台湾甘蔗育种策略

引言　　 1 91 3年 ,台湾从印尼爪哇东部引进一个甘蔗杂交花穗 ,由这些种子成功地培植出2 30株甘蔗实生苗 ,从此 ,甘蔗育种工作正式开始 ,到目前为止 ,一共选育出栽培品种 2 0 4个 ,其中 F系列品种 1 78个 ,新台糖系列品种 2 6个。日占时期的 1 92 0～ 1 944年间 ,台湾选育了 F     

台湾甘蔗选育种的发展及启示

1913年，台湾从印尼爪哇东部引进一个甘蔗杂交花穗，由这些种子成功地培植出230株甘蔗实生苗，从此，台湾甘蔗育种工作正式开始，经过近百年几代甘蔗育种者的不懈努力，到目前为止，一共选育出甘蔗栽培品种206个，其中F系列品种178个，新台糖系列品种28个。其中日据时期的1920～1944年间，台湾选育了F系列品种1-134；1945年台湾回归中国后，实施了一套深入细致的甘蔗育种方案，一共选育了72个甘蔗品种，其中1956～1977年间选育F135-178，1979～2004年间选育了新台糖1-28号。其中很多选育出的甘蔗良种大都具有高产高糖、早熟、抗病性强等特点，如F108、F134、F160、F164、新台糖1号、5号、9号、10号、15号、16号等，这些品种一经推广，就马上都成为台湾省各个时代各蔗区的当家品种，深受广大台湾蔗农的喜爱。台湾育种者选育出来的甘蔗品种不仅在台湾受到蔗农的欢迎，同时也受到大陆甘蔗科研机构、农业推广部门和广大蔗农的青睐。1945年台湾光复后，大陆与台湾蔗糖业交流与合作开始起步，1946年，福建协和大学农艺系从台湾引进一批台湾育成的优良品种，其中F134成为福建第一代甘蔗主栽品种，同时，也成了国内许多的杂交亲本最重要的材料，为整个大陆蔗糖业发展做出贡献。改革开放以后，大陆许多甘蔗科研机构和农业推广部门先后从台湾引进具有高产高糖、宿根性强、农艺性状好等特1生的新台糖系列的甘蔗品种，如新台糖1号、新台糖10号、新台糖16号、新台糖25号等，经过各地的引种、试种、区试，很多新台糖系列品种都表现出较好的农艺性状，深受广大蔗农的喜爱。其中新台糖10、16号已成为许多甘蔗生产大省的当家品种，新台糖1号也成为海南省的当家品种。随着两岸科技交流的进一步加强，台湾甘蔗良种将起到不可估量的作用。     

台湾甘蔗育种程序中的分区选种

１９７１年在台湾,甘蔗生长区域根据气候和土壤类型有规则地被分成９个区,从那时台湾糖业研究所开始了甘蔗育种的分区选种项目（简称ＲＳＰ）。在１９７１－１９９０年,每个区域都有一个选育站用来选育当地最适宜的高产、稳产品种来消除基因与环境的互作效应。在过去的２８年,分区造种被证明在甘蔗育种中很有效的方法,因为从１９８６年,有２２个甘蔗品种从分区选种中培育出来,并在台湾蔗糖业中起了一个很重要的作用。然而,那     

台湾甘蔗育种中的区域选择

根据台湾蔗区气候、土壤类型台湾糖业研究所于１９７１年将台湾蔗区分为九个区,并从此在甘蔗育种课题中开展区域选择计划（ＲＳＰ）。１９７１～１９９０年,为了减小基因型与环境互作效应的影响,每个区都建有一个甘蔗选育站来选育最适合当地的稳产品种。过去２８年多的实效应的影响,每个都建有一个甘蔗选育站来选育最适合当地的稳产品种。过去２８年多的实践证明甘蔗区域选择计划对甘蔗育种是行之有效的。因为从１９８６年起推广     

中国甘蔗辐射诱变育种研究概述

本文对中国近50多年来在甘蔗辐射诱变方面所作的研究及取得的成果进行了概述,并对甘蔗辐射诱变育种提出了展望。     

灰色系统理论在甘蔗杂交育种上的应用

应用灰色系统理论分析和性状综合表现位次和,对我所2007年配置的7个甘蔗有性杂交组合的杂种F1群体的5个主要经济性状进行分析对比,结果表明,灰色系统理论与性状综合表现分析的结果基本一致,ROC1×赣14（X2）、ROC1×lcp85—384＋Hocp92-648（X4）组合群体综合性状良好,高产高糖,具有较大的选择潜力,可重点配置使用。Hoep94-846×崖96-4＋崖96-24（X5）、CP85-1491X崖98-2＋崖98—11（X6）2个组合田间锤度较高,产量表现一般,可从中选出部分高糖品系,适当配置。CP57-614×粤83—257（X7）、CP80—1827×ROC1（X3）、ROC10×CP57-614（X1）等3个组合综合性状较差,应少配置使用或不用。     

甘蔗优异种质资源及其在育种上的利用研究

搜集并保育了500 份甘蔗种质资源。对甘蔗野生种的割手密、中国种竹蔗、热带种与地方果蔗和栽培品种进行研究评价, 从中筛选出一批优异的种质资源供创新利用。每年有优异种质60～80个供作亲本,在亚热带地区通过光周期诱导开花,使有性杂交获得成功。尤其是成功地诱导果蔗和竹蔗的开花和延迟野生蔗开花并进行远缘杂交,创造了新血缘的甘蔗新种质, 培育出特高糖的闽糖91/221、高生物产量的闽蔗92/117、综合性状优异的闽糖92/225 及一些优良的育种中间材料。     

