The effect of herbicides on respiration and transformation of nitrogen in two soils I. Metribuzin and glyphosate

The effects of metribuzin and glyphosate at 100 ppm on carbon dioxide evolution and nitrogen transformation in two soils have been investigated in the laboratory. Both herbicides reduced CO2 evolution from Boddington Barn soil (organic carbon content 1.5%, pH 6.6) at some dates, but neither gave any consistent effects on Triangle soil (organic carbon content 4.0%, pH 5.1). Both metribuzin and glyphosate stimulated mineralization of nitrogen for at least 9 weeks. Only metribuzin on Triangle soil gave any indication of inhibition of nitrification. Metribuzin degraded more rapidly in Triangle soil than in Boddington Barn.     

The effect of herbicides on respiration and transformation of nitrogen in two soils II. Dalapon, pyrazone and trifluralin

The effects of dalapon, pyrazone and trifluralin at 100 ppm on carbon dioxide evolution and nitrogen transformation in two soils have been investigated in the laboratory. None of the herbicides had any adverse effects on carbon dioxide evolution or mineralisation of nitrogen. In Triangle soil (organic carbon 3.9%, pH 5.4) dalapon and pyrazone inhibited nitrification for at least 3 weeks. In Boddington Barn soil (organiccarbon 1.5%, pH 6.6) this effect was not observed. Dalapon degraded rapidly during the first 6 weeks, but pyrazone and trifluralin were more persistent.     

Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin in 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-T alkyl ester herbicides

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-1,4-dioxin in 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5-T alkyl ester herbicides is described. Of 80 samples of 100% 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid alkyl ester herbicides 25 contained less than 0.05 part/million and 75 less than 0.5 part/million 2,3,7,8-tetrachlDrodiben2o-1,4-dioxin. Of 32 samples of 50% formulations of 2,4,5-T alkyl esters in mineral oil, 8 contained less than 0.05 part/million and 18 less than 0.5 part/million tetrachlorodioxin. The maximum found was 28.3 part/ million.     

The comparative behaviour of simazine and terbacil in soils

Adsorption of simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bisethyl-amino-1,3,5-triazine) was 2.2–4 times greater than that of terbacil (5-chloro-6-methyl-3-t-butyl-uracil) in the same soils and adsorption of both herbicides was 2–4 times greater in the topsoils than subsoils. Adsorption was inversely correlated with herbicide movement in a thick-layer chromatography system. One year after application of 3 kg/ha to field plots, simazine residues were highest near the soil surface, whereas terbacil residues increased with soil depth in the sandy and sandy loam soils. Total residues recovered from the upper 25 cm of soils was 5% or less of the simazine originally applied, and 10% or less of the applied terbacil. In an oat seedling bio-assay, the GR₅₀ values were generally 1.5–3 times higher for simazine than for terbacil in the same soils.     

The phytotoxicity of various herbicides in two sandy loam soils and the effect of liming

The phytotoxicity of five soil-acting herbicides was investigated in two sandy loam soils and that of a further five herbicides in one of these soils. The effect of liming on phytotoxicity was also examined. Metoxuron, fenuron, metribuzin and fluometuron were more active in Boddington Barn soil than in Bledington soil. Prometryne was similar in effect in both soils. Liming significantly increased the effect of metoxuron in Boddington Barn soil and metoxuron, atraton, difenoxuron and metribuzin in Bledington soil. Monolinuron was less toxic in limed Bledington soil. Reasons for these differences have not been determined.     

Fate of the herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron in two Finnish arable soils

The fate of five herbicides (glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, phenmedipham, ethofumesate and metamitron) was studied in two Finnish sugar beet fields for 26 months. Soil types were sandy loam and clay. Two different herbicide-tolerant sugar beet cultivars and three different herbicide application schedules were used. Meteorological data were collected throughout the study and soil properties were thoroughly analysed. An extensive data set of herbicide residue concentrations in soil was collected. Five different soil depths were sampled. The study was carried out using common Finnish agricultural practices and represents typical sugar beet cultivation conditions in Finland. The overall observed order of persistence was ethofumesate > glyphosate > phenmedipham > metamitron > glufosinate-ammonium. Only ethofumesate and glyphosate persisted until the subsequent spring. Seasonal variation in herbicide dissipation was very high and dissipation ceased almost completely during winter. During the 2 year experiment no indication of potential groundwater pollution risk was obtained, but herbicides may cause surface water pollution.     

