Relationship between leaf gas exchange characteristics and productivity of potato clones grown at different temperatures

The rate of dark respiration (Rd) and net photosynthesis (Pn) at various leaf temperatures was examined in three potato clones (Solatium tuberosum L.) differing in heat tolerance. Plants were grown at low (25/12 C, day/night) and high (35/25 C) greenhouse air temperatures for five weeks, beginning two weeks after tuberization. Gas exchange characteristics were measured by manometric and infrared gas analyzer techniques. Respiration:photosynthesis ratios were calculated as indicators of leaf carbon balance. High greenhouse temperature reduced whole plant and tuber growth rate of all clones, however, the reduction was highest in the cultivar Russet Burbank (heat sensitive). Gas exchange characteristics did not explain differences in heat tolerance. The heat tolerant cultivar Desiree had Rd similar to Russet Burbank, while the clone DTO-28, also heat tolerant, had lower Rd of mature leaves than Russet Burbank or Desiree. However, all clones had similar Rd of immature leaves. There was no apparent relationship between heat tolerance and Pn for the three clones. DTO-28 had lower respirationrphotosynthesis ratios of immature and mature leaves than Russet Burbank 4 weeks after the start of the high temperature treatment. Desiree had respiration:photosynthesis ratios as high as Russet Burbank. At different sampling times, Rd increased in a linear and curvilinear manner with increasing leaf temperature up to 40 C. Heat tolerant and sensitive clones had similar rates of increase in Rd with increasing leaf temperature. Simultaneous measurement of Rd and Pn did not help explain differences in heat tolerance among clones. However, determination of respirationrphotosynthesis ratios may help explain the physiological basis for heat tolerance of some clones.     

花生品种幼苗耐低温鉴定的生理生化指标筛选

为鉴定筛选耐低温花生品种,建立花生耐低温评价方法,构建花生耐低温综合数学评价模型,以11个花 生品种为材料,5℃低温胁迫72 h,通过测定胁迫前后花生幼苗叶绿素（SPAD）、叶绿素荧光参数、光合参数、相对电 导率、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、丙二醛含量以及可溶性蛋白含量等15个生理生化 指标,利用各单项指标的耐低温系数作为评价依据,运用主成分分析法、隶属函数分析法以及聚类分析法进行花生 耐低温综合评价,并利用逐步回归法筛选与花生耐低温关系密切的生理指标。本实验利用主成分分析法有5个主 成分入选,可将15个单项生理生化指标转换为5个互相独立的综合指标,通过隶属函数法和聚类分析法将11个花 生品种划分为：耐低温型（山花8号、吉花1954Z和吉花1955Z）、中间型（吉花1953Z、狮头企、冀油6、粤油92和中花 8）及敏感型（伏花生、开农53和吉花11）3类;利用逐步回归方程建立花生幼苗耐低温评价数学模型,精度大于 99.00%,筛选出净光合速率、实际光化学效率、最大光化学效率、光化学淬灭系数、可溶性蛋白、过氧化物酶和过氧 化氢酶7个耐低温鉴定指标。耐低温的花生品种（系）低温胁迫后,反应中心的开放程度较大,光系统受到的伤害较 低,能维持较高的净光合速率,能更好地清除花生体内细胞的活性氧和自由基类物质,膜脂质过氧化损伤较低。在 相同低温处理时可以通过测定7个指标对花生品种耐低温能力进行快速鉴定和预测,为东北花生耐低温品种选育 及大规模品种耐低温评价奠定基础。     

