水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分和品质的影响

为了给强筋小麦高产优质高效栽培提供理论依据,以高产强筋小麦品种济麦20为材料,研究了施氮量和灌溉量对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分和品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量由120 kg*ha-1(N1)增加至240 kg*ha-1(N2),籽粒蛋白质含量、清蛋白和球蛋白含量增加,(醇溶蛋白+麦谷蛋白含量)/(清蛋白+球蛋白含量)比值(谷醇/清球比值)降低,面团稳定时间缩短.同一施氮量条件下,由不灌水(W0)到灌2水(W1),籽粒蛋白质含量增加,谷醇/清球比值降低,面团稳定时间缩短;由灌2水(W1)到灌3水(W2)和5水(W3),籽粒蛋白质含量降低,蛋白质组分中清蛋白和球蛋白含量升高,醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量降低,谷醇/清球比值降低,面团稳定时间亦缩短.以上结果表明,在本试验条件下,增加施氮量和灌水量导致面团稳定时间缩短,原因是清蛋白和球蛋白占总蛋白含量的比例,即谷醇/清球比值降低.     

不同施氮水平和基追比对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为确立弱筋小麦优质高产生产的氮肥管理策略,以2个弱筋小麦品种扬麦9号和宁麦9号为材料,研究了不同施氮水平及基追比对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例提高了弱筋小麦蛋白质含量及籽粒容重、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率和稳定时间,但降低了总淀粉含量和弱化度。面团形成时间随施氮量的增加而增加,但随追氮比例的增加而降低。施氮量对籽粒蛋白质组分含量均有提高作用,依次为球蛋白>谷蛋白>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白,而追氮比例处理对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量具有显著的提高效应,清蛋白和球蛋白含量因追氮比例而异。增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例显著提高了直链淀粉含量和直/支比,但降低了支链淀粉含量。同比例追肥,两次追施比一次施用籽粒产量和蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量增加,但湿面筋含量降低;直链淀粉含量和直/支比增加而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量降低。综合产量和品质分析表明,在本试验条件下,弱筋小麦在施氮量180 kg.ha-1、基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为7∶2∶1时可以实现高产与优质的协调。     

减少灌水次数对强筋小麦氮素积累转运和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探究减少灌水次数对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响,选用4个强筋小麦品种(津农7号、农优3号、师栾02-1和中麦998),在大田条件下设置3种灌水处理(CK:冬水+拔节水+开花水;W2:冬水+拔节水;W1:冬水),研究了减少灌水次数对强筋小麦植株各器官氮素的积累与转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分的含量、蛋白质产量和籽粒产量的影响,并对协调强筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和产量的适宜灌水次数进行了探讨。结果表明,减少灌水次数后,强筋小麦营养器官氮素积累量明显降低,氮素转运量增加;籽粒蛋白质含量升高;蛋白质组分的变化表现为,清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白含量升高,醇溶蛋白含量下降;籽粒产量显著下降,水分利用效率升高,但不同品种增幅不同。综上所述,减少灌水次数能促进强筋小麦营养器官的氮素向籽粒转运,使籽粒蛋白质含量升高,籽粒蛋白质品质得到改善。本试验条件下,W2处理(冬水+拔节水)可以有效协调强筋小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的关系,同时提高水分利用效率。     

：施氮水平对不同类型小麦产量和品质的影响

为了确定安徽淮北地区小麦超高产栽培的适宜施氮量,以强筋小麦济麦20、中强筋小麦烟农19和中筋小麦皖麦50为材料,在超高产栽培条件下,研究了施氮量对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在基施有机氮42～56 kg/ha基础上,每公顷施氮量0～360 kg范围内,籽粒产量与施氮量呈极显著二次曲线相关.济麦20和皖麦50在施氮量300 kg/ha时籽粒产量最高,但与施氮量为240 kg/ha的处理差异不显著;烟农19则以施240 kg/ha氮素时籽粒产量最高.单位面积穗数和穗粒数随施氮量的加大均呈增加趋势,千粒重随施氮量增大呈下降趋势.籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、形成时间和稳定时间等品质指标均与施氮量呈显著线性正相关.在本试验条件下,淮北地区小麦超高产栽培的适宜施氮量为240 ～300 kg/ha.     

灌水及施氮对高产区小麦产量及品质性状的影响

为给高产小麦的优质高效栽培提供理论依据,以中筋小麦品种平安8号为材料,研究了大田条件下灌水和施氮对小麦籽粒产量、籽粒品质及面粉品质性状的调控效应。结果表明,水氮对小麦产量和品质性状的影响表现为施氮灌水施氮×灌水。施氮对大多数品质性状(醇溶蛋白含量除外)的影响达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平;小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、蛋白质组分含量及多数面团流变学特性指标随着施氮量的增加而提高,而籽粒硬度和容重则呈下降趋势,其中不施氮处理与施氮处理间差异显著,施氮处理间差异不显著(P0.05)。在施氮处理中以施氮180kg·hm-2时氮肥偏生产力最高。灌水对籽粒产量、蛋白质产量、清蛋白含量、球蛋白含量、籽粒硬度和容重的影响亦达显著或极显著水平。籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和吸水率随灌水次数(每次灌水750m3·hm-2)的增加而增加,而籽粒蛋白质含量、硬度、容重及面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力和比例均随之降低。施氮与灌水互作显著影响籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度、容重,对其他性状无显著影响。     

