Quantitative dynamics of larch caterpillar (Dendralimus superans [Buller]) and the biological control

The relationship between pest population and other factors is rather complex within the forest ecosystem. A number of environmental factors, such as extreme climatic conditions, infection of natural enemies, may cause the death of pest insects directly. The effect of these factors reflects basically the situation and cause of death of insects at different stages of entire process of growth and development, so that they may be employed as the basic records of the quantitative dynamic of the population, and are of important value to the study of population quantitative dynamics of pests. Since Morris and Miller (1954) applied the life table technique to study natural population of insects, the insect life table technique has becoming an important means for the study of quantitative dynamics of pest populations. In foreign countries, the study of the life table of forest pest began in 50 year’s already. Moreover, the results of investigation were applied to the productive practice, such as the spruce budworm (Chorisloneura fumiferana Clemens), winter moth (Opperophlera brumata Linnaeus), while in our country, the quantitative dynamics of many forest pests were not investigated. The larch caterpillar is one of the great pest of larch plantation in China. Every year, the outbreak of this pest occur in some places, causing large economic loss. Many studies were performed on the biological and chemical controls, but the investigation on quantitative dynamics of the natural population of larch caterpillar was lacking. Since 1980, we studied the quantitative dynamics of the natural population of larch caterpillar in Shangzhi County, Heilongjiang Province and worked out life tables of two generations.     

我国森林昆虫生态学研究进展

森林昆虫生态学是森林害虫综合管理的理论基础。近年来该领域的研究越来越受到人们的重视，并取得了大量的研究成果，丰富了森林昆虫生态学的内容。该文从森林昆虫种群动态与环境、空间分布型及抽样技术、生命表、预测预报、害虫优化管理决策和防治决策专家系统6个方面阐述了我国森林昆虫生态学的研究进展情况。     

应用灰色关联度分析关键因子的研究

提出了应用灰色关联度分析关键因子的新方法，该方法具有整体性，非对称性，有序性、动态性计算方法简便等优点，因此，它能准确地判断出关切因子，并显示出其他因子的相对重要性。文中青杨天牛生命表资料为例进行了例证研究。选用了几咱害虫的生命表资料进行了灰色关联序与其他分析方法排序的比较，证实了灰色关联度分析法的正确性与实用性，为分析影响虫种群动态的关键因子提供了更为有力的手段。     

Causes of outbreak of the larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans Butler) in Daxingan Mountain and its control strategy

In 1991, in Daxingan Mountain, an outbreak of larch caterpillar (Dendrolimus superans Butler) happened on large areas of more than one million hectares, where stands of larch were seriously damaged because needles on the trees were almost eaten up by the pest, causing enormous economic losses. Analysis of data collected indicated that the main cause of the outbreak of larch caterpillar on large areas was that, after thirty years of exploitation, mature and overmature forests decreased rapidly, middle-aged and young forests incresed in large amount, significant changes occurred in individual ecological conditions of stands, especially those tended, with decreasing canopy density and better light condition in the forest, and all these were adventageous to the outbreak of the pest. In addition, in recent years, the climatic condition in Daxingan Mountain changed significantly. The yearly average temperature raised gradually and the soil surface temperature in April and October increased year by year, which were advantageous to the outbreak of larch caterpillars. In short, the significant changes in the ecological conditions in Daxingan Mountain provided suitable conditions for the outbreak of the larch caberpillar, and after several years of increase in population number, the larch caterpillar outbroke into a serious disaster on vast areas. In the paper, composite control strategy was also discussed.     

CAUSES OF OUTBREAK OF THE LARCH CATERPILLAR(Dendrolimus superans Butler) IN DAXINGAN MOUNTAIN AND ITS CONTROL STRATEGY

Inl99o,intheDaxinganMountainfOrestregion,anoutbreakoflarchcaterpil1aroccurredona1argeareaofmorethanonemillionh.2,mainlydistributinginEighteenthStationForestryService,HumaCounty,HanjiayuanForestryServiceandotherForestryServices'Song1ing,Tahe,andAmuer.Duringl99o-l992,wesystematicallysurveyedthesituationoftheoutbreakofthelarchcaterpil1arandc0ntr0llingmeasuresweretaken,sothatitsdamagewaseffective1yc0ntrol1ed.THESITUATIONOFTHE0UTBREAK0FLARCHCATERPILLARINDAXINGANM0UNTAIN…     