The uptake and translocation of 2,4,5-T in gorse (Ulex emopaeus L.)

The uptake of 2,4,5-T by spines of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) was limited and not enhanced when picloram was added to the application solution. Translocation of 2,4,5-T in 6-month-old cuttings after treatment of a single spine or lateral branch was poor. The most significant accumulation of translocated herbicide occurred in stem tissue, with lesser amounts detected in root tissues, root nodules, stem apices and flowers. Untreated lateral branches or spines accumulated minimal amounts of herbicide. The pattern and extent of distribution of 2,4,5-T was not increased by addition of picloram. The lack of efficient control of gorse by 2,4,5-T can largely be attributed to its inadequate uptake and lack of true systemic translocation.     

两种除草剂对水葫芦和大薸的防除效果

采用枯叶指数、枯柄指数、新根抑制、鲜重防效等指标,评价480g/L灭草松水剂和10%硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂对水葫芦及大薸的防除效果。盆栽毒力测定结果表明,10%硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂对水葫芦和大薸新根有很好的抑制作用,药后10d,LC50分别为14.22和7.21mg/L;480g/L灭草松水剂对水葫芦和大薸鲜重的毒力较强,药后10d,LC50分别为548.22和3.49mg/L;药后20d,LC50分别为53.28和3.31mg/L;而2种除草剂对水葫芦叶片、叶柄和大薸的叶片毒力均较低,其中480g/L灭草松水剂对水葫芦叶片和叶柄毒力优于10%硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂,药后30dLC50分别为94.40和93.43mg/L;对大薸叶片毒力较强的是10%硝磺草酮可分散油悬浮剂,药后20dLC50为165.07 mg/L,在实际应用中,为提高防治效果,可适当提高剂量或进行混配处理。     

2种增效剂对春玉米田除草剂的减量增效作用

为了明确2种增效剂对除草剂的减量效应,为除草剂科学减施及增效剂安全使用提供数据基础,2019年在西北荒漠绿洲生态区春玉米田,以38.5％硝·精·莠去津CS和26.7％噻隆·异噁酮SC作为茎叶处理剂,测定了激健和辉丰2种增效剂在不同施药剂量下的除草效果.结果 表明:在38.5％硝·精·莠去津CS 2310 mL/hm和2...     

Foliar penetration and translocation of 2,4,5-T in blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.)

Factors affecting the foliar penetration of 2,4,5-T and the translocation of this herbicide in blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell). are described. Foliar penetration studies showed that from 38% to 59% of the applied herbicide penetrated into leaves picked respectively in summer and autumn. Leaf uptake of 2,4,5-T was found to be temperature independent in young leaves (Q₁₀, = 1·3) and temperature dependent in older leaves (Q₁₀= 3·5). Some evidence is presented which suggests that this may be caused by the wax content of the cuticle. The herbicide translocated well into the root system of small plants, but probably in sublethal amounts. Penetration foliaire et migration du 2,4,5-T chez la mûre (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.) L'auteur décrit les facteurs affectant la pénétration du 2,4,5-T et la migration de cet herbicide chez la mûre (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.). Les recherches sur la pénétration foliaire ont montré que 38%à 59% de l'herbicide appliqué pénétrait dans les feuilles récoltées respectivement enete et en automne. II a été constaté que l'absorption foliaire du 2,4,5-T est indépendante de la température chez les jeunes feuilles (Q₁₀= 1,3) et dépendanle de la température dans les feuilles plus ãgées (Q₁₀= 3,5). Certains faits sont présentés qui suggérent que ce phénoméne peut être cause par la teneur en cire de la cuticule. l'herbicide migre aisément dans le systéme radiculaire des petites plantes, mais probable-ment en quantités sublétales. Blatlpenetration und Translokation von 2,4,5-T in der Brombeere (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.) Es werden Faktoren beschrieben, die die Blattpenetration von 2,4,5-T und die Translokation dieses Herbizids in der Brombeere (Ruhus procerus P.J. Muell.) beeinflussen. Untersuchungen zur Blattpenetration ergaben, dass 38 bis 59% der angewandten Herbizidmenge in Blätter eindrangen die im Sommer bzw. im Herbst gepflückt wurden. Die Aufnahme von 2,4,5-T über das Blatt war bei jungen Blättern unabhängig von der Temperatur (Q₁₀= 1.3); bei älteren Blättern war sie temperaturabhängig (Q₁₀= 3.5). Es werden einige Befunde dargestellt, die darauf hinweisen, dass dies durch den Wachsgehalt der Kutikula verursacht sein könnte. Das Herbizid wurde gut in das Wurzelsystem kleiner Pflanzen transloziert, wahrscheinlich aber in sublethalen Mengen.     

