双钩巢粉虱在我国的适生区预测

双钩巢粉虱是一种外来入侵害虫,已在我国海南、香港等省区造成危害。利用CLIMEX软件对双钩巢粉虱在我国的适生区进行预测,结果表明该虫在我国的适生区分布于海南、台湾、广东、广西、福建、云南、贵州、湖南、江西、四川、重庆、湖北、浙江及西藏等省区;适生面积约为173.6万km~2,占国土面积的18.1%,其中高度适生区面积72.9万km~2;中度适生区面积36.6万km~2;低度适生区面积64.1万km~2。各潜在适生区应加强检疫防控措施,防止该虫进一步扩散。     

新菠萝灰粉蚧在中国目前及未来的潜在地理分布研究

新菠萝灰粉蚧(Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)),属同翅目(Homoptera)粉蚧科(Pseudococci-dae),被列为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物。该虫主要分布在美洲地区,特别是墨西哥到巴西之间,另外欧洲、非洲和亚洲也有少量分布。新菠萝灰粉蚧于1998年在我国首次发现,随后在广东省的部分地区大量暴发,造成严重经济损失。本研究利用CLIMEX 3.0与ArcGIS 9.3结合的方法研究该虫在我国目前以及未来的潜在地理分布。研究结果发现当前气候条件下,新菠萝灰粉蚧在我国的适生范围主要分布在18.3°N～27.3°N,包括海南、广东、广西、云南、贵州、台湾、香港、澳门、福建、湖南、江西、四川、重庆、浙江、西藏等省市,适生区面积占全国总面积的13.03%。其中整个海南、广东和广西的大部分地区、云南南部、福建东南部和台湾西南部高度适生。基于我国未来气候变化的预测结果显示,2020年,适生区向北扩展,面积将增加至全国总面积的18.97%;到2050年,适生区北界将向北移至32.8°N,上海、江苏和安徽南部均将成为适生区。鉴于新菠萝灰粉蚧在我国的潜在地理分布研究结果,应进一步加强针对该虫的检疫、根除措施,完善疫情监测体系,预防其新的进入和扩散。     

基于DYMEX和DIVA-GIS的昆士兰果实蝇潜在地理分布预测

利用DYMEX软件的地点比较和DIVA-GIS软件的BIOCLIM两种模型,分析昆士兰果实蝇Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt)在中国及全球的潜在地理分布.结果表明,两种模型均能预测出我国33.3～18.2°N、95.8～122.1°E范围内的地区为昆士兰果实蝇的潜在地理分布区,其中,海南、云南、广西、广东、福建、贵州和江西南部、四川东部、重庆西部及台湾部分地区为高度适生区;全球昆士兰果实蝇的潜在分布区主要包括澳大利亚、南亚、南美洲、北美洲南部沿海地区、地中海沿岸部分地区以及非洲中南部地区.     

外来入侵植物飞机草在中国的适生区预测

飞机草是我国首批外来入侵物种之一。通过阈值依赖和非阈值依赖对MAXENT和Desktop GARP的预测结果进行比较,MAXENT预测结果较好,因此采用MAXENT对飞机草进行适生区预测,结果显示,飞机草在中国的适生区主要集中于南方的海南、台湾、云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建等省,其中云南北部、贵州西南部、广西中东部、广东北部及东部、福建南部将是开展飞机草监测及预警工作的重点区域。     

短颈剑线虫在中国的潜在地理分布预测及入侵风险评估

短颈剑线虫是近3年广州口岸从进境种苗中截获频次最高的检疫性线虫,它不仅直接危害植物根系,还传播番茄环斑病毒造成更大危害。为明确短颈剑线虫在中国的潜在地理分布及入侵风险,本文采用生态位最大熵模型(MaxEnt)预测其潜在地理分布,用ArcGIS优化结果,并采用多指标综合评判法量化分析其入侵风险。结果表明,短颈剑线虫在中国的适生范围广,适生总面积约为383.9万km²,约占中国陆地面积的39.9%。其中,高度适生区面积约95.4万km²,占全国陆地面积的9.9%,在长江以南的地区集中成片,主要包括广东、广西、贵州、云南中部和东部、四川盆地、海南、台湾、西藏东南、江西南部、浙江南部、湖南南部和西部等地区。按照有害生物多指标综合评判法,对15项评估指标进行赋值,计算短颈剑线虫的入侵风险综合评价值R为2.07,属高度危险,检疫部门应加强检疫,严防其传入。     

