不同发育天数及囊胚类型对猪孤雌激活胚胎冷冻效果的研究

实验比较不同发育天数所得的早期囊胚和扩张囊胚的冷冻效果,以期找出冷冻前胚胎最佳发育时期及囊胚类型。以猪孤雌激活胚胎为材料,分别取培养到第5、6、7天所得的早期囊胚(EB)和扩张囊胚(B)进行玻璃化冷冻保存,解冻后对其复苏率和内细胞团数损伤进行观察和统计。结果表明:发育第5天所获早期囊胚和扩张囊胚复苏率(32.26%、44.78%)好于第6天(22.45%、35.09%)和第7天(8.33%、32.65%),各发育天数所获扩张囊胚复苏率差异不显著(P>0.05),发育至第5天和6天的早期囊胚复苏率显著高于第7天(P<0.05);在内细胞团损伤比例上,虽各组差异不显著(P>0.05),但第5天和第6天组损伤低于第7天组。结果提示,在孤雌激活后第5天选取扩张囊胚进行冷冻,解冻后所得冷冻效果好。     

不同离心液对猪孤雌激活胚胎的冷冻效果

以猪孤雌激活胚胎为材料,经体外成熟、电激活,选取电激活后3d(6⁸cell)胚胎分别放入0.28mol/L的蔗糖离心液或无蔗糖离心液中离心处理后,继续培养5d,取扩张囊胚进行玻璃化冷冻保存。结果显示,在囊胚形成率上,无蔗糖组(19.86%)略高于蔗糖组(18.83%),差异不显著(P>0.05);胚胎复苏率上两者差异不显著,但蔗糖组(43.33%)明显好于无蔗糖组(29.63%);在解冻后胚胎内细胞破损率上,无蔗糖组(20.18%)低于蔗糖组(29.13%),差异不显著(P>0.05)。因此,离心液中添加蔗糖,对后续囊胚形成无影响,在一定程度上提高了解冻囊胚复苏率,但没有降低内细胞的破损程度。     

不同离心液对猪孤雌激活胚胎的冷冻效果

以猪孤雌激活胚胎为材料,经体外成熟、电激活,选取电激活后3d（6--8cell）胚胎分别放入0．28mol／L的蔗糖离心液或无蔗糖离心液中离心处理后,继续培养5d,取扩张囊胚进行玻璃化冷冻保存。结果显示,在囊胚形成率上,无蔗糖组（19．86％）略高于蔗糖组（18．83％）,差异不显著（P〉0．05）;胚胎复苏率上两者差异不显著,但蔗糖组（43．33％）明显好于无蔗糖组（29．63％）;在解冻后胚胎内细胞破损率上,无蔗糖组（20．18％）低于蔗糖组（29．13％）,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。因此,离心液中添加蔗糖,对后续囊胚形成无影响,在一定程度上提高了解冻囊胚复苏率,但没有降低内细胞的破损程度。     

牛卵母细胞的孤雌激活研究

本文探讨了透明质酸酶(HYA)的浓度和作用时间对牛体外成熟卵母细胞脱卵丘的影响,不同强度电脉冲 乙醇 6-DMAP对牛体外成熟卵母细胞的孤雌激活作用以及和乙醇 6-DMAP激活的比较。对电融合脉冲强度、脉冲次数进行了优化。结果表明:卵母细胞成熟培养22h,用0.20%HYA作用10min或0.50%HYA作用5min效果较好。在激活电压1.6kV/cm、20μs/次、间隔1s,脉冲次数为1次的条件下的激活效果较好,在此条件下与乙醇 6-DMAP激活相比较,孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚率分别为19.6%和26.9%,差异不显著。     

影响牛卵母细胞孤雌激活胚胎发育的因素

卵母细胞体外成熟后孤雌激活发育是一个新兴的研究方向,影响牛卵母细胞孤雌激活发育因素很多,国内此方面的报道较少,文中就牛卵母细胞体外成熟后孤雌激活胚胎发育的影响因素进行总结。旨在为研究体外孤雌胚发育和孤雌胚胎的培养提供参考。     