不同小麦进化材料生育后期的光合特性及其对环境因子响应的比较

为了解不同小麦近缘材料光合特性,以二倍体节节麦、四倍体硬粒小麦、六倍体普通小麦、八倍体小黑麦为材料,在生育后期测定了其光合气体交换参数、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数等光合相关性状,并对净光合速率在不同光照、CO_2浓度、温度、湿度条件下的变化进行了分析。结果表明,八倍体小黑麦的光合气体交换参数和叶绿素含量比其他三个材料高,六倍体小麦在叶面积上具有明显优势;四倍体和六倍体小麦具有较高的光能利用效率,而二倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦对强光的抗性较强;六倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦对CO_2的利用率和抗逆性都较强;八倍体小黑麦的光合速率受温度的影响较小,而二倍体和四倍体小麦的光合速率受温度的影响比较大;二倍体小麦的光合速率受湿度的影响较大,四倍体小麦的光合速率受湿度的影响较小,六倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦光合速率在高湿条件下变化较小。这说明不同小麦近缘种具有不同的光合特性,是小麦进行小麦高光合育种的重要基因资源。     

Culm sucrose accumulation promotes physiological decline of mature leaves in ripening sugarcane

Photosynthetic activity in C₄ sugarcane has been suggested to be regulated by the demand for photoassimilate from sink tissues, including culm storage of sucrose and other components of the plant (e.g. roots and shoot primordia). This study examined the extent to which sink-demand influences leaf photosynthetic activity and controls leaf turnover in field-grown sugarcane. To increase sink-demand on selected leaves, plants were defoliated apart from the immature leaf before the first fully expanded leaf (2nd leaf) and the mature 8th leaf. Changes in leaf gas exchange and fluorescence characteristics were recorded for both leaves over a 28 d period. Variations in leaf and culm sucrose and hexose concentrations and allocation of ¹⁴C-labelled photosynthate were also measured. A decrease in culm internodal sucrose concentrations in partially defoliated plants was associated with significant increases in assimilation (A) and electron transport rates (ETR) for both leaves 2 and 8. Conversely, accumulation of sucrose in the culms of control plants was related to a decline in photosynthetic rates in leaf 8 during the treatment period. Leaves 2 and 8 of defoliated plants (27 d) were characterised by an increase in partitioning of ¹⁴C to mature and immature internodes, respectively, compared to control plants. In addition, hexose levels in leaves of defoliated plants decreased significantly (36% and 48% decrease in leaves 2 and 8, respectively) compared to corresponding leaves of untreated controls over the duration of the experiment, indicating that the signaling mechanisms regulating the decline in leaf photosynthetic activity are likely hexose-mediated. It was concluded that leaf physiological ageing in sugarcane was promoted by sucrose accumulation during culm maturation as a consequence of decreased sink-demand for photosynthate.     

水稻叶片气孔密度与气体扩散阻力和净光合速率关系的比较研究

 气孔密度和气体扩散阻力存在着极显著的类型间和品种间差异，一般籼稻的气孔密度大于粳稻、气体扩散阻力则小于粳稻。通过籼粳稻杂交育成的品种表现为中间型，气孔密度与气体扩散导度和净光合速率之间呈极显著的正相关，与比叶重呈显著的负相关，与单叶面积的相关不显著。籼稻品种较高的光合速率主要来自其大的气孔密度和低的气体扩散阻力。如果通过籼粳稻杂交将籼稻气孔密度大、气体扩散阻力低的特性与粳稻比叶重大的特点适当结合在一起，将有可能获得较高的净光合速率。     

薇甘菊在不同光环境下的生理生态研究

为了探讨薇甘菊在不同光环境下（相对光强100％,25％,10％）的生理生态研究,系统研究了不同遮荫生长下的薇甘菊叶片平均净光合速率（Pn）、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量、叶面积和比叶重（SLW）。结果表明：100％相对光强下薇甘菊在12 : 00~14 : 00时表现出短暂的光抑制现象;在高光强下薇甘菊显著提高净光合速率（Pn）、比叶重（SLW）、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比值来维持其正常生长和避免午间高光强对光合系统的破坏;25％和10％ 2个光环境下生长的薇甘菊各测定指标无显著差异,其通过提高叶面积捕捉更多的光能以维持自身的生长。喜光植物薇甘菊能够在不同光环境下正常生长,推测薇甘菊生理和形态在不同光环境下,光系统调节作用和表型可塑性是其较强入侵性的原因之一。     