基于MaxEnt的截获秀粉蚧潜在地理分布预测

截获秀粉蚧(Paracoccus interceptus Lit)是一种重要的水果及林木害虫,在东南亚地区广泛分布,我国尚无分布报道。本研究以截获秀粉蚧的分布数据为基础,利用Max Ent生态位模型和Arc GIS对其在世界、中国的潜在地理分布进行预测。结果表明,截获秀粉蚧的适生区域主要位于南北半球0~30°之间的热带和亚热带地区,其高度适生区主要集中分布在南美洲北部及中部、亚洲南部、非洲中部等地区。截获秀粉蚧在中国的适生区域主要分布在长江流域以南地区,高度适生区集中分布在广东、广西、海南、云南、福建、台湾、江西等地,与我国热带水果的主要种植区域相吻合。各口岸应加强对东盟进口水果、苗木的检验检疫,有效防止该类害虫的入侵。     

马铃薯木虱在中国的潜在地理分布及其入侵风险评估

马铃薯木虱是原产于北美的重要害虫,近年研究表明该虫能传播马铃薯毁灭性病害———马铃薯斑纹片病其病原菌为(Candidatus Liberibacter solancearum,简称Lso),因而受到更多国家和地区的特别关注。迄今为止,该虫及其所传病害在我国尚未有分布,均是我国关注的具有重要检疫意义的有害生物。2017年,我国广州、上海口岸首次从进境货物中截获Lso。目前,我国口岸尚未截获马铃薯木虱,但是鉴于其本身和所传带病害的重大危害性,有必要明确马铃薯木虱在我国的潜在地理分布和传入风险。本文采用生物学动态仿真模型结合地理信息系统的方法,分析其在我国的适生范围和适生程度,同时对该虫传入我国的风险进行定量评估,确定其入侵风险等级,为有害生物检疫和国门把关决策提供科学依据。研究结果表明马铃薯木虱在我国有很广阔的适生范围,中、高度适生区所占的面积大。其中高度适生范围有云南、广西、广东、海南、台湾、福建、江西、湖南、贵州、重庆、湖北、安徽、浙江、上海、江苏、河南、山东以及四川东南部、甘肃南部、陕西南部、山西南部、河北南部和东部、辽宁南部等地区,其入侵风险R值达到2.37,属高度危险等级。建议将马铃薯木虱列入我国禁止进境的植物检疫有害生物名录,口岸监管部门应严格检疫。     

广西兴安地区褐飞虱发生动态及迁飞轨迹分析

为明确广西兴安地区单双季稻混作模式下褐飞虱发生规律,采用灯光诱捕和田间系统调查的方法研究了该地区早、中、晚稻田褐飞虱发生动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT 4.8对2011年褐飞虱迁飞高峰进行了迁飞轨迹分析。广西兴安地区褐飞虱种群数量随季节变化明显,年发生6代,迁飞活动主要集中在7月上旬至9月上旬。褐飞虱发生高峰期与单季中稻生长期吻合,在单季中稻田的发生量最大。2011年广西兴安褐飞虱5—6月迁入虫源主要来自海南稻区以及泰国、越南和老挝中部稻区;7—8月迁入虫源来自广西南部、东南部和广东西部稻区;回迁虫源来自湖南西南部和江西西部;10月从本地迁出的虫群主要迁向广西中部和贵州南部。研究表明,偏南方向的低空急流为褐飞虱的大规模迁入提供了运载气流,降雨是迫使稻飞虱降落的主要原因。     