山羊卵母细胞孤雌激活及孤雌胚的体外培养

为了比较不同的激活方法对卵母细胞孤雌激活的影响,以及培养液(CR1aa)中添加不同类型的血清对孤雌激活胚体外发育的影响。采用Eth 6-DMAP、A23187 6-DMAP和Ion 6-DMAP三种方法激活山羊卵母细胞,Eth 6-DMAP组孤雌激活胚的卵裂率和囊胚率(35.2%和4.8%)显著低于A23187 6-DMAP组(68.9%和24.1%)和Ion 6-DMAP组(88.1%和48.0%),表明以Ion 6-DMAP激活最为理想。在培养液(CR1aa)与颗粒细胞共同培养条件下,分别添加100 mL/L的发情牛血清(OCS)、胎牛血清(FBS)和新生牛血清(NCS)。添加OCS和FBS后,孤雌胚囊胚率分别为48.1%和45.0%,显著高于添加NCS组(26.0%)。表明OCS、FBS和NCS能有效的提高孤雌胚的体外发育能力,尤其是对提高孤雌胚的囊胚发育能力更佳。     

孤雌激活的研究进展

研究哺乳动物卵母细胞的激活及其以后的孤雌胚发育,有利于探索卵母细胞的生理反应,分析理化激活和精子激活的特征,对阐明哺乳动物卵激活、受精与发育机理等,均有十分重要的意义。许多物理和化学方法可以人工激活卵母细胞。笔者对近年来孤雌激活的研究进行了综述,为寻找一种最佳的人工激活方法,进一步提高核移植技术的成功率,提供技术参考。     

对牛卵母细胞孤雌激活条件优化的研究

本文探讨了HYA（透明质酸酶）的浓度和作用时间对牛体外成熟卵母细胞脱卵丘的影响,不同强度电脉冲＋乙醇＋6-DMAP对牛体外成熟卵母细胞的孤雌激活作用以及和乙醇＋6-DMAP激活的比较。对电融合脉冲强度和脉冲次数进行了优化。结果表明：卵母细胞成熟培养22h,用0．20％HYA作用10min或0．50％HYA作用5min效果较好。在激活电压1．6kV/cm、20μs／次、间隔1s,脉冲次数为1次的条件下的激活效果较好,在此条件下与乙醇＋6-DMAP激活相比较,孤雌激活胚胎的囊胚率分别为19．6％和26．9％,差异不显著。     

透明质酸酶对牛卵母细胞孤雌激活的研究

在37－39℃50mL/L CO2条件下，用含80mL/L发情牛血清及50mL/L犊牛血清的M199成熟培养液培养牛的A、B级卵丘－卵母细胞复合体（COCs)，18－22h后以无血清的TCM199培养液洗涤3次，用透明质酸酶消化吹打脱去卵丘细胞，以无血清的M199培养液洗涤3次，移回成熟培养液中培养。结果：卵细胞于成熟后第3d开始出现卵裂，第5d卵裂率达到37％，第9d囊胚率达5％－9％。表明透明质酸酶可以促使成熟的牛孤雌卵母细胞激活并发育至囊胚。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞孤雌激活的研究进展

本文对哺乳动物卵母细胞孤雌激活机制、激活方法及激活效果的影响因素等作了浅要的综述和总结。     

猪孤雌胚胎干细胞建系的研究

以猪孤雌激活囊胚为材料,囊胚透明带消化后采用全胚培养,培养液中添加不同培养成分或因子（如FGF2,LIF,2i等）,以及选择不同的初始培养液体积来筛选猪胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ES细胞）建系的优化培养体系。囊胚内细胞团形成的细胞集落采用胰酶消化传代。结果显示：透明带消化后,囊胚贴壁率显著升高（19．4％VS．8．8％）（P〈0．05）;初始培养液体积比平常培养液体积（0．30mL／孔,24孔培养板）减半条件下,能显著提高其贴壁率（91．7％VS 20．0％）（P〈0．01）,而且获得了可传至7代的类ES细胞系2株,碱性磷酸酶染色成阳性;当用2i因子（CHIR99021和PD03025901）去替代培养液中的FGF2,囊胚贴壁率（29．400VS53．3％）和原代集落形成率（20．0％VS 87．5％）反而显著下降（P〈0．01）。这表明培养液添加了FGF2和LIF（不舍2i因子）,用24孔板培养,最初培养体积为0．15mL,透明带消化的培养体系比较适合猪孤雌激活胚的ES细胞建系。     