水氮互作对济麦20籽粒蛋白质品质及氮素和水分利用效率的影响

为给强筋小麦高产优质栽培的水氮合理运筹提供理论依据,以强筋小麦济麦20为试验材料,在大田条件下设置了3个施氮水平：0 kg·hm-2（N0）、180 kg·hm-2（N1）、240 kg·hm-2（N2）;每个施氮水平下设置4个灌水处理：不灌水（W0）、底水+拔节水+开花水（W1）、底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水(W2)、底水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3),每次灌水量60 mm,研究了水氮互作对强筋小麦济麦20籽粒蛋白质品质及其相关酶活性、产量及氮素和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,旗叶硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、内肽酶、羧肽酶和氨肽酶活性均为N2处理最高,N0处理最低。各施氮水平下硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均以W0处理最低,W3处理与W1和W2处理相比,灌浆后期硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性提高,但各蛋白质水解酶活性降低。不施氮条件下,W3处理促进了籽粒蛋白质积累;施氮条件下,W1、W2和W3处理的籽粒蛋白质含量无显著差异。每公顷施纯氮180 kg条件下,W1处理的沉淀值高于其他灌水处理,湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学效率与W2处理无显著差异,高于W0和W3处理,水分利用效率高于W2和W3处理。综合考虑籽粒品质、产量、氮素和水分利用效率,施氮量为180 kg·hm-2、全生育期灌底水+拔节水+开花水的N1W1处理为高产优质高效的最佳组合。     

施氮量对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量和比例的影响

为研究高有机质土壤条件下施氮量对不同品质类型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量和比例的影响,以强筋小麦品种临优145和郑麦9023及弱筋小麦品种宁麦9号和宝丰949为材料进行了不同施氮量的试验。结果表明,增施氮肥可以提高籽粒蛋白质及其各组分的含量。总蛋白质、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量均随着施氮量的增加显著提高,N2处理较NO处理分别提高0．78、0．12、0．31和0．35个百分点;清蛋白含量也随施氮量的增加而提高,但不同施氮处理间差异不显著。强筋小麦和弱筋小麦贮藏蛋白含量差异显著,但可溶性蛋白含量差异不显著。随着施氮量的增加,品种间可溶性蛋白含量差异加大,但贮藏蛋白含量差异减小。氮肥施用量对小麦籽粒各蛋白组分在总蛋白中所占的比例影响不大．不同品种籽粒中各蛋白组分在总蛋白中所占比例受施氮量的影响也不同。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响.在0～240 kg/ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重.小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦.在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251.26～280.24 kg/ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281.03～303.02 kg/ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高.拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高.本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

追氮时期和基追比例对强筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应

为给小麦高产优质栽培中氮肥合理运筹提供依据,以济麦20号为材料,在施氮量为240kg·hm-2下,研究追氮时期(起身、拔节、孕穗、开花)和基追比例(1∶1、3∶7和3∶17)对强筋冬小麦产量和品质的调控效应。结果表明,起身期和拔节期追氮处理间产量差异不显著,但二者显著高于孕穗期和开花期追氮处理。起身和拔节期增加追氮比例可提高产量,孕穗和开花期增加追氮比例则使产量降低。在起身和拔节期追氮时,籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清、球蛋白含量随追氮比例增加均呈下降趋势;在孕穗和开花期追氮时,籽粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清、球蛋白随追氮比例增加呈上升趋势。在各时期增加追氮比例均可提高谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间。在一定的基追比条件下,拔节期追氮处理的谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间均高于起身期追氮处理,追氮时期自拔节期后移至孕穗和开花期时谷蛋白、HMW-GS、LMW-GS含量和面团稳定时间均不同程度降低。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量和品质,强筋小麦济麦20号以基肥∶拔节肥比例为3∶17为最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

高有机质土壤条件下施氮对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为研究高有机质含量土壤条件下施用氮肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响,选择土壤有机质含量为3．09％的地块,通过播前底施和拔节期追施等量氮肥（225kg／ha）,对两个强筋小麦品种（8901-11和济麦20）的产量和部分生理及品质指标进行了研究。结果表明,增施氮肥有利于提高叶片叶绿素含量、氮素含量以及旗叶硝酸还原酶活性;施用氮肥可显著提高籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值、谷蛋白大聚合体及谷蛋白含量,且追施效果优于底施;追施氮肥可以更好地调节籽粒蛋白的组成及含量,从而改善籽粒营养及加工品质。对于清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白等三种蛋白质组分的含量,不同小麦品种的施氮反应不尽相同。本试验中,施氮处理对8901-11的影响大于对济麦20的影响。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.