吉林省畜禽养殖粪污中抗生素残留及应对措施

近年来,随着畜禽养殖业的规模化发展,畜禽粪便中残留的抗生素给生态环境和人类健康带来巨大的潜在危害。文章分析了吉林省畜禽养殖过程中兽用抗生素的残留量,同时探讨提出降低及去除畜禽养殖过程中的抗生素的方法与途径,为控制抗生素污染提供一定的理论依据。     

Use of animal density to estimate manure nutrient recycling ability of Wisconsin dairy farms

Animal density is increasingly being used as an indicator of agricultural nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss potential in Europe and the US. This study estimated animal-cropland ratios for over 800 Wisconsin dairy farms to: (1) illustrate the impact of alternative definitions of this ratio; (2) evaluate how the definition of ‘cropland’ would affect Wisconsin dairy farmers’ ability to comply to manure N and P land spreading standards and (3) investigate the potential of using an animal density standard for targeting manure management plan implementation on Wisconsin dairy farms. Animal density calculations based on total cropland area indicate that 95% of Wisconsin dairy farmers have sufficient cropland for recycling manure according to a N-based nutrient management standard. Calculating animal density based on tilled cropland area decreases this value to 79% of dairy farms. Implementation of a P-based standard increases the land requirement for manure application, and a large proportion of Wisconsin dairy farms (37% based on total cropland and 75% based on tilled cropland) would lack sufficient land area for recycling manure P. When the area of cropland on which manure is actually spread is used to calculate animal density, it is clear that the majority of farms do not currently meet either manure N- or P-based land application standards. Reasons for not utilizing the full cropland base for manure application are unclear, but regional differences suggest soil texture, land tenure, and development pressures may limit the proportion of cropland receiving manure. These results indicate the need to better understand factors influencing cropland management and manure spreading behavior on Wisconsin dairy farms.     

家畜智能养殖设备和饲喂技术应用研究现状与发展趋势

家畜智能养殖设备是智能农机装备的组成部分之一,是国际农业装备产业技术竞争的焦点。本文重点围绕家畜智能养殖设备与饲喂技术在实践中的应用,进行了系统的性能特点分析。目前家畜智能养殖设备的开发对象主要针对猪和奶牛,主要研发的系统包括妊娠母猪电子饲喂站、哺乳母猪精准饲喂系统、奶牛精准饲喂系统和挤奶机器人等。家畜智能养殖设备的工业化应用必须与养殖模式、畜舍结构布局结合起来,才能发挥设备的使用效率,同时从满足动物的福利出发,与动物生理、生长及行为结合起来,形成设备与动物的互作和相互适应。最后指出了智能设备的研究必须与畜牧业生产的理论、目标产品的功能驱动及养殖方式的创新协调一致,要不断地更新换代,才能助推畜牧业的转型升级。     

The promising impact of ley introduction and herd expansion on soil organic matter content in southern Mali

In southern Mali, cultivated area and herd size increase together with population growth. Consequently, periods of natural fallow shorten and traditional farming and animal husbandry techniques lead to a decrease of soil organic matter (SOM) content. Between 20 and 45% of the land is cultivated while less than 60% is arable area. To increase efficiency of natural fallow, a reduction in livestock herds is often proposed. By means of a linear programming model, the feasibility of maintaining actual SOM content in two villages in different agro-ecological zones was investigated. By adjusting animal numbers and cropping pattern, the model maximized: (1) SOM content under the condition of positive farm labour income; or (2) farm labour income under the condition of a positive SOM content. The model results suggested that maintaining SOM content requires the use of cereal crop residues for animal feed and for manure through bedding in kraals, but also higher animal densities. The last was feasible only through: (1) herding cattle of several farms together to overcome labour constraints; and (2) introducing P-fertilized leys, for grazing in the dry season. Grazing of the leys together with crop residues allowed animal densities up to 44 tropical livestock units (TLUs) km⁻², while less than 16% of the produced rangeland fodder was grazed. In such conditions, a positive SOM balance and higher income was obtained with a minimum of 16.7% of ley in the crop rotation. Limiting the area cropped with cotton stabilized income and contributed to a positive SOM balance. Zero-grazing during the warm season allowed SOM surpluses to be achieved with 12.5% of ley. However, as income decreased, seasonal zero-grazing could only be adopted for high-producing animals and small herds.     

Fate and transport of atrazine in a sandy soil in the presence of antibiotics in poultry manures

Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics.     

