栽植密度对杉木木材干缩性能的影响

对两种不同栽植密度的杉木Cunninghamialanceolata木材密度和弦向、径向、体积全干干缩率进行了测定和分析．结果表明,木材密度随着栽植密度的增大而增大,且达到极显著水平;而木材弦向、径向和体积全干干缩率,则随着栽植密度的增大而减小;两种栽植密度的木材体积全干干缩率与基本密度呈负相关;木材干缩比与基本密度、栽植密度大的呈正相关,与栽植密度小的呈负相关．因此,适当增加栽植密度可以改善杉木木材的性质,但其影响规律仍需进一步研究．     

日本落叶松优势木和平均木材性的比较研究

日本落叶松是我国东北地区引种和主要造林树种之一.为了比较日本落叶松优势木和平均木的材性差异,在辽宁桓仁国营黑沟林场17年生日本落叶松林分设置3个标准地,对每木进行调查,并采集试材.按中国国家标准规定的方法取样和测定.对测定数据作方差分析、线性回归分析和材性比较分析.结果表明:该地引种的日本落叶松优势木的木材密度小于平均木的木材密度,两者的木材全干干缩率皆随木材密度增大而减小;平均木的基本密度、顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度、抗弯弹性模量等均是南坡向的大于北坡向的,优势木的这4项指标均是南坡向的小于北坡向的;优势木的3项力学强度指标小于平均木,平均木的3项力学强度指标与其基本密度成线性正相关,而优势木的各项力学指标与其基本密度既有呈线性正相关的,也有呈线性负相关的;优势木和平均木的木材干缩比皆随立地指数增大而增大,且前者小于后者,但后者的木材强重比却高于前者,这表明平均木材质优于优势木.引种材平均木的强重比比日本原产材的高,引种材优势木和平均木的全干干缩率比日本原产材的小.因此,引种材的木材适宜实木加工和作建筑用材.     

6个杨树无性系木材密度及干缩性能差异

以6个杨树无性系木材为研究对象,对杨树的密度及干缩性能进行了分析研究,为杨树木材的加工利用提供依据。结果表明:6个杨树无性系木材基本密度为0.33～0.43 g/cm3,气干密度为0.39～0.51 g/cm3,全干密度为0.37～0.49 g/cm3,密度在不同无性系间差异极显著。50号杨、中林46杨、南杨木材密度沿径向呈逐渐增加的变化趋势,而108杨、N179杨和桑巨杨木材密度呈现先降低后逐渐增加的趋势。杨树无性系木材气干和全干干缩差异均值分别为2.53和2.22,不同无性系间气干干缩率(径向、弦向、体积、干缩差异)和全干干缩率(径向、弦向、体积、干缩差异)差异均极显著。50号杨、N179杨和桑巨杨木材干缩差异沿髓心向外呈现先增加后减小的趋势,中林46杨呈现逐渐增加的趋势,108杨和南杨则是呈现先减小后增加的趋势。相关性分析表明:木材密度与不同状态下干缩差异呈极显著负相关;木材基本密度除与弦向和体积气干干缩率不相关,与其他干缩指标均呈极显著正相关;不同干缩指标之间呈极显著正相关。     

红榉不同种源木材基本密度和干缩性比较

以湖南省6个红榉种源(天然种群)为研究对象,对其木材基本密度和径向全干干缩率等物理性质进行测定分析。结果表明:不同红榉种源间木材基本密度的差异达极显著,而种源内木材基本密度比较稳定,变异较小;不同种源间木材径向全干干缩率不存在显著差异,但种源内不同个体间的差异显著。红榉木材基本密度与径向全干干缩率相关性不显著。这2个性状基本上相互独立遗传,且两者与各地理气候因子相关性也不显著。     

欧美杨107杨生长应变与木材解剖特征和干缩性质之间的关系

选取正常生长和偏心生长欧美杨107杨为研究材料,测试其表面轴向生长应变,并测定应变测试位置处木材的纤维形态和干缩性质,分析应变与木材性质之间的关系.结果表明:1)随着生长应变数值的增加,正常生长立木纤维长度、胞腔径、长宽比、径向全干干缩率、弦向全干干缩率出现微弱的下降趋势,而纤维宽度、双壁厚、壁腔比、轴向全干干缩率出现微弱的上升趋势,正常生长立木生长应变与所有纤维形态指标和干缩性指标之间的相关系数均不显著;2)随着生长应变数值的增加,偏心生长立木双壁厚、长宽比、径向全干干缩率、弦向全干干缩率、轴向全干干缩率出现较快的下降趋势,而纤维宽度、胞腔径同时出现较快的上升趋势,纤维长度出现微弱的上升趋势,偏心生长立木生长应变与双壁厚、轴向全干干缩率、径向全干干缩率、弦向全干干缩率、壁腔比、弦向全干干缩率、长宽比的负相关关系显著,与腔径、纤维宽度的正相关关系显著,与纤维长度之间相关系数不显著;3)对于不含应拉木正常生长的立木,其生长应力与木材纤维形态和木材干缩性质之间关系较为微弱;对于含应拉木偏心生长的立木,由于应拉木材性与正常木之间的差别,其生长应力与多数木材纤维形态指标和木材干缩性质指标之间关系较为紧密.     