甘蔗育种、引种新理念的探讨

在科技生产力和甘蔗糖业大发展时期，对甘蔗育种目标、引种方向、良种理念已作了新探讨；在育种、引种方向上提出了“高、大、硬、强、脱”新的理念。     

浅论主体亲本Co419对云南甘蔗育种的贡献

本文对云南40年来甘蔗杂交育种材料进行了综合分析，结果表明，Co419为云南甘蔗育种的主体亲本，不但应用多，且效益高。Co419及其衍生种作为亲本利用329次，组配组合128个，分别占总量的37.4%和23.8%，培育品种却多达11个，占16个云蔗系列品种的68.7%。     

人工诱导甘蔗开花杂交选育的5个闽糖新品系初报

为改进福建省主栽甘蔗品种闽糖70-611、新台糖10号和闽糖86-05在农艺性状上的1～2个缺点,应用光周期室和杂交温室设施,人工诱导开花,并有目的地配置一定的杂交组合,经有性杂交和通过杂种圃、选种圃、预备品种比较圃等育种程序,初步选育出在蔗茎产量或锤度或两者均超过原主栽品种的5个闽糖优良新品系,为这些栽培品种的改良打下良好的基础。     

Ethanol fermentation from sugarcane at different maturities

Experiments were done employing cane particles obtained from sugarcane at different growth stages until maturation in order to estimate the sugarcane growth stage where production of ethanol and carbohydrate consumption were optimized. The non-flowering cane variety NA56 was cultivated and samples taken at different time intervals for two consecutive years. Two Saccharomyces cerevisae strains were selected from four strains initially compared. Sucrose was poorly consumed in young cane which was an unexpected result. Fructose on the other hand was the hexose that remained in the medium at the end of fermentations especially when using mature sugarcane. There was an increasing trend in ethanol production as a function of DAP (days after planting) as expected, however a plateau was reached after 225 DAP and the maximum value obtained was between 300 and 325 DAP. The NA56 cane variety is usually harvested around 350 DAP for commercial sugar production. Hence a difference of approximately 25 days less in the field might be needed for maximum ethanol production. On the other hand, it was clear from the data that cane harvesting for ethanol production should not be done after the recommended DAP for commercial sugar production. If this is done, the excess fructose present will not be completely utilized by yeast. Finally it was found that yeasts showing more affinity to sugarcane fibers showed better ethanol yields in all the DAP interval.     

甘蔗根际土壤产木聚糖酶菌株的筛选及鉴定

以木聚糖为唯一碳源,从甘蔗根际土壤中筛选木聚糖酶产量较高的菌株。根据筛选培养基上水解圈的大小和摇瓶培养后木聚糖酶的酶活力筛选到产酶量高的菌株Xw2,其水解圈与菌落的直径比为2.3及初筛酶活力达113.8205 IU.mL-1。并利用形态学及基于核糖体DNA ITS序列构建进化树分析鉴定Xw2菌株为一株木霉。     

The role of physiological understanding in plant breeding; from a breeding perspective

The role of physiological understanding in improving the efficiency of breeding programs is examined largely from the perspective of conventional breeding programs. Impact of physiological research to date on breeding programs, and the nature of that research, was assessed from (i) responses to a questionnaire distributed to plant breeders and physiologists, and (ii) a survey of literature abstracts. Ways to better utilise physiological understanding for improving breeding programs are suggested, together with possible constraints to delivering beneficial outcomes. Responses from the questionnaire indicated a general view that the contribution by crop physiology to date has been modest. However, most of those surveyed expected the contribution to be larger in the next 20 years. Some constraints to progress perceived by breeders and physiologists were highlighted. The survey of literature abstracts indicated that from a plant breeding perspective, much physiological research is not progressing further than making suggestions about possible approaches to selection. There was limited evidence in the literature of objective comparison of such suggestions with existing methodology, or of development and application of these within active breeding programs. It is argued in this paper that the development of outputs from physiological research for breeding requires a good understanding of the breeding program(s) being serviced and factors affecting its performance. Simple quantitative genetic models, or at least the ideas they represent, should be considered in conducting physiological research and in envisaging and evaluating outputs. The key steps of a generalised breeding program are outlined, and the potential pathways for physiological understanding to impact on these steps are discussed. Impact on breeding programs may arise through (i) better choice of environments in which to conduct selection trials, (ii) identification of selection criteria and traits for focused introgression programs, and (iii) identifying traits for indirect selection criteria as an adjunct to criteria already used. While many breeders and physiologists apparently recognise that physiological understanding may have a major role in the first area, there appears to be relatively little research activity targeting this issue, and a corresponding bias, arguably unjustified, toward examining traits for indirect selection. Furthermore, research on traits aimed at crop improvement is often deficient because key genetic parameters, such as genetic variation in relevant breeding populations and genetic (as opposed to phenotypic) correlations with yield or other characters of economic importance, are not properly considered in the research. Some areas requiring special attention for successfully interfacing physiology research with breeding are discussed. These include (i) the need to work with relevant genetic populations, (ii) close integration of the physiological research with an active breeding program, and (iii) the dangers of a pre-defined or narrow focus in the physiological research.     

甘蔗叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

蔗糖磷酸合成酶（sucrose phosphate synthase, SPS）是高等植物体内控制蔗糖合成的关键酶之一。根据已报道的甘蔗蔗糖磷酸合成酶基因SoSPE2（GenBank登录号：AB001338.1）序列，采用RT-PCR方法从甘蔗（Saccharum officinarum FN95-1702）叶片中克隆获得SPS基因的eDNA片段。测序结果表明，该eDNA长3013 bp，其中第59-2953位是该基因的开放阅读框（ORF），编码964个氨基酸。与GenBank上已公布的序列比对分析表明，二者序列相似性达99.07％，氨基酸序列相似性达98.86％。