Effect of concentration on absorption and translocation of 2,4,5-T in blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.)

Radioactive 2,4,5-T was applied to the leaves of small Rubus precerus (P. J. Muell.) plants grown in pots in the glasshouse in amounts ranging from 24 μg to 55.8 μg per leaf. The amount of 2,4,5-T absorbed and translocated was measured 6h and 24h later. The herbicide was translocated throughout the plant within 6h and the concentration in the various plant parts increased between 6h and 24h. More 2,4,5-T was absorbed at high concentrations than at low concentrations although the percentage absorbed in 24h decreased from 13% to 6% as the concentration was increased Translocation of 2,4,5-T-1-14C was variable, although the amount translocated inereased as the amount applied was increased, and was closely correlated to the amount of herbicide absorbed by the leaves.     

两种二苯醚类除草剂对花生苗期生长发育及氮素代谢的影响

在温室条件下,研究三氟羧草醚和乙羧氟草醚对苗期花生生长发育以及氮素代谢的影响.结果表明两种除草荆均明显抑制苗期花生的生长发育,同时抑制苗期花生的氮素代谢过程中关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性,导致苗期花生植株的全氮含量显著降低.其中三氟羧草醚对花生生长发育的抑制作用较强,在高剂量下,对花生植株鲜重抑制率、干重抑制率分别为32.85%和30.00%;与对照花生的结瘤率(80.00%)相比,三氟羧草醚处理的花生结瘤率为28.60%;叶片叶绿素含量在处理后各时期均低于空白对照.三氟羧草醚和乙羧氟草醚对花生氮素代谢的关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均有不同程度的抑制作用,影响了花生氮素的正常代谢.花生植株全氮含量分别为1.452%和1.553%,显著低于对照植株全氮含量.     

Foliar absorption and translocation of fosamine and 2,4,5-T in blackberry (Rubus proceras P. J. Muell.)

Fosamine (ammonium ethyl carbamoylphosphonate) formulated as a 1% w/v solution in 0–25%v/v Tween 20 was absorbed slowly by detached leaves of Rubus procerus P.J. Muell., 35% of the applied herbicide being absorbed after 96 h. Fosamine does not appear to be rainfast, as up to 80% of the applied herbicide and 99.9% of the removable herbicide were removed from the leaves by washing for 5 min in distilled water. Translocalion of fosamine was rapid in small R. procerus plants and followed a pattern similar to that taken by assimilates: 2,4,5–T did not translocate to the root system as readily as fosamine or assimilates.     