潜在外来入侵甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生阵风险分析

本文应用MAXENT与GARP两种生态位模型对甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性进行了风险分析和预测。结果表明甜菜孢囊线虫可在中国17个省市生存,适生范围为26°N～48°N,77．6°E～136°E。甜菜孢囊线虫入侵的高风险区：内蒙古南部、新疆西部、河北中南部、山西东北部、宁夏、甘肃北部;中风险区：北京、天津、陕西、山西大部、内蒙古西部和东南部、吉林西部、新疆北部;低风险区：河南、陕西南部、山东、内蒙古中东部、新疆中部、辽宁、吉林大部、黑龙江南部、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西、浙江北部;而青海、新疆南部、西藏、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、海南、内蒙古少数地区和黑龙江部分地区属于基本不发生区。我国内蒙古、新疆、辽宁等省市甜菜种植区均适合甜菜孢囊线虫发生,对上述地区的进出口岸应加强甜菜孢囊线虫的检疫工作。     

香蕉细菌性枯萎病菌在中国的潜在适生区域

青枯菌2号小种引起的香蕉细菌性枯萎病(moko disease)是香蕉生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一.为指导香蕉细菌性枯萎病的预防控制和制定相关的检疫政策,该研究根据EPPO公布的香蕉细菌性枯萎病在全球范围内的分布资料,分别采用GARP和MAXENT两种预测模型对其在中国的潜在适生区域进行分析预测.结果显示,GARP和MAXENT的预测结果基本一致,均表明香蕉细菌性枯萎病菌在中国的潜在适生区域集中分布于东南部的云南、广西、广东、海南、福建、台湾、江西、湖南、贵州、四川、重庆、浙江、湖北等13个省(市、自治区),其中高风险适生区域包括广东、广西、台湾、海南、福建和云南省.     

Assessment of Cyfluthrin commercial formulation on growth, photosynthesis and catalase activity of green algae

Aquatic environments of the pampasic region of Argentina are severely affected by agricultural contamination due to an increase in a glyphosate tolerant transgenic variety of soybean crops. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of a commonly used Cyfluthrin commercial formulation (CCF) on growth, some physiological and biochemical parameter of four species of green algae. Significant inhibition of algal growth was observed from 0.1 mg Cyf/l. 96 h IC₅₀ were between 0.92 and 4.85 mg Cyf/l. CCF caused algicidal effects. Photosynthesis was stimulated by 50% in Scenedesmus quadricauda cultures exposed to the lowest concentration (hormesis). Algal photosynthesis inhibition was observed at higher concentrations with IC₅₀ values between 1.7 and 8.9 mg Cyf/l. Similar toxicity endpoints were found as a consequence of applying the traditional methodology of short-term chronic toxicity test of 96 h of exposition and the methodology developed using the Clark type photosynthetic oxygen evolution method. CAT activity was significantly increased between 23% and 33% considering the four species, at a lower concentration than those affecting algal growth and photosynthesis, indicating a potential biomarker. Taking into account that the extent of the soybean crops in the region is about fourteen million hectares, the improvement and extension of environmental tools for early detection of the action of pesticides on this essential group of organisms are discussed.     

Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a phi-type glutathione S-transferase from Oryza sativa

The structural gene for glutathione S-transferase in Oryza sativa was successfully cloned from a cDNA library by the polymerase chain reaction method. The deduced amino acid sequence of this gene showed 44-66% similarity to the sequences of the class phi GSTs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli with the pET vector system and the gene product was purified to homogeneity by GSH-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. The expressed OsGSTF3-3 was a homo-dimer composed of 24 kDa subunit and its pI value was approximately 7.3. The OsGSTF3-3 was retained on GSH affinity column and its K_m value for GSH was 0.28 mM. The OsGSTF3-3 displayed high activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a general GST substrate and also had high activities towards acetanilide herbicides, alachlor, and metolachlor. The OsGSTF3-3 was highly sensitive to inhibition by benastatin A and S-hexyl-GSH. From these results, the expressed OsGSTF3-3 is a phi class GST and seems to play an important role in the conjugation of the chloroacetanilide herbicides.     