规模化畜禽养殖业环境污染问题与防治对策

我国正由畜牧大国向畜牧强国迈进,然而由于畜牧场规模越来越大,集约化和机械化程度不断提高,畜牧村、规模化养殖小区、千头牛场、百万只鸡场等产生的环境污染问题也引起了人们的关注,畜牧业已成为不可忽视的污染源,其危害已经超过了工业污染。因此,解决畜牧业环境污染问题已成为我国现阶段环境保护和可持续发展的紧迫任务和重要内容。     

奶牛身份射频识别系统的防冲突技术

为了提高奶牛身份的识别度,采用无线射频识别技术来识别奶牛身份的识别系统。该系统采用耳标式电子标签来标记奶牛的身份,并在计算机系统建立一个电子数据档案。由于奶牛身份识别系统实行一畜一标,奶牛养殖规模大,植入的电子标签众多,射频识别技术中多标签存在冲突,因此防止多标签冲突问题是研究的重点。防冲突算法有ALOHA算法和二进制搜索算法两种常见算法:当采用ALOHA算法时,电子标签过多会造成防冲突时间长,甚至会出现判断错误;二进制搜索算法虽然不会出现错误,但用时较长,且安全性差,将二进制搜索算法进行改进成为返回式二进制树形搜索算法,可以解决这些缺点。为此,提出了基于返回式二进制树形搜索算法设计的奶牛身份射频识别系统的防冲突技术,试验表明:该设计可以解决识别系统中的防冲突问题,使系统采集信息与奶牛身份信息一一匹配,且缩短了识别时间,能迅速识别电子标签。     

基于RFID的种奶牛母本选育体系的实现

传统的奶牛品种选育工作,主要依靠畜牧专家的经验和奶牛饲养过程中的历史记录数据进行人工综合评定,该方法存在效率低、准确度低以及人为影响因素大等缺点。为此,利用RFID技术进行奶牛个体标识,并把畜牧专家的专业知识与经验转换为数据库中的数据表达模式与程序算法,依靠SQL Server 2005和VS.net 2008平台开发奶牛品种选育系统。系统不仅能管理奶牛的日常生产活动,而且能根据历史累积数据和设计好的评估算法进行种奶牛母本的选择。系统研制完成后,在某小型奶牛养殖场成功应用并取得畜牧专家的认同。     

An optimization model for zero-excess phosphorus management

Livestock production in the 21st century is moving in the direction of higher animal densities. Accompanying livestock expansion is the challenge of manure handling and utilization. A model for zero-excess phosphorus (ZEP) management has been developed for a dairy-crop operation that is based on multicriteria optimization. ZEP management practices are identified by simultaneously minimizing excess manure phosphorus, feed cost, and cropland requirement. System components include commercial fertilizer application, feed crop production, P storage in the soil profile, surface runoff, procurement of feed supplements, ration formulation, dairy herd structure and dynamics, manure handling, manure storage, and manure spreading. Manure is recycled as a fertilizer nutrient source in crop production. ZEP management practices include a cropping system, nutrient applications, and animal rations which are characterized by low feed cost and maximum use of land resources.     

黑龙江省青贮玉米发展现状和市场前景

青贮玉米作为饲料,具有较高的营养价值。黑龙江省拥有发展奶牛饲养业得天独厚的自然条件和生态环境,从而为青贮玉米的发展提供了机遇。为此,分析了黑龙江省青贮玉米研究的现状以及发展青贮玉米的优势和措施,提出了青贮玉米的育种策略、育种目标和用于畜牧饲养业的有效利用途径,指出了青贮玉米的市场开发前景。     

玉树州农牧业机械化发展过程中存在的问题及应对措施

玉树藏族自治州农牧业机械化稳步发展,但在当地特殊环境下,农牧业生产出现了脱轨式的裂变,农牧业机械化发展渐趋下滑态势,针对这种扭变现象,文章提出了一些探索农牧业“特色”发展的措施.     

WIN—WEB模式奶牛综合决策支持系统的设计与实现

为适应黑龙江省畜牧业的发展,解决奶牛产业升温而养牛专家严重缺乏的现实矛盾,采用安全性较高的C#开发WIN-WEB模式的奶牛综合决策支持系统(SDSS),能够智能地对历史数据进行联机分析和数据挖掘,从而得到最佳的问题解决方案.该系统可提高奶牛养殖基地的管理能力,真正地起到辅助决策作用,更加有利于对生产的指导.     