Leaf Construction Cost and Related Ecophysiological Parameters of Rice Crop and Its Important Weeds

To understand the reason for the success of weeds,we investigated the energetic cost of leaf construction,and certain ecophysiological traits of rice and its dominant weeds.On physiological basis among all weeds,Caesulia axillaris Roxburgh was found to be the most serious,followed by Echinochloa cruss-galli L.Beauv and Echinochloa colonum L.Link,while Fimbristylis miliaceae L.Vahl and Cyperus iria L.were moderate weeds of the rice fields.C.axillaris had the lowest leaf construction cost (LCC) both on a mass basis (1.15 g/g) and on a unit area basis (22.93 g/m2).Comparatively higher specific leaf area,photosynthetic rate,photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency,leaf area ratio and leaf area index provided C.axillaris with further competitive advantage.Low LCC suggests that weeds utilize carbon resource more efficiently than the crop and potentially spend the saved energy on other competitive strategies viz.seed production,biomass production and high relative growth rate,which results in low crop yield and increase in weed seed bank.     

光合菌剂对弱光照生态区小麦光合特性和产量的影响

为了探究光合菌剂在不同施用方式下对弱光照生态区小麦生长的影响,以四川主栽小麦品种川麦104为材料,采用大田试验,研究了两种光合菌剂(类球红细菌和沼泽红假单胞菌)灌根和喷施、磷酸二氢钾喷施和等量清水喷施处理(对照)对小麦叶片气体交换参数、干物质量和产量性状的影响。结果表明,两种光合菌剂喷施均显著提高小麦旗叶大小和气体交换参数,而灌根处理显著提高小麦植株干物质量。叶面喷施沼泽红假单胞菌,小麦旗叶长、宽和面积最大,较磷酸二氢钾处理分别提高6.9%、2.7%和9.8%;孕穗期和开花期旗叶的各气体交换参数最高,且孕穗期旗叶气孔导度较磷酸二氢钾处理增加14.4%,差异显著;小麦产量也最高,较对照处理增加12.7%,差异显著,与喷施磷酸二氢钾的小麦产量和产量构成间没有显著差异。相关性分析表明,穗数与干物质量呈显著正相关,穗粒数与旗叶的大小和气体交换参数呈显著或极显著正相关,产量与旗叶宽、面积和净光合速率呈显著正相关。以上结果表明,叶面喷施或灌根光合菌剂能有效促进小麦生长,改善叶片光合特性,从而提高小麦产量。     

Varietal Difference in Early Vegetative Growth during Seedling Stage in Soybean

Abstract

Rapid development after emergence is important for seedling establishment and early vegetative growth, especially at a low planting density or inferior environmental conditions. This study was conducted to understand the varietal difference in the growth parameters during the seedling stage in soybean. Twenty-seven soybean varieties originating from six countries were examined in 2009 and 2010. The pots were arranged in a completely random block design with 5 replications (10 pots per variety), and the seedlings were sampled at 14 and 28 days after sowing (DAS). The shoot dry weight at 14 and 28 DAS was highly correlated with seed size, cotyledon digestion, and leaf area. However, no positive correlation was found between shoot dry weight and photosynthetic rate at 28 DAS. Chamame, a Japanese cultivar, with the largest seed size grew rapidly, and showed the heaviest shoot dry weight, greatest cotyledon digestion, fast leaf expansion and high photosynthetic rate. However, Moyashimame, a medium-seed-size cultivar, also grew rapidly with a high photosynthetic rate. Some varieties such as Tachinagaha (Japan), Hefeng (China), Parana and Pérola (Brazil), had a large or medium seed size, and high photosynthetic rate but showed a relatively small leaf area and light shoot dry weight. These results suggested that big seeds with rapid cotyledon digestion developed a wider leaf area and therefore large dry matter production, indicating that the conversion of stored energy was more important than the leaf photosynthetic activity for early growth.     