油杉、杉木和马尾松木材物理力学性质比较

对成熟人工林的油杉(Keteleeria fortunei)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)木材的物理与力学性质进行测定与比较。结果表明,油杉木材的气干湿胀性、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和径面硬度最优,杉木木材的全干干缩率、气干干缩率和吸水后湿胀性最优,马尾松木材的气干密度、全干密度、端面硬度和弦面硬度最优。木材密度的表现为马尾松油杉杉木;木材稳定性的表现为杉木油杉马尾松;木材力学的表现为油杉马尾松杉木。     

马尾松中龄施肥木材密度和干缩率的研究

选用广西马尾松龄施肥材料（连续观测13年），根据国际《木材物理力学试验方法》，研究了施肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响，结果表明：N、P、K三要素中，以N、P肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响较大。⑴总的来说P增加木材密度和干缩率，N肥降低木材密度木材干缩率。N、P肥降低木材差异干缩。施K肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响规律性不明显。⑵N、P、K施肥对木材密度和干缩率的影响及其变化程度，与肥种、施肥量、树干部位、木纹方向、气干或全干状态有关。施P肥木材密度具有增加的趋势，而且树干下部基本密度方差分析各处理间差异显著。N、K肥对木材密度的影响，规律性不明显。P肥使木材干缩率增加，P肥主要增加的是全干干缩率和径向气干干缩率，特别是树干下部径向气干干缩率各处理间差异显著。K肥对干缩率的影响规律性不明显，有待进一步研究。⑶为了保证木材质量，对于纤维用材林，主要施P肥；对于结构用材林，可施P肥，适当考虑N肥、K肥施用应慎重。     

邓恩桉木材物理性质的研究

对广西沙塘林场22年生邓恩桉木材的主要物理性质进行测定和分析。结果表明：邓恩桉木材气干密度、全干密度分别为0.751、0.707 g＆#183;cm-3;其径向、弦向和体积湿胀率分别为3.8%、4.7%、8.9%;径向、弦向和体积干缩率分别为3.9%、10.0%、13.8%;192 h的吸水率为83.5%。除木材密度外,邓恩桉木材的主要物理指标处于国产阔叶树材的中下水平,对其进行改性处理后可作为轻型建筑和家具用材。     

二羟甲基二羟乙基乙烯脲树脂处理对尾巨桉木材尺寸稳定性的影响

为提升人工林速生材的尺寸稳定性,以人工林尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis）木材为研究对象,采用二羟甲基二羟乙基乙烯脲（DMDHEU）树脂进行真空-加压浸渍处理,分析树脂浓度和加压压力对木材增重率、密度的影响及增重率对木材尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明,树脂浓度为30%、加压压力为1.2 MPa时,处理材增重率最大（23.85%）;各密度均最高,其中基本密度比未处理材高出26.9%,气干密度高出19.9%,全干密度高出19.8%;气干抗缩率、全干抗缩率、抗胀率和抗吸水率均最大,分别为72.9%、46.6%、53.5%和65.5%。木材增重率和密度均随树脂浓度和加压压力的增加而增加。树脂浓度高于20%、加压压力≥0.9 MPa时,木材增重率和密度增速均减缓。树脂浓度对木材增重率和密度的影响高于加压压力。树脂浓度相同、加压压力≥0.9 MPa时,木材增重率基本保持不变。相同压力下,处理材的尺寸稳定性随增重率增加而增加;压力≥0.9 MPa时,增重率达到9%～10%左右,木材抗胀（缩）率增速减缓。增重率相近、加压压力增加时,木材抗胀（缩）率有所增加,木材抗吸水...     

火炬松速生材构造变异规律的研究

对火炬松（ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｅｄａＬ．）速生材５个高度木材的基本密度、年轮宽度、生长率、晚材率和管胞弦壁纤丝角进行系统测量、统计和分析，结果表明，木材基本密度随树干高度的增加而降低．但各高度之间的差异不显著；生长率从髓心向外，南北方向都是随年轮数的增加而减小，在高度上是随树干高度的增加而增大．但其差异性均不显著．晚材率与木材基本密度呈线性正相关，与纤丝角呈线性负相关；木材基本密度与纤丝角呈负相关；纤丝角与生长率呈正相关．其相关显著性均随树干高度的增加而减弱．这些规律，为火炬松速生材的有效利用和林木生长调控提供了理论依据．     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.