Energy flow through a village ecosystem with slash and burn agriculture in North-eastern India

This paper deals with the pattern of energy flow through four major sub-systems (jhum, valley, animal and domestic) of a typical Khasi village ecosystem with ‘slash and burn’ agriculture (jhum) at an elevation of 1540 m in the north-eastern hill region of India. The energetic efficiency (output:input ratio) of jhum in 5 ha of land worked out at 7·53 and that of valley cultivation on 2 ha of land at 40·14. The animal husbandry sub-system had swine husbandry as its predominant component. This had an energetic efficiency of 3·04. The village ecosystem as a whole, however, had an efficiency of 1·57. Animal husbandry formed an important link in the detritus food chain by utilising the garbage and vegetable waste of the agricultural system. The forest, apart from providing the basis for agriculture, also meets part of the fuel requirement of the village. The compost pit is a very important component in the functioning of the village ecosystem as it provides feed for secondary production and generates organic manure both of plant and animal origin, which is cycled back into agriculture. The intricate relationship existing between the production and consumption compartments of the village ecosystem has been worked out from both the economic and the energetic points of view and is discussed.     

FARMFLOW—A dynamic model for phosphorus mass flow,simulating conventional and organic management of a Swedish dairy farm

A farm systems mass-balance calculation model, FARMFLOW, was applied to a case study comparing organic and conventional management of a Swedish experimental dairy farm, Öjebyn. Parameterisation of the model is implemented using detailed field data from the Öjebyn farm where the two management systems have been run parallel for more than 11 years. Simulations were made to compare the stocks, flows and resulting balances of phosphorus (P) in the two systems during six crop rotations (36 years). In addition, a maximum animal density scenario was tested, in order to analyse the effects of increased production intensity. Results show that FARMFLOW can be a useful tool for analysing the impact of management on internal farm P dynamics, as well as imports and exports. The organic management results in a higher proportion of internal P flows whereas the conventional system relies more on imports of P in feed and mineral fertilisers. In both management systems, the crop rotation cause large temporal and spatial variation in the application of manure P to the soil system. The resulting field specific soil P accumulation can indicate which fields to target with changed fertilisation management. In the maximum animal density scenario, both management systems led to an application rate of manure P in excess of crop demands.     

牛粪螺旋压榨固液分离工艺参数优化

为了优化粪便固液分离工艺,用作者研制的固液分离机对鲜牛粪进行固液分离,以进料水料比、榨条间隙、螺旋转速作为影响因素,以分离后固形物料中总固体（TS）含量为主要考察指标,以处理牛粪生产率、液料中固体去除率为参考指标,采用3因素5水平进行二次正交旋转组合试验设计,探讨了螺旋压榨工艺参数对固液分离效果的影响,得到了优化的工艺参数：进料水料比为0.65,榨条间隙为1.5 mm,螺旋转速68 r/min时,分离后固形物料中总固体（TS）质量分数可以达到40%以上,研究结果可为牛粪固液分离提供参考依据。     

Estimates of Volumes and Exposed Surface Areas of Stored Animal Manures and Slurries in England & Wales

Estimates of animal manure (solid material) and slurry (liquid material) stored on farms are needed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Food (MAFF) for compiling national inventories of gaseous emissions. Data needed for this purpose include the total volume and surface area of stored manures and slurries from different livestock species. Existing sources of data were reviewed but have limitations in the context of an emissions inventory. Suppliers of prefabricated stores were approached for numbers and sizes of stores sold since 1970.ADAS pollution control consultants made informed estimates of the geographic distribution of methods of storage in use in England & Wales for manure and slurry from dairy cows, other cattle and pigs. This information was combined with June 1992 census figures to provide estimates of volumes (raw and diluted) and exposed surface areas of stored manures and slurries. ADAS livestock consultants were used to interpret census data and provide estimates of the distribution of poultry manure handling methods. A computer spreadsheet was used to store and process this data and is available to allow future adjustments or sensitivity analyses. In this paper, these estimates are reported on a national basis but they were originally gathered separately for each of 15 areas and appended to a report produced for MAFF. These detailed figures are available on request.The majority of diluted livestock slurry is stored in earth-banked lagoons, with an estimated total volume of 15·5 Mmr3 and an estimated surface area of 7·0 Mmr2. The total volume of stored solid manure is 14·9 Mmr3 with an estimated surface area of 11·9 Mmr2. The estimates were compared with data from other sources and show an acceptable level of agreement.     

