精子介导法制备转基因鸡的研究

以LacZ基因为报告基因，构建载体质粒p-OV-β-Gal，转移到鸡早期胚胎内，对外源基因的整合及表达情况进行检测分析，为制备转基因鸡探索新的方法。采用脂质体介导法、精子介导法以及电激法相结合的方法将载体质粒p-OV-β-Gal转移到鸡早期胚胎内，进行转基因鸡研究，结果发现其外源基因整合阳性率为13.2%（7/53），表达阳性率为20.7%（11/53）。说明该方法可作为制备转基因鸡的有效方法。     

精子介导转基因技术的研究与应用

精子载体转基因技术(SMGT)自1989年创立以来即以其高效、低耗、操作简便等特点引起了众多科学家的广泛兴趣.综述了精子载体转基因的相关机理、常用方法和影响因素等方面的研究进展.     

精子介导的转基因技术研究进展

随着科学研究的不断深入及疾病治疗的需要,人们对转基因动物的需求量越来越大。但是目前转基因动物技术大多操作复杂、成本高、效率低,从而限制了转基因技术的广泛应用。利用精子作为载体来介导外源基因的导入,具有技术简单、操作方法简便、花费少,可在大多数动物中应用的优点,发展前景广阔。文章介绍了精子介导的转基因动物技术的原理、发展以及近年来的最新进展。     

家蚕精子介导转基因技术体系的优化

为了构建高效的家蚕转基因技术,对采用piggyBac转座载体的家蚕精子介导转基因的主要技术参数进行优化,结果表明外源DNA的稀释剂和注射方式对导入效率影响较大,G0代未整合的外源DNA在5龄期前基本被降解破坏。推荐的家蚕精子介导基因转移技术方案为:处女蛾交尾囊注射6～8μL以0.1×TE稀释的2 g/Lpig-gyBac转座子载体DNA后正常交配产卵,根据G0代5龄期及蛾期PCR检测标记基因为阳性的蛾区自交,G1代阳性个体自交以获得纯合后代。     

精子载体法在转基因家畜中的应用与前景

论文综述了精子载体法在家畜(猪、牛、羊)遗传育种、乳腺生物反应器和异种器官移植中的应用,并对其今后发展方向进行了展望.     

猪精子结合和内化外源基因的影响因素研究

精子介导基因转移(SMGT)是目前转基因动物研究中简单而高效的方法之一,其中精子结合和内化外源基因的效率是精子介导转基因成功的关键.本试验以DIG标记的线性化EGFP作为示踪基因来检测猪精子结合和内化外源基因的影响因素,结果表明:猪精子能够自发结合外源基因,结合部位主要在精子顶体后区.精子结合外源DNA的阳性率随共孵育时间延长而增加,在37℃或39℃时孵育60 min后,阳性率不再增加;在17℃时孵育90min后,阳性率不再增加.在检查的15只公猪样本中,精子与外源DNA的结合率为6.57%～35.81%,内化率为2.99%～24.66%,个体间差异显著(P<0.01).精浆能够强烈抑制外源基因的结合和内化,脂质体及DMSO能够显著提高转染效率.死精子能够结合外源基因,但不能将其内化;反复冻融导致质膜破裂的精子对外源基因有更高的结合率,且不受个体影响.     

精原干细胞介导法制备转基因羊的研究进展

精原干细胞介导法制备转基因动物是用试验导入的方法将外源基因移入动物细胞并整合到其基因组中,伴随着精原干细胞分化成精子,通过受精最终使外源基因得以表达。近年来,随着对精原干细胞研究的不断深入,人们发现其在建立转基因动物方面具有巨大的应用潜力和优势。作者从精原干细胞的生物学特性及携带外源基因的原理等方面阐述了其应用于转基因动物制备的理论机制,同时介绍了精原干细胞介导法在制备转基因动物方面,特别是转基因羊生产中的应用现状。     

精子载体法转基因技术研究进展

精子载体法是以精子作为外源基因的载体,在受精过程中将外源基因导入动物胚胎,从而使外源基因进入子代的基因组中。作者就精子结合外源基因的机制,精子与外源基因结合的方法、影响精子转染外源基因和生产转基因动物的精子因素进行简要介绍,并对发展起来的输精管内注射转染法、曲细精管微注射法和睾丸直接注射法等精子载体转基因新途径进行综述。     

精子载体转基因法研究进展

精子载体转基因法是以动物精子为载体，并通过显微注射等途径而完成转基因的一种方法。本文就近年来该领域的研究现状、存在的问题等进行了综述，并对其前景做一展望。     

Liposome-mediated uptake of exogenous DNA by equine spermatozoa and applications in sperm-mediated gene transfer

REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Sperm-mediated gene transfer has been reported as a method for production of transgenic animals in a variety of species, and this technique represents a possible method for production of transgenic equids. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the uptake of exogenous DNA (enhanced green fluorescent protein; pEGFP) by equine spermatozoa and to assess the ability of transfected spermatozoa to introduce this transgene into early equine embryos. METHODS: To evaluate incorporation of pEGFP into equine spermatozoa, washed spermatozoa were incubated with 32P-pEGFP, with or without lipofection. Spermatozoa were also transfected with fluorescently-labelled DNA (Alexa647-pEGFP) and changes in sperm viability and DNA uptake were assessed. Mares were inseminated with pEGFP-transfected spermatozoa and embryos recovered. Expression of pEGFP was assessed by epifluorescence microscopy of embryos, and the presence of pEGFP DNA and mRNA was assessed by PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS: Liposome-mediated transfection increased the incorporation of 32P-pEGFP into spermatozoa compared to controls. Flow cytometric evaluation of spermatozoa after transfection with Alexa647-pEGFP revealed a linear increase in the proportion of live, Alexa647+ spermatozoa with increasing DNA concentrations. After insemination with transfected spermatozoa, 8 embryos were recovered. There was no evidence of EGFP expression in the recovered embryos; however, PCR analysis revealed evidence of the pEGFP transgene in 2 of 5 embryos analysed. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of exogenous DNA by equine spermatozoa was enhanced by liposome-mediated transfection and this did not adversely affect sperm viability, acrosomal integrity or fertility. Although the EGFP transgene was detected in a proportion of Day 7-10 embryos, there was no evidence of expression of EGFP in these embryos. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Sperm-mediated gene transfer offers a potential technique for the generation of transgenic equids.     

纳米化聚酰胺-胺型树枝状聚合物对猪精子介导基因转移效率的影响

为优化猪精子介导的基因转移(SMGT)技术,提高转基因效率,本试验利用纳米化聚酰胺-胺型树枝状聚合物(PAMAM-D)为载体介导猪精子转染外源DNA,经原位杂交检测其阳性率,体外受精(IVF)分析外源基因的表达.结果显示,0.5 μg线状质粒DNA中加入PAMAM-D(质量比20∶1)阳性率最高(P＜0.05);孵育时间为90、120min时,阳性率显著高于30、60 min组(19.94％、18.57％与8.50％、13.87％;P＜0.05);以此条件处理精子,阳性率显著高于无载体和脂质体处理组(23.93％与7.25％0、13.25％;P＜0.05).各处理精子经IVF后,PAMAM-D组EGFP表达率显著高于其他2组(9.19％与4.81％、3.43％;P＜0.05),各组绿色荧光胚胎经基因组PCR分析均能检测到EGFP基因.结果表明,PAMAM-D可有效介导猪精子转染外源DNA,并通过体外受精将外源基因导入胚胎中.     

Efficiency of sperm-mediated gene transfer in the ovine by laparoscopic insemination, in vitro fertilization and ICSI

Transgenesis constitutes an important tool for pharmacological protein production and livestock improvement. We evaluated the potential of laparoscopic insemination (LI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) to produce egfp-expressing ovine embryos, using spermatozoa previously exposed to pCX-EGFP plasmid in two different sperm/DNA incubation treatments: "Long Incubation" (2 h at 17 C) and "Short Incubation" (5 min at 5 C). For LI, Merino sheep were superovulated and inseminated with treated fresh semen from Merino rams. The embryos were recovered by flushing the uterine horns. For IVF and ICSI, slaughterhouse oocytes were fertilized with DNA-treated frozen/thawed sperm. All recovered embryos were exposed to blue light (488 nm) to determine green fluorescent morulae and blastocysts rates. High cleavage and morulae/blastocysts rates accompanied the LI and IVF procedures, but no egfp-expressing embryos resulted. In contrast, regardless of the sperm/plasmid incubation treatment, egfp-expressing morulae and blastocysts were always obtained by ICSI, and the highest transgenesis rate (91.6%) was achieved with Short Incubation. In addition, following the incubation of labeled plasmid DNA, after Long or Short exposure treatments, with fresh or frozen/thawed spermatozoa, only non-motile fresh spermatozoa could maintain an attached plasmid after washing procedures. No amplification product could be detected following PCR treatment of LI embryos whose zonae pellucidae (ZP) had been removed. In order to establish conditions for transgenic ICSI in the ovine, we compared three different activation treatments, and over 60% of the obtained blastocysts expressed the transgene. For ICSI embryos, FISH analysis found possible signals compatible with integration events. In conclusion, our results show that in the ovine, under the conditions studied, ICSI is the only method capable of producing exogenous gene-expressing embryos using spermatozoa as vectors.     