Seasonal variation in white clover content and nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) activity in a cut upland sward

The seasonal variation in herbage mass and nitrogen fixing (acetylene reducing) activity of white clover in an upland sward, cut weekly to 3·5 cm from mid-May until mid-October, was measured. Acetylene reducing activity (ARA) was measured over a 24-h period at 3-weekiy intervals starting on 3 March 1983. Clover leaf and Stalon biomass was measured by harvest of the assay truces, and from mid-May quadrat euts to 3·5 cm above the soil surface provided estimates of herbage accumulation.
Little A RA was detected in March, but activity increased substantially after 10 cm soil temperatures reached > 3°C, and peak activity per unit of clover leaf dry weight occurred in June and July; standing clover leaf dry matter increased during the season to a maximum of 60·5 g m⁻¹ in June. Acetylene reducing activity was positively correlated with the number of rooted nodes, and Stalon and leaf dry weights in early spring. Thereafter, except during a period of summer drought, ARA was positively correlated with the amount of clover leaf material.
Clover population density increased during the season and maximum growing point numbers (5540 m⁻¹) occurred in September; maximum leaf number per unit area (12 984 m⁻¹) was found in October, prior to the final cutting of the site.
Results suggest that higher levels of nitrogen fixation in upland swards should be obtained if sward management regimes, which encourage a high clover leaf area, are adopted.     

Morphological and physiological traits of seeds and seedlings in two rice cultivars with contrasting early vigor

Early vigor is important for crop establishment in rice. This study was conducted to determine the seed and seedling traits in relation to early vigor in rice. Laboratory tests and pot experiments were carried out in 2013 and 2014. Morphological and physiological traits of seeds and seedlings were compared between two contrasting rice cultivars, Yuxiangyouzhan with superior early vigor and Huanghuazhan with general early vigor. For seed traits, Yuxiangyouzhan had lower seed hull weight but higher seed amylose content, seed amylase activity, and plumule–radicle ratio than Huanghuazhan, and consequently, Yuxiangyouzhan had about 10% higher germination percentage and velocity and 37% longer plumule than Huanghuazhan. For seedling traits, leaf area, specific leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, leaf net photosynthetic rate, and shoot–root ratio were higher in Yuxiangyouzhan than in Huanghuazhan, and as a result, seedling shoot biomass was 23–32% higher in Yuxiangyouzhan than in Huanghuazhan. These results indicate that Yuxiangyouzhan has both superior seed and seedling vigor. The former is attributed to the low mechanical strength of seed hull, high conversion efficiency of seed reserve, and high mobilization of seed reserve to plumule, while the latter is due to large leaf area, high leaf photosynthetic capacity, and high partitioning of dry matter to shoot. This study enriches the physiological understanding of superior early vigor in rice.     

不同覆膜方式下超高产春玉米花粒期叶片衰老特性研究

以内单314为试验材料,在行间覆膜(SPF)、行上覆膜(UPF)及不覆膜(NPF)3种处理下,对超高产春玉米花粒期不同层位叶片的保护酶活性、光合特性及产量进行研究。结果表明,超高产春玉米花粒期不同层位叶片POD活性表现为下位叶>穗位叶>上位叶;CAT、SOD活性表现为上位叶>穗位叶>下位叶。灌浆期玉米不同层位叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率变化趋势表现为穗位叶>上位叶>下位叶;乳熟期不同层位叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率表现为上位叶>穗位叶>下位叶。表明在玉米花粒期,行间覆膜处理可以提高玉米上位叶及穗位叶的净光合速率、POD活性、CAT活性及SOD活性,减小气孔导度,降低叶片蒸腾速率,延缓叶片衰老,维持花粒期生理功能,保证子粒充分灌浆,提高千粒重,进而提高产量,实现超高产。     

Are more productive varieties of Paspalum dilatatum less tolerant to drought?