Effect of 2,4,5-T and picloram on the regeneration of blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell) from root segments

The formation of roots and shoots on root segments of Rubus procerus P.J. Muell was prevented by soaking the segments for 24 h in a 10^?4M solution of 2,4,5-T or a 10^?5M solution of picloram. Shoot numbers were significantly increased after treatment with 10^?9M and 10^?10M 2,4,5-T, but picloram did not cause a significant increase in shoot numbers. Measurement of the concentration of 2,4,5-T in the extracambial tissue showed that roots treated with 10^?4M 2,4,5-T contained 5× 10^?8 mmole 2,4,5-T per mg dry weight, and by extrapolation, roots treated with 10^?9M 2,4,5-T contained 2× 10^?10 mmole/mg dry weight. Action du 2,4,5-T et du piclorame sur la régénération de la ronce (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell) è partir de fragments de racines La formation de racines et de tiges è partir de fragments de racines dc Ruhus procerus P.J. Muell a été supprimée par trempage des fragmenls pendant 24 heures dans une solution a 10^?4M et de 2.4,5-T, ou dans une solution 10^?5M de piclorame. Le nombre de pousses s'est accru significativement après traitement avec le 2,4,5.-T è 10^?9M et 10^?10M, mais le piclorame n'a pas provoqué d'accroissemcnt significatif du nombre de pousses. La mesure de la concentration de 2,4,5-T dans le tissu extra-cambial a montré que les racines trailées avec du 2,4,5-T è 10^?4M contenaient 5×10^?8 mmole de 2.4,5-T par mg de poids sec et par extrapolation, quc les racines traitées avec du 2,4,5-T k 10^?9M devaient contenir 2 × 10^?12 mmole/mg de poids sec. Die Wirkiing von 2,4,5-T und Picloram auf den Wuchs der Wurzehegmenten von Bromheeren (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell). Die Bildung von Wurzeln und Sprossen aus Wurzelsegmen-ten von Ruhu.i procerus P.J. Muell wurde durch 24-stündiges Einlegen der Wurzelstücke in 10^?4M 2,4,5-T bzw 10^?5M Picloram verhindert. Die Anzahl neugebiideter Sprosse wurde nach Einlegen in 10^?9M und 10^?10M 2,4,5-T, nicht jedoch durch Picloram, signifikant erhöht. Im extracambialen Gewebe von Wurzeln, die mit 10^?4M 2,4,5-T behand-elt worden waren, wurden 5×10^?8mMol 2,4,5-T je mg Trockengewiclu bestimmt. Durch Extrapolation wurde ermittclt. dass mit 10^?9M 2,4,5-T behandelte Wurzeln 2× 10^?12mMol/mg Trockengewicht cnthielten.     

Action of some herbicides on growth,respiration, plasmalemma integrity,and proton extrusion of Acer pseudoplatanus cells: I. Substituted ureas

The activity of 23 substituted ureas was assayed on nonphotosynthetic Acer pseudoplatanus cells, in batch suspension culture. They inhibited growth, stimulated oxygen consumption of cells, and caused a change in the pH of the culture medium. Some substituted ureas could modify the membrane permeability to protons, whereas some others could change the membrane permeabilities to ions and neutral solutes.     

Selective herbicides for establishing weed-free grass: The effect of mixtures and sequences of herbicides, including ethofumesate and methabenzthiazuron

Two field experiments compared various sequences of ethofumesate, methabenzthiazuron and mecoprop, and mixtures of metamitron, ethofumesate and methabenzthiazuron for their control of Poa annua L. and Stelluria media (L). Vill. during the establishment of autumn-sown perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In experiment 1 pre-emergence treatments required a second, post-emergence spraying to give complete control of P. annua. Grass seedlings reappeared in early spring following ethofumesate treatment, but populations built up earlier where methabenzthiazuron had been used. The most successful treatment was ethofumesate at 1.4 kg a.i. ha^?1 followed by 0.7 kg a.i, ha^?1 in spring. Methabenzthiazuron at 0.8 kg a.i. ha^?1 followed by ethofumesate at 0.7 kg a.i. ha^?1 in December was also effective. Methabenzthiazuron at 1.6 kg a.i. ha^?1 damaged ryegrass but was effective as a secondary treatment at lower doses in spring. Most treatments controlled S. media satisfactorily, but this sometimes increased the yield of P. annua. Metamitron greatly reduced tiller numbers of P. annua in experiment 2, especially when sprayed with methabenzthiazuron. Only treatments which included ethofumesate controlled S. media adequately but there was no advantage in combining this herbicide with any other for controlling P. annua.     