Production of transgenic and non-transgenic clones in miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer

Miniature pigs have been recognized as valuable experimental animals in various fields such as medical and pharmaceutical research. However, the amount of information on somatic cell cloning in miniature pigs, as well as genetically modified miniature pigs, is much less than that available for common domestic pigs. The objective of the present study was to establish an efficient technique of cloning miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. A high pregnancy rate was achieved following transfer of parthenogenetic (3/3) and cloned (5/6) embryos using female miniature pigs in the early pregnancy period as recipients after estrus synchronization with prostaglandin F2 alpha analog and gonadotrophins. The production efficiency of the cloned miniature pigs using male and female fetal fibroblasts as nucleus donors was 0.9% (2/215 and 3/331, respectively). Cloned miniature pigs were also produced efficiently (7.8%, 5/64) by transferring reconstructed embryos into the uteri of common domestic pigs. When donor cells transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were used in nuclear transfer, the production efficiency of the reconstructed embryos and rate of blastocyst development were comparable to those obtained by non-transfected cells. When transfected cell-derived reconstructed embryos were transferred to three common domestic pig recipients, all became pregnant, and a total of ten transgenic cloned miniature pigs were obtained (piglet production efficiency: 2.7%, 10/365). Hence, we were able to establish a practical system for producing cloned and transgenic-cloned miniature pigs with a syngeneic background.     

Production of a transgenic pig expressing human albumin and enhanced green fluorescent protein

We introduced a fusion gene of human albumin and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into porcine oocytes using the sperm vector method, and produced a piglet that showed clear expression of GFP in the hooves and skin. PCR and Southern blotting analysis of genomic DNA extracted from the piglet's tissues, including the liver, showed that the tissues carried the transgene. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that both the human albumin and EGFP genes were expressed in the tissues. The fact that human albumin gene was integrated and expressed in the liver of the transgenic pig opened a way for us to achieve our goal, which was the use of transgenic pigs for the bioartificial liver support system.     

hiTAIL-PCR技术鉴定转基因猪整合位点的研究

采用高效热不对称交互式PCR(hiTAIL-PCR)的方法,取转基因克隆猪血液,提取基因组作为模板,扩增目的片段,将扩增获得的特异性产物,连接到PGEM-T载体上,送测序公司测序.测序结果与载体序列经比对后,获得侧翼序列.将获得的侧翼序列提交GenBank与猪的基因组数据库比对确定了在基因组上的位置.结果表明目标序列整合到猪的15号染色体的基因组克隆(nw_00188566P4)中.该方法可以有效、快捷的鉴定外源基因在基因组中的整合的具体位置,具有良好的应用前景.     

Production of pharmaceutical proteins by transgenic animals

Proteins started being used as pharmaceuticals in the 1920s with insulin extracted from pig pancreas. In the early 1980s, human insulin was prepared in recombinant bacteria and it is now used by all patients suffering from diabetes. Several other proteins and particularly human growth hormone are also prepared from bacteria. This success was limited by the fact that bacteria cannot synthesize complex proteins such as monoclonal antibodies or coagulation blood factors which must be matured by post-translational modifications to be active or stable in vivo. These modifications include mainly folding, cleavage, subunit association, gamma-carboxylation and glycosylation. They can be fully achieved only in mammalian cells which can be cultured in fermentors at an industrial scale or used in living animals. Several transgenic animal species can produce recombinant proteins but presently two systems started being implemented. The first is milk from farm transgenic mammals which has been studied for 20 years and which allowed a protein, human antithrombin III, to receive the agreement from EMEA (European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products) to be put on the market in 2006. The second system is chicken egg white which recently became more attractive after essential improvement of the methods used to generate transgenic birds. Two monoclonal antibodies and human interferon-beta 1a could be recovered from chicken egg white. A broad variety of recombinant proteins were produced experimentally by these systems and a few others. This includes monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, blood factors, hormones, growth factors, cytokines, enzymes, milk proteins, collagen, fibrinogen and others. Although these tools have not yet been optimized and are still being improved, a new era in the production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins was initiated in 1987 and became a reality in 2006. In the present review, the efficiency of the different animal systems to produce pharmaceutical proteins are described and compared to others including plants and micro-organisms.     

转基因猪的研究进展

转基因猪的研究是一项复杂的系统工程。本文简要介绍了基因转移的方法,并综述了转基因技术在猪的生产性能改良、抗病、非常规畜牧产品的生产及器官移植等方面的研究进展情况。