智能化奶牛精料补饲机门禁围栏装置的设计

在奶牛补饲精饲料的过程中,为避免发生奶牛间的竞争行为,保证奶牛安稳舒适地进行采食,本文采用机电一体化技术,设计了一种能自动识别奶牛身份的门禁围栏装置。该装置具有奶牛位置检测功能,可自动控制门禁栏杆的启停,读卡距离为52.3 cm,门禁栏杆开启时间为3.92 s。该设计能有效防止其它奶牛对正在进行补饲的个体奶牛的干扰,满足了奶牛饲养的福利性要求,并提高了精饲料的利用率。      

Control of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Buildings and Manure Stores

Agricultural animal production is increasingly regarded as a source of gases which are both aggravating and ecologically harmful. An overview of the origin, number and quantity of trace gases emitted from animal housing and from manure stores is presented and possible means of preventing or reducing them are discussed.Of the 136 trace gases in the air of animal houses, ammonia and methane present the greatest risk to the environment. Quantitative information on concentrations found in air is available for only 23 of these gases. The gases are emitted principally from freshly deposited and stored excreta, from animal feed and from the animals themselves. Future work should determine sources and quantities of the gases emitted from animal housing more precisely and should aim to investigate the potential of these gases to cause damage to man, animals and environment.Total ammonia emissions from animal production in the former West Germany are estimated as approximately 300 000 to 700 000 t/a. It is calculated that between 10 and 23 kg/ha of nitrogen a year enters the soil via the air from these sources, the average of which is higher than the average "critical loads" for most natural habitats. However, there is still a shortage of satisfactory information on the extent of emissions, in particular on those from naturally ventilated animal houses. Ammonia has a direct effect on the trees in the area surrounding animal houses and is also transported long distances through the air causing eutrophication and acidification of water and soil. This frequently results in changes in plant ecology, hence reducing plant diversity.Reduction measures must begin with the housing and manure removal systems and with feeding and management. Factors such as the protein content of feeds, the pH value of slurry and feed additives, air temperature, air exchange rate and litter affect the extent of ammonia emissions from animal housing. Sustained reduction of emissions from outdoor stores is possible by using various coverings. The greatest research need is perceived to be in the area of feed practices which reduce nitrogen and the development of low emission housing and manure removal systems as well as in a detailed compilation of emission factors.As regards the environment, probably the most important carbon-containing gas is methane, which contributes to the "greenhouse effect". Emissions from animal husbandry in Germany are estimated at about 2Mt/a. This corresponds to 0·15% of the assumed global emission from all sources. There is still little knowledge about the quantities of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂0) released from agricultural animals. It is estimated that agriculture in Germany emits between 5 and 23 kt/a.It will take some time for reduction measures to be put into practice and the possibility of reducing livestock numbers should also be included in the discussion. Ammonia emissions from animal production represent a considerable loss in valuable fertilizer nitrogen. A reduction in emissions is therefore necessary not only for environmental protection but also to minimize economic loss.     

奶牛运动行为智能监测研究进展与技术趋势

奶牛运动行为蕴含着诸多健康信息。信息化、智能化技术的应用有助于养殖场及时掌握奶牛健康状况,提高养殖效率。本文主要针对奶牛运动行为智能监测技术的研究进展予以分析,首先对奶牛基本运动（躺卧、行走、站立）、发情、呼吸、反刍及跛行等行为的监测意义进行阐述,明确了奶牛行为监测的必要性;其次按照时间顺序分别从接触式监测方法和非接触式监测方法两方面综述了国内外相关研究现状,对相关研究的原理及成果进行详细介绍,并进行了分类总结;对奶牛行为监测产业发展现状进行了分析,介绍了国外主流牧场自动化设备供应商主营业务及代表产品;之后分别提出了当前接触式和非接触式奶牛运动行为监测方法的问题与挑战。最后,针对相关关键技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

畜牧机械生产企业及其对农民收入影响的分析

对我国畜牧机械生产企业按地区、省份的分布情况以及农民收入的情报发布进行了统计分析，旨在发现畜牧机械生产企业的分布规律厦其与当地农民收入的关系。华北、东北以厦西北等经济发达地区或欠发达地区，畜牧机械生产企业多数围绕于省会等中心城市而发展，说明中心城市对这一行业的主导作用；华东以及东南沿海的经济发达地区，较多的畜牧机械企业围绕中小城市分布，表明了当地经济发展与畜牧机械生产的紧密相关性。无论中心城市分布型或中小城市分布型，畜牧机械企业的存在对当地农民收入的影响呈现正相关关系。发展畜牧机械生产企业，是实现农民增收、农业增效和可持续发展目标的重要步骤。