Movement and persistence of imazaquin, oxyfluorfen, flurochloridone and terbacil in soil

The movement and persistence of imazaquin, oxyfluorfen, flurochloridone and terbacil residues were studied using a bioassay based on the shoot growth of Raphanus sativus L. var, radicula DC (radish) in a sandy loam soil under field conditions in 1992 and 1993. Imazaquin (0.3 kg a.i. ha^-1) was more mobile in the soil than the other three compounds. In 1992, under heavy rainfall conditions, the herbicide was distributed down to 60 cm in amounts of about 0.01 mg kg^-1. Conversely, in the dry year of 1993, the maximum depth of penetration was 20 cm and persistence in the surface soil layer (0-5 cm) was greater. After the first month in 1992, residues of terbacil were distributed in the 0-20 cm layer, and after 2, 3 and 5 months the herbicide had penetrated to a depth of 40 cm. In 1993, terbacil residues were distributed in the 0-10 cm layer only. In both years, residues of flurochloridone (1.0 kg a.i. ha^-1) were located mainly in the 0-5 cm layer, but there was some penetration to 10 cm. Oxy-fluorfen (1.2 kg a.i, ha^-1) showed least mobility in the soil profile. It was retained in the 0-5 cm layer throughout the experimental period in both. years.     

控制性增温和施氮对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

以内蒙古高原短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)+冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)+无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes son-gorica)的荒漠化草原为研究对象,野外自然条件下进行的生态系统控制性增温与施肥实验,以研究温度和氮素的增加对荒漠化草原植物群落的土壤呼吸作用可能产生的影响。研究结果发现,实验期间内增温处理样地0cm,7.5cm,15cm,30cm和50cm土壤平均温度与对照样地相比,平均增加了1.32℃,0.92℃,0.88℃,0.80℃,0.74℃,土壤温度呈现出上层变异性大于下层的规律,不同土层土壤温度的显著增加(P<0.05)说明模拟气候变暖实验的有效性。虽然增温和对照样地不同土层的土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率均呈正相关关系,但无论是季节还是日变化上,近两年的增温作用没有增加土壤的呼吸速率,施氮作用也没有使土壤呼吸作用明显加强。     

The influence of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, seed rate and method of sowing, on the establishment and long-term composition of a perennial ryegrass ley.

Changes in ihe species composition of a ryegrass pasture were examined over a 2 year period from a spring establishment. Seed of S23 perennial ryegrass was sown in main plots, eilher broadcast or drilled, at rates of 15, 25 or 35 kg/ha in a field experiment at Oxford. The whole area was oversown withfour weed grasses (Agrostis siolonifera.Holcus lanatus. Poa annua and P trivialis). Five cultural and three herbicide treatments were applied across the plots. These consisted of three levels of nitrogen (0. 50 and 100 kg N per ha), two companion species (Italian ryegrass and white clover) and 2.4-D, benazolin and methabenzihiazuron applications. Ten weeks after sowing, broad-leaved weeds accounted for nearly half the lotal dry-matter yield, except where controlled by the three herbicides. Grass yields were nol increased by herbicide treatment. The only cultural treatment checking broad-leaved weeds was ihe 35 kg/ha seeding rale. Seven months after sowing, the only treatment which had decreased the abundance of weed grasses was melhabenzthiazuron especially againsi A. stolonifera and Poa spp. Two years afler sowing, perennial ryegrass had only 34% ground cover and had been replaced largely by H. lanatus (38%), Poa spp, (15%) and A. stolonifera (7%), Where methabenzthiazuron had been used the ryegrass ground cover was 48%. with less P. trivialis and A. stolonifera. but H. lanatus was nol altered. White clover decreased H. lanatus cover. In two supplementary pot experiments, methabenzthiazuron sprayed pre-emergence damaged perennial ryegrass unless the seed was covered with at least 4 mm of soil. Only H. lanatmand F. rubra out of sixteen grasses were relatively resistant to methabenzihiazuron when applied at ihe tillering stage, confirming that this herbicide has potential for preventing the ingress of many unsown grasses in new leys.