我国柳杉毛虫研究进展

柳杉毛虫是一种大型鳞翅目类食叶害虫,在我国南方多个省份均有分布,可危害柳杉、云南松、侧柏等多种寄主,其中以柳杉较为严重,重者导致林分大面积枯死。文中在收集查阅近60年来国内外相关文献的基础上,从寄主与分布、生物学特性、生态学特性、虫害综合防治和资源利用等方面进行了综述。发现该虫在不同区域能适应不同的寄主,并在夏、冬季节对极端温度具有特殊的适应性;柳杉毛虫性引诱剂的开发和应用可有效杀灭雄虫个体并降低后代种群数量;一些优势天敌具有较好的控害潜能,值得进一步开发利用,可为更好地控制虫害和开展深入研究提供参考。     

兴隆山保护区林业有害生物防控技术研究

从2003年至2012年,为加强林业有害生物防控,采取样方调查的方法,开展防控技术研究.调查全区病、虫、鼠害发生面积4 400.Ohm2,发生率为17.6％.其中病、虫害各2 000.0 hm2,鼠害400.0 hm2.危害重点是落叶松球蚜危害人工落叶松林,云杉八齿小蠢等5种危害杨桦次生林.防治食叶、蛀干、病害、鼠害危害面积6 666.7 hm2;开展了中华鼢鼠等4种主要有害生物防控技术研究,提出了加强监测测报,营造混交林等防控对策.     

落叶松冠部主要病虫害发生与物候的关系

以吉林省落叶松人工林6种主要病虫害为监测对象,通过对21种动植物的物候变化观察,弄清了落叶松6种病虫害的发生期、为害期与物候现象的关系。在此基础上,制定了与落叶松病虫害发生、发育期相对应的物候现象对照表,提出了防治适期的参照性植物和预警植物。     

抚顺地区落叶松人工林有害生物种类发生状态及防控技术

大面积发展的落叶松人工纯林已占抚顺市森林面积的29.4%,为落叶松有害生物提供了丰富的营养源。林内生物多样性单一,造成落叶松有害生物灾害频发,严重影响了落叶松的健康生长和森林环境的稳定。据调查,抚顺地区落叶松有害生物多达34种,其中虫害19种、病害10种、鼠害3种、鸟害2种。该文总结了抚顺地区落叶松有害生物的发生情况和危害特点,并提出了有效防控措施及今后治理方向。     

油松毛虫种群生命表的研究

本文详细分析了油松毛虫种群数量变动的规律、原因,制作了种群生命表,提出了防治该地区松毛虫的长期战略思想是改善生态环境,短期战略为彻底防治。     

龙山林区天敌对马尾松毛虫抑制作用的研究*

龙山林场松毛虫天敌的种类繁多,从蜘蛛、昆虫、病菌到鸟类,构成一个极其复杂的天敌综合体。从两年四代生命表中可清楚地看出天敌的作用。在各类死亡因子中,最主要的是幼虫期的捕食性天故和其他一些死亡因子,所造成的死亡率平均为78％,根据天敌作用的系统考查,初步认为生物因子是这个周期(1984—1985年)松毛虫虫口下降的主导因子。     

Using Virus to Restore and Construct Stable Forest Ecosystem for Pest Insects Control

Using the viruses to sustainable control forest pest insects were reviewed in this paper. And the status of forest pest insects and bio-control technique in China were introduced. The criterion of stable ecological system and the methods of restoration and construction were also analyzed. Meanwhile, the experiment in which 4 species of insect viruses were used and successfully control the forest pest insects persistently indicate that the insect viruses play an important role in restoring and constructing stable forest ecology system.     

Insect pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management

Agroforestry trees are attacked by a wide spectrum of insects at all stages of their growth just like other annual and perennial crops. Pest management in agroforestry has not received much attention so far, but recent emphasis on producing high value tree products in agroforestry and using improved germplasm in traditional systems, and emergence of serious pest problems in some promising agroforestry systems have increased awareness on risks posed by pests. Insects may attack one or more species within a system and across systems in the landscape, so pest management strategies should depend on the nature of the insect and magnitude of its damage. Although greater plant diversity in agroforestry is expected to increase beneficial arthropods, diversity by itself may not reduce pests. Introduction of tree germplasm from a narrow genetic base and intensive use of trees may lead to pest outbreaks. In simultaneous agroforestry systems, a number of factors governing tree—crop—environment interactions, such as diversity of plant species, host range of the pests, microclimate, spatial arrangement and tree management modify pest infestations by affecting populations of both herbivores and natural enemies. Trees also affect pest infestations by acting as barriers to movement of insects, masking the odours emitted by other components of the system and sheltering herbivores and natural enemies. In sequential agroforestry systems, it is mostly the soil-borne and diapausing insects that cause and perpetuate damage to the common hosts in tree—crop rotations over seasons or years. An integrated approach combining host-plant resistance to pests, exploiting alternative tree species, measures that prevent pest build up but favour natural enemies and biological control is suggested for managing pests in agroforestry. Species substitution to avoid pests is feasible only if trees are grown for ecological services such as soil conservation and low value products such as fuelwood, but not for trees yielding specific and high value products. For exploiting biological control as a potent, low cost and environmentally safe tool for pest management in agroforestry, research should focus on understanding the influence of ecological and management factors on the dynamics of insect pest-natural enemy populations. Scientists and policy makers in national and international institutions, and donors are urged to pay more attention to pest problems in agroforestry to harness the potential benefits of agroforestry.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论落叶松鞘蛾的可持续控制