燕麦孢囊线虫对山东地区小麦产量的影响

为评估燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae发生对小麦产量损失的影响,采用室内盆栽和田间试验相结合的方法,测定了燕麦孢囊线虫不同初始接种密度下对山东省小麦主栽品种的为害损失。结果表明：盆栽条件下,燕麦孢囊线虫为害小麦,影响小麦农艺性状,每克土壤中初始接种卵量为5~30个时,小麦叶绿素含量、根干重、茎干重、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、千粒重、穗重与未接种线虫处理的小麦相比分别降低了10.89%~34.46%、30.65%~73.95%、13.93%~58.68%、30.48%~53.33%、3.97%~36.93%、-3.73%~1.28%、-0.72%~35.08%;而在田间肥水充足条件下,燕麦孢囊线虫对小麦的各项产量指标无显著影响;繁殖系数与线虫初始密度呈负相关。试验表明,燕麦孢囊线虫发生对小麦产量存在潜在威胁,在制定防治措施时,应充分考虑水肥条件,重视对中低产田的影响。     

麦红吸浆虫成虫和幼虫滞育过程中蜕皮激素的定量分析

为明确麦红吸浆虫成虫和幼虫滞育过程中体内蜕皮激素的变化规律,采用放射免疫分析法测定了麦红吸浆虫成虫和幼虫滞育过程中的蜕皮激素滴度.结果表明,同一天羽化的成虫,雌虫蜕皮激素滴度为7.43pg/头,显著高于雄虫;滞育前后及滞育期幼虫蜕皮激素滴度存在显著差异,滞育前为5.22pg/头,进入滞育后显著降低;滞育期间,冬季蜕皮激素滴度为6.64～7.10pg/头,显著高于其它季节;滞育解除后蜕皮激素滴度显著降低,之后随着幼虫的生长发育逐渐升高,至化蛹前约1周达到最高,为15.22 pg/头.滞育期间同期裸露幼虫与结茧幼虫,以及不同滞育年限幼虫的蜕皮激素滴度差异均不显著.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

淡色生赤壳菌Bo-1菌株拮抗物质的分离纯化、解析及活性分析

从浙江省金华市郊水稻内生菌中筛选到1株拮抗水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo） P6生理小种的淡色生赤壳菌Bionectria ochroleuca Bo-1菌株。该菌株的菌体和发酵液对Xoo P6生理小种均表现出较强的拮抗能力。以P6生理小种作为指示菌进行活性跟踪,通过分步萃取、硅胶柱层析、高效液相色谱等,分离纯化获得拮抗活性物质结晶;对所获得的结晶物进行核磁共振氢谱分析和质谱分析,通过解析与比对,该物质分子量为344.0835,分子式为C₁₈H₁₆O₇,鉴定为松萝酸（usnic acid）。将纯化的松萝酸以20%叶枯唑（bismerthiazol）和3%中生菌素（zhongshengmycin）为对照,采用96孔板法测定对Xoo P6生理小种的抑菌活性,最低抑制浓度为200 μg/mL,表明松萝酸具有较强的抑菌活性,但较中生菌素弱,与20%叶枯唑效果相近。     

