhibiting sperm aster formation, the extent of microtubule network assembly was comparable between the FD-ICSI and control ICSI groups. However, the MTOC of the ICSI oocytes was not as functional as that of IVF oocytes in terms of the aster formation rate (97%) and the fluorescent intensity of the microtubule network (2.0 folds). These results suggest that the freeze-drying process per se had no adverse effect on maintaining the MTOC function in bull spermatozoa.     

Application study of intracytoplasmic sperm injection for golden hamster and cattle production

This paper describes several technical improvements and our results in hamster intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), hamster round spermatid injection (ROSI) and bovine ICSI. The hamster is the mammalian species in which ICSI was first tried to produce fertilized oocytes. However, until recently, no live offspring following ICSI have ever been obtained. We reported the birth of live offspring following hamster ICSI. Improved points to success were 1) performing hamster ICSI in a dark room with a small incandescent lamp and manipulating both oocytes and fertilized eggs under microscope with a red light source and 2) injecting sperm heads without acrosomes. Under controlled illumination, the majority of the oocytes injected with acrosomeless sperm heads were fertilized normally, cleaved, and developed into morulae. Nine live offspring (19%) were born by transfer of hamster ICSI-derived embryos. Furthermore, we reported the birth of live offspring following hamster ROSI. About 70% of oocytes injected with round spermatids broken before injection were fertilized normally and about half of them developed to morulae and blastocysts. Three (5%) live young were born by transfer of hamster ROSI-derived embryos. On the other hand, in cattle, the main improvements were 1) injection of spermatozoa immobilized by scoring their tail just before injection into oocytes, and 2) additional ethanol activation 4 h after ICSI. About 70% of oocytes injected were activated 4 h after ICSI, and about 30% of them developed to blastocysts. Twenty-four live calves (39%) were born by non-surgical transfer of ICSI-derived embryos. Those results shows that, at present, live offspring are able to be obtained following hamster ICSI, ROSI and bovine ICSI, but further improvement is required due to higher production efficiency of offspring.     

显微注射针对猪ICSI胚胎的发育和EGFP表达效率的影响

本实验以猪体外成熟卵子以及冷冻解冻后失活的精子为材料,以无BSA且成分明确的TL-HEPES溶液为操作液,探讨显微注射过程中分别使用钝口针和磨口针进行注射,对猪卵子的激活、ICSI胚胎的发育及EGFP表达效率的影响。结果表明:成熟后的猪卵子在不进行精子注射和电激活的情况下,使用钝口针空注射后,卵裂率显著高于磨口针(P<0.05)。分别使用钝口针和磨口针对成熟后的猪卵子进行精子注射,不论进行或不进行电激活,使用钝口针注射,卵子的卵裂率、囊胚率和胚胎EGFP的表达效率均显著高于磨口针(P<0.05)。本实验研究发现,使用钝口针进行注射有利于猪ICSI卵子的激活,胚胎的发育以及胚胎中EGFP表达效率。     

甲基-β-环化糊精对猪体外受精及早期胚胎发育的影响

为了优化猪体外受精技术体系,本试验探索了甲基-β-环化糊精(methyl-beta-cyclic dextrin,MBCD)对猪体外受精以及早期胚胎发育的影响。在体外受精0和4 h向受精液(modified Tris-buffered medium,mTBM)中添加不同浓度(0,0.5,1,2,5,10,15,20μmol/mL)的MBCD,受精孵育结束后转至PZM-3培养液中进行胚胎培养。对各处理组卵母细胞的受精情况以及胚胎发育能力进行了系统的检测,并用金霉素(chlortetracycline,CTC)染色法评估了MBCD处理后精子获能状态。结果显示:1)体外受精0 h添加5μmol/mL MBCD组的卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数显著高于(P<0.05)对照组和除10μmol/mL MBCD组之外的其他试验组。2)体外受精0 h添加5和10μmol/mL MBCD组、单精入卵率显著高于(P<0.05)对照组和其他试验组,而多精入卵率显著低于(P<0.05)对照组和其他试验组。3)添加5μmol/mL MBCD组,0～1 h,F型精子迅速减少(78.56～19.43),B型精子迅速增加(10.79～69.86);1～4 h,F型精子和B型精子基本保持不变(B型:69.86～78.78,F型:19.43～9.11)。上述结果表明在体外受精0 h向mTBM中加入5μmol/mL MBCD可以显著提高获能精子比例,减少多精受精发生,提高早期胚胎发育潜能。