Paspalum dilatatum Poir., is a perennial C₄ grass widely distributed in the Argentinean Pampas. The response to water availability for materials developed with forage‐production purposes is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic differences between commercial varieties are reflected in their regrowth capacity under water stress. The effect of five levels of constant water supply on three plant varieties (two derived from apomictic materials: ‘Relincho’ and ‘Alonso’ and one from sexually‐derived material: ‘Primo’) were examined in the greenhouse. Leaf‐ and plant‐response traits were followed during 38 d after a single defoliation event. Seven response variables were measured: three of them were morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate and leaf elongation duration) and four were structural (number of live leaves, lamina length, tiller biomass and tiller production). The sexual material showed higher values for growth variables than the apomictic varieties (leaf elongation rate, leaf length and tiller biomass) across the environmental range. Apomictic varieties showed a proportionally similar drought response to the sexual material for the seven variables. No intra‐specific trade‐off (statistical interaction) was found between growth under high water availability conditions and drought tolerance.     

大豆高光效品种(种质)选育及高光效育种再探讨

通过对高光效种质哈79－9440、哈82－7799及高光效品种黑农39、黑农40、黑农41的光合特性、主要形态农艺性状、产量和选育程序的描述，对与高光效育种相关密切的单叶光合速率与产量关系及高光效育种目标、程序和方法进行再探讨。结果如下：1.大豆生殖生长期单叶光合速率与产量呈正相关。单叶光合速度仍然是高光效育种育重要指标之一。2.大豆高光效育种目标是选育高产和超高产、优质、抗病新品种（种质）。我们把在某一生态区生态类型基础上，具有较大光能截获能力、光能高速传递能力、高光能转化效率、高光合速率和高RuBP羧化酶活性、并具有光合产物在籽粒中高比例分配、持续较长光合时间等综合水平定义为理想光合生态型。3.高光效育种体系包含创造变异途径、有效快速选择变异途径和鉴定途径。     

Varietal Differences in Biomass Production of Rice Early After Transplanting at Low Temperatures

Abstract

Low temperature decreases biomass production and yield in rice through a number of physiological and morphological changes. We evaluated biomass production in 22 high-yielding genotypes and four commercial japonica cultivars early after transplanting under field conditions for 2 years. The seedlings were transplanted on 30 April or 1 May (early transplanting, ET) and 4 weeks later (late transplanting, LT). The mean air temperature during the 18 days after transplanting in ET was about 4ºC lower than that in LT in both years. The seedling length was greater in high-yielding japonica varieties than in indica genotypes, whereas the seedling character index (SCI), which is the product of plant age in leaf number and the ratio of the seedling weight to its length, was the highest in the indica genotypes. Varietal differences in biomass production were greater in ET than in LT in all rice genotypes. The biomass at 18 days after transplanting was largest in the japonica high-yielding varieties Kusayutaka and Beko-aoba in both ET and LT. The biomass production of the indica genotypes was found to decrease severely after transplanting at low temperatures although the indica genotypes with high SCIs showed faster leaf emergence than the high-yielding japonica varieties. There was a strong positive correlation between the varietal differences in biomass production and shoot length at 18 days after transplanting in ET in both years. Our study suggests that superior shoot elongation in the high-yielding japonica varieties with large biomass allocation to the stems may be advantageous in maintaining biomass productivity at low temperatures.     

大豆对酸铝土壤的适应性研究：Ⅱ.大豆耐酸铝毒的机理初探

本试验对不同耐酸铝毒性的大豆品种进行了一些生理指标的测定,其中包括光合速率,叶片及叶室温度,蒸滕速率及细胞间ＣＯ２浓度,以研究这些性状与大豆耐酸铝性的关系。试验结果表明,在铝胁迫下大豆光和速率明显降低,但耐性好的品种不受影响;耐性强的品种叶片和叶室温度低,蒸腾速率也低于不耐品种。不同处理间大豆ＣＯ２细胞间浓度朊显著差异;而在ｐＨ５．６条件下品种间的细胞间ＣＯ２浓度差异明显,不耐铝的品种浓度较高。相     