甘蔗宿根矮化病菌巢式PCR检测

为了探索甘蔗宿根矮化病快速检测技术,以细菌16S-23S rDNA内转录间隔区(ITS)通用引物ITS1/ITS2为第1轮引物,以甘蔗宿根矮化病菌特异引物Lxx1/Lxx2为第2轮引物,建立甘蔗宿根矮化病菌巢式PCR检测技术。巢式PCR能扩增出438 bp的目的条带,其核苷酸序列与巴西、澳大利亚及美国甘蔗宿根矮化病菌分离物核苷酸序列同源率为100%或99.8%;其检测灵敏度为10fg甘蔗宿根矮化病菌基因组DNA,较常规PCR提高100倍;样品检测结果也表明巢式PCR检测灵敏度明显优于常规PCR,可用于+1片嫩叶和心叶等微量病菌样品的检测。     

椰心叶甲人工饲料的研制及应用效果评价

为了获得入侵害虫椰心叶甲Brontispa longissima(Gestro)的人工饲料,在分析其天然寄主叶片水分和营养成分基础上,借鉴其它鞘翅目昆虫人工饲料配方,进行椰心叶甲人工饲料的配制和筛选,并评价人工饲料饲养的椰心叶甲对其寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂Asecodes hispinarum和椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae的适合性。人工饲料配方的成分:蔗糖4%、椰子粉2%、大豆粉2%、椰树叶粉10%、酵母2%、维生素E 0.3%、抗坏血酸0.2%、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯0.2%、琼脂4%、链霉素0.03%和水75%。用所配制的人工饲料饲养椰心叶甲初孵幼虫,其蛹成活率可达36%,蛹羽化率与对照无显著差异,均在90%以上;雌成虫占52.4%,与对照无显著差异。表明人工饲料饲养所得的椰心叶甲可用于其幼虫寄生蜂椰甲截脉姬小蜂和蛹寄生蜂椰心叶甲啮小蜂的扩繁。     

The effect of lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on oogenesis of Rhodnius prolixus

The effects of lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on oogenesis of Rhodnius prolixus were evaluated. Lufenuron-treated females lay eggs that are pink, but change color with time, acquiring a gray color. The eggs are abnormal in shape and become dehydrated. The percentage of eggs that hatch is decreased compared with the eggs from non-treated females. Digestion of ovaries with KOH yielded an insoluble white material, which was identified as chitin based on infrared and proton NMR spectral analyses along with standard commercial chitin. Glucosamine was detected by HPLC as the major product of acid hydrolysis of the KOH-insoluble material prepared from the ovary. Furthermore, presence of chitin in ovary was confirmed through fluorescent microscopy technique using a wheat germ agglutinin probe and by re-treatment with Streptomyces griseus chitinase that resulted in reduction of chitin-derived fluorescence. Micrographs of ovaries, from animals treated with lufenuron, showed some space between the follicular epithelium and the oocyte membrane. The in vivo incorporation of radioactive N-acetylglucosamine into chitin was inhibited by the presence of lufenuron. These data suggest that chitin present in ovaries of R. prolixus is an important component of the eggs and is involved in oogenesis. Exposure to lufenuron reduces the size of oocytes, number of chorionated oocytes, and also the incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into chitin in the ovaries. In addition, lufenuron-induced oosorption, decreased the number of eggs laid, modified egg shape and color and reduced the viability of the eggs. Therefore, chitin or chitin-like component of ovaries may be considered as a new target for controlling R. prolixus populations.     

Insecticidal action of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) against the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae

The effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on development, fecundity, and mortality of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), were determined. Also determined were the effects of PHA on the activity of gut enzymes involved in sugar and phosphorus metabolism (α- and β-glucosidase and alkaline and acid phosphatase) and on the feeding behavior of adult apterae.When added to a liquid diet, PHA increased the pre-reproductive period, decreased fecundity, and increased mortality of S. avenae. PHA also increased the developmental time and reduced the intrinsic rate of natural increase. The aphids fed on sucrose-agarose gels with higher concentrations of PHA lectin exhibited no phloem-feeding behavior. The number of the gel penetrations was reduced and duration of the pathways was increased by higher concentrations of PHA. In addition, activities of α-glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase in homogenates of adult aphids were reduced. The results indicate that PHA has potential in a biotechnological approach to insect management.