回顾了国内外落叶松鞘蛾Coleophora spp.的发生与防治历史，总结了落叶松鞘蛾发生的自然周期规律以及不合理的人为干扰。如施用化学杀虫剂等会缩短害虫发生周期和导致连续再猖獗，提供了落叶松鞘蛾可持续控制的科学证据。从落叶松受害后针叶和枝条内与抗虫性相关的几类化学物质变化，与自我补偿，恢复生长的几项因子，指标测定等方面，指出发挥树木对虫害的组成抗性和诱导抗性作用。从森林生态系统的水平，总结了落叶松鞘蛾的天敌及其生物防治在世界和我国的成功范例与前景。较全面的论述了落叶松鞘蛾可持续控制的可行性和策略。     

中国森林病虫指数的研究

森林病虫害监测预报工作是贯彻“预防为主 ,综合治理”方针的一项主要内容 ,也是科学控灾的基础和前提。自 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,我国森林病虫鼠害的发生情况极为严重 ,年均发生面积达 6 67× 1 0 6ｈｍ2 以上 ,直接经济损失和间接损失超过 5 0 0多亿元 ,已成为我国生态环境建设和林业事业发展的重要制约因素之一。当前以松材线虫病 (Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ (ＳｔｅｉｎｅｒｅｔＢｕｈｒｅｒ) )、松毛虫 (Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓｓｐｐ .)、杨树蛀干害虫、美国白蛾 (ＨｙｐｈａｎｔｒｉａＣｕｎｅａ (Ｄｒａｒ…     

我国三种大小蠹危害及其天敌昆虫应用

华山松大小蠹、红脂大小蠹和云杉大小蠹是危害中国松属的重要大小蠹属害虫,给森林生态系统带来极大破坏。华山松大小蠹是先锋型害虫,可直接危害健康华山松。红脂大小蠹和云杉大小蠹为检疫性害虫,主要危害衰弱木,有些情况下也可侵染健康木。由于大小蠹危害隐蔽,一经发现便已造成林木死亡,给森防工作带来极大困难。通过概述三种大小蠹的生物学习性,分析了入侵机制、适生性和风险评估情况,并在此基础上对三种大小蠹的天敌昆虫进行了统计和预估分析,可为进一步开发和利用天敌昆虫提供参考依据。     

Gegenwärtige Projekte der biologischen Bekämpfung verschleppter Forstschädlinge

Summary Current projects of biological control of introduced forest insects. (Third report on the activities of the European Station, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control).The report covers the period of 1965 to 1970 dealing briefly with nine forest pests of European origin introduced into North America or East Africa. Research in Europe on the natural enemies of these pests is described and the present status of biological control operations is dicussed. The pest species dealt with are: the larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii Htg.), the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertiferGeoff.), the birch leaf-mining sawfly (Fenusa pusilla Lep.), the birch case-bearer (Coleophora fuscedinella Hb.), the larch case-bearer (Coleophora laricella Zell.), the pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana Den. & Schiff.), the elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus Marsh.) and the woolly aphidsDreyfusia piceae Ratz. andPineus spp.     

甘肃白龙江林区森林病虫害发生原因及防治对策

本文介绍了甘肃省白龙江林区森林病虫害发生的特点和原因,对云杉落针病、云杉叶锈病、落叶松落叶病;、狭冠网蝽、苗圃地下害虫、蛀干害虫、森林鼠害等主要病虫害的发生动态及原因进行了分析,并提出了综合防治对策。     

昆明世博园害虫及天敌调查与分析

2004年对昆明世博园昆虫进行了调查,鉴定标本15目69科158种,其中害虫77种,天敌昆虫30种,其它昆虫51种。确定世博园云南省新分布记录昆虫5种,其中4种为害虫。比较建园前后4个阶段的昆虫种类组成及变化,结果表明,自1999年建园以来,昆虫种类趋于增加,但害虫所占比例由建园前及开园时的67%以上降至目前48.7%。文章讨论分析了园区的害虫动态和管理问题,并提出害虫监测及生态控制建议。