米老排幼苗对不同供氮方式的光合生理响应

为指导苗期养分科学管理,本研究以温室盆栽的米老排（Mytilaria laosensis）幼苗为材料,采用等量施肥（C）、阶段递增施肥（A）和修正指数施肥（ME）3种方法,每种方法设置50、100、200、400、600 mg/株5个氮素水平,并以不施肥为对照,共设置16个处理,分析不同供氮方式对米老排苗木生长的影响。结果表明：米老排叶片净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均随供氮水平的增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,改善其光合气体交换作用效果最佳的处理是200C>100ME>100A;而胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）则随施氮量的增加而总体上表现下降趋势;所有施肥处理中,米老排幼苗叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b值均有不同程度的增加;施肥处理显著降低苗期米老排叶片的丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性,此外低剂量施肥能够降低叶片中游离脯氨酸含量。等量施肥200 mg/株的供氮方式总体上最有利于改善光合气体交换作用、提高光合作用和降低丙二醛含量。     

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)合成途径和水稻叶片早衰

叶片是植物进行光合作用的主要场所,其衰老由内源遗传发育信号和外界环境胁迫所启动,是一个非常复杂有序的调控过程。烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD)是脱氢酶的辅酶,在糖酵解、糖异生、三羧酸循环以及呼吸链等代谢中发挥着不可替代的作用。最新研究表明,水稻NAD生物合成参与调控沉默信息调控因子Sirtuins的生物活性、组蛋白H3K9去乙酰化、植物激素茉莉酸(JA)和叶片衰老。本文综述了有关水稻叶片衰老的细胞生理特征、Sirtuins酶活、NAD生物合成以及水稻早衰的OsSRT1-NAD调控途径和OsSRT1-Me OH-JA调控途径,以期阐明水稻叶片衰老的分子机理及其调控途径,为高产育种提供相应的理论参考。     

秋茶光合作用与品质成分变化的分析

以茶树品种龙井43为材料,测定8月19日和9月23日不同时间点茶树冠层处光强、叶片温度、光合参数、品质成分含量及品质成分合成基因表达,初步明确光强、叶片温度对秋茶光合作用及三者对秋茶品质成分积累和相关合成基因转录水平的影响。结果表明,秋茶叶片温度以及叶肉细胞光合活性是影响净光合速率的关键原因,并且叶片温度可能通过调控儿茶素合成基因CsPAL、CsF3′5′H、CsANS、CsUFGT及氨基酸合成基因CsGS、CsGOGAT、CsTS1表达来影响秋茶茶多酚、氨基酸含量。另外,秋茶冠层处光强和净光合速率与部分品质相关合成基因的表达水平具有显著相关性。     

水稻叶片光合功能衰退过程中内肽酶活力的变化

以两个粳稻品种武育粳3号和97-7作材料研究了光合功能衰退进程中叶片中可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和内肽酶活力的变化。武育粳3号剑叶的可溶性蛋白质含量比97-7高,但其含量下降比97-7快。武育粳3号的剑叶和第13叶在光合功能衰老转折点到来之前10 d左右游离氨基酸含量开始上升,而97-7则在转折点之前1～2 d才开始上升。在光合功能衰退的可逆阶段,内肽酶的活力维持在较低水平,只是在可逆阶段的后期内肽酶的活力有轻微的升高。但进入不可逆阶段后,内肽酶的活力则急剧升高,并达到很高的水平。武育粳3号的第13 叶和剑叶中的内肽酶活力变化基本上是平行的,而97-7的第13叶内肽酶的活力急剧上升期却迟于剑叶。这表明,与武育粳3号相比,在97-7叶片衰老过程中,叶片中的蛋白质降解、转化为可输出氮的进程缓慢。这可能是97-7结实率不高、产量潜力不能充分发挥的一个重要原因。