Heat shock decreases the embryonic quality of frozen-thawed bovine blastocysts produced in vitro

In this study, the effect of heat shock on frozen-thawed blastocysts was evaluated using in vitro-produced (IVP) bovine embryos. In experiment 1, the effects of 6 h of heat shock at 41.0 C on fresh blastocysts were evaluated. HSPA1A expression as a reflection of stress was increased by heat shock (P < 0.05), but the expressions of the quality markers IFNT and POU5F1 were not affected. In experiment 2, frozen-thawed blastocysts were incubated at 38.5 C for 6 h (cryo-con) or exposed to heat shock at 41.0 C for 6 h (cryo-HS). Then, blastocysts were cultured at 38.5 C until 48 h after thawing (both conditions). Cryo-HS blastocysts exhibited a decreased recovery rate: HSPA1A expression was dramatically increased compared with that in fresh or cryo-con blastocysts at 6 h, and IFNT expression was decreased compared with that in cryo-con blastocysts at 6 h (both P < 0.05). Cryo-con blastocysts at 6 h also exhibited higher HSPA1A expression than fresh blastocysts (P < 0.05). At 48 h after thawing, the number of hatched blastocysts and blastocyst diameter were lower in cryo-HS blastocysts (P < 0.05). Cryo-con blastocysts showed lower POU5F1 levels at 48 h than fresh, cryo-con or cryo-HS blastocysts at 6 h (P < 0.05), but their POU5F1 levels were not different from those of cryo-HS blastocysts at 48 h. These results indicated that application of heat shock to frozen-thawed blastocysts was highly damaging. The increase in damage by the interaction of freezing-thawing and heat shock might be one reason for the low conception rate in frozen-thawed embryo transfer in summer.     

The effects of vitrification after equilibration in different concentrations of cryoprotectants on the survival and quality of bovine blastocysts

This study assessed the effects of cryoprotectant concentration during equilibration on the efficiency of bovine blastocyst vitrification and the expression of selected developmentally important genes. In vitro produced bovine blastocysts were equilibrated in either 7.5% ethylene glycol (EG) + 7.5% DMSO (Va group) or in 2% EG + 2% DMSO (Vb group) then vitrified on Cryotop® sheets in 16.5% EG + 16.5% DMSO + 0.5M sucrose. After warming, embryos were cultured for 48 hr. Re‐expansion, hatching, and the numbers of total and membrane damaged cells were compared among vitrified groups and a control. There was no significant difference between the vitrified groups in survival, cell numbers and the extent of membrane damage. Vitrification increased the number of membrane‐damaged cells in both groups, however, in a greater extent in the Vb group. Vitrification increased (p < .05) the expression of the HSP70 gene in Va but not in Vb embryos. The expression of IGF2R, SNRPN, HDAC1, DNMT3B, BAX, OCT4, and IFN‐t genes were the same in control and vitrified groups. In conclusion, the concentration of cryoprotectants during equilibration did not affect survival rates; however, normal cell numbers could be maintained only by equilibration in 15% cryoprotectants which was associated with increased HSP70 expression.     

Enhancing effects of serum-rich and cytokine-supplemented culture conditions on developing blastocysts and deriving porcine parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells

The present study was conducted to develop an effective method for establishment of porcine parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (ppESCs) from parthenogenetically activated oocyte-derived blastocysts. The addition of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) to the medium on the 3rd day of oocyte culturing improved the development of blastocysts, attachment of inner cell masses (ICMs) onto feeder cells, and formation of primitive ppESC colonies. ICM attachment was further enhanced by basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, and leukemia inhibitory factor. From these attached ICMs, seven ppESC lines were established. ppESC pluripotency was verified by strong enzymatic alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of pluripotent markers OCT3/4, Nanog, and SSEA4. Moreover, the ppESCs were induced to form an embryoid body and teratoma. Differentiation into three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) was confirmed by the expression of specific markers for the layers and histological analysis. In conclusion, data from the present study suggested that our modified culture conditions using FBS and cytokines are highly useful for improving the generation of pluripotent ppESCs.     

Freezing mouse blastocysts. The influence of the preparations prior to freezing on the survival rate of the blastocysts

A good survival rate in culturing mouse blastocysts can be obtained in Ovum Culture Medium, enriched with 20 per cent inactivated Foetal Bovine Serum or Sheep Serum under air. The transfer of fresh blastocysts gives the best results if the recipients are on day 3 of the pseudo-pregnancy, but with 20 hours' cultured blastocysts it is better to use recipients on day 4. Exposure to 1.5 M DMSO has no harmful effect, provided that the DMSO is added at 5 degrees C in 6 steps and is removed, again in 6 steps, at 35 degrees C. The crystallization of the medium containing the embryos at -5 degrees C to -6 degrees C doet not appear te have a harmful influence on culture results of the blastocysts.     

Effects of resveratrol treatment on mitochondria and subsequent embryonic development of bovine blastocysts cryopreserved by slow freezing

This study evaluated the effects of cryopreservation by slow freezing on the mitochondrial function, DNA integrity, and developmental ability of bovine embryos and examined whether resveratrol treatment of the frozen‐thawed blastocysts improved embryonic viability. In vitro produced bovine embryos were subjected to slow freezing. After thawing, the ATP content and mitochondrial DNA integrity (mtDNA), determined by real‐time PCR targeting short and long mitochondrial sequences, was found to be lower in frozen‐thawed embryos than in fresh embryos, and mtDNA copy number was significantly reduced during the 24‐hr incubation post warming. Furthermore, immunostaining against double‐strand DNA revealed DNA damage in frozen‐thawed embryos. When frozen‐thawed embryos were incubated in the medium containing 0.5 µM resveratrol, SIRT1 expression, and survival rate of the embryos significantly improved compared with the vehicle‐treated embryos. In addition, cell‐free mtDNA content in medium was higher in case of resveratrol‐treated embryos than of vehicle‐treated embryos. In conclusion, slow freezing affects mitochondrial integrity and function in the blastocysts. In the frozen‐thawed embryos, mitochondria were removed during post‐thawing incubation and resveratrol enhanced the process, resulting in improved survivability of the embryos.     

Effects of organic phosphate systemic insecticides on bovine embryonic survival and development.

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of 2 organic phosphate systemic insecticides on embryonic survival and possible teratogenesis in cattle. A total of 726 heifers at 3 locations were treated with either crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphos-phoramidate) or coumaphos (O,O-diethyl O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl) phosphorothioate). The compounds were administered to pregnant bovine females at various stages of gestation by pouring along the dorsal midline. None of the treatments, including those at recommended one-time doses, one-time doses at double or triple the recommended dose levels, or doses at recommended one-time dose levels repeated each day for 10 days, gave evidence of increasing embryonic death rates or of teratogenic effects. In one experiment, the crufomate compound had apparent erratic effects on serum ace5ylcholinesterase activities, but no effects on electrocardiographic patterns, heart rate, or respiration rate. Rectal palpation for pregnancy determination during the 35- to 44-day stages of pregnancy is discussed as a possible, but unsubstantiated, cause of congenital malformation of the caudal portion of the intestinal tract in 1 calf born during these studies and in other calves previously observed.     

细胞松弛素B对猪孤雌囊胚DNA甲基化和组蛋白乙酰化的影响

以猪电激活孤雌胚胎为研究对象,通过添加细胞松弛素B(CB)对胚胎发育过程中DNA甲基化和组蛋白乙酰化的变化进行了研究。利用荧光定量PCR检测了囊胚中DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt1,Dnmt3a,Dnmt3b)、组蛋白乙酰转移酶(Hat1)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶(Hdac1)以及凋亡相关基因(Bax,Casp3)mRNA水平的表达,并通过免疫荧光染色检测了囊胚中5hmc/5mc,AcH3K9,H3K9me3的表达水平。结果显示:5mg/L CB处理4h能够显著提高猪孤雌囊胚的卵裂率和囊胚率(P0.05),减少囊胚细胞凋亡数量;DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmt1,Dnmt3a,Dnmt3b)、组蛋白乙酰转移酶(Hat1)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶(Hdac1)以及凋亡相关基因(Bax,Casp3)mRNA水平均明显下降;AcH3K9的表达无明显变化;而5hmc/5mc和H3K9me3的表达明显升高。该结果为进一步研究猪胚胎发育过程中的表观遗传变化提供了试验依据。     

High survival rate of bovine oocytes matured in vitro following vitrification

Improving pregnancy rates associated with the use of cryopreserved human oocytes would be an important advance in human assisted reproductive technology (ART). Vitrification allows glasslike solidification of a solution without ice crystal formation in the living cells. We have attempted to improve the survival rates of oocytes by a vitrification technique using bovine models. In vitro matured oocytes with or without cumulus cells were vitrified with either 15.0% (v/v) ethylene glycol (EG) + 15% (v/v) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) + 0.5 M sucrose or 15% (v/v) EG + 15% (v/v) 1,2-propanediol (PROH) + 0.5 M sucrose, using 'Cryotop' or 'thin plastic sticker', respectively. The oocyte survival rates after vitrifying-warming, and the capacity for fertilization and embryonic development were examined in vitro. The rate of embryonic development to blastocyst was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the oocytes vitrified with 15% (v/v) EG + 15% (v/v) PROH + 0.5 M sucrose than in the oocytes vitrified with 15% (v/v) EG + 15% (v/v) DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose (7.4% +/- 4.1 vs. 1.7% +/- 3.0, respectively). Oocytes vitrified without cumulus cells had a higher survival rate after thawing and a superior embryonic developmental capacity compared with oocytes vitrified with cumulus cells. Prolonged pre-incubation time after thawing adversely affected the rates of embryonic cleavage and development. These results indicate that in vitro matured bovine oocytes can be vitrified successfully with the mixture of the cryoprotectants, EG + PROH, the absence of cumulus cells for vitrification does not affect oocyte survival rate after warming, and vitrified and warmed oocytes do not require pre-incubation before in vitro fertilization.     

High in vitro survival rate of sheep in vitro produced blastocysts vitrified with a new method and device

Background: To advance the use of embryo vitrification in veterinary practice, we developed a system in which embryo vitrification, warming and dilution can be performed within a straw. Ovine in vitro produced embryos(IVEP)were vitrified at either early(EBs: n = 74) or fully expanded blastocyst stage(FEBs: n = 195), using a new device named "E.Vit", composed by a 0.25-m L straw with a 50-μm pore polycarbonate grid at one end. Embryos at each stage(EBs and FEBs) were vitrified by either Two-step(TS) or Multi-step(MS; 6 different concentrations of vitrification solutions) protocol. Non-vitrified embryos(n = 102) were maintained in in vitro culture as a control.Warming consisted of placing the straws directly into 1.5 m L tubes containing a TCM-199 solution with three decreasing concentrations of sucrose. Blastocyst re-expansion, embryo survival and hatching rate were evaluated at2, 24 and 48 h post warming. The number of apoptotic cells was determined by TUNEL assay.Results: Blastocyst re-expansion(2 h) after warming was higher(P 0.05) in FEBs group, vitrified with the MS and TS methods(77.90% and 71.25%, respectively) compared with the EBs group(MS: 59.38% and TS: 48.50%,respectively). Survival rates of vitrified FEBs after 24 h IVC were higher(P 0.001) in both methods(MS and TS) than vitrified EBs(MS: 56.25%; TS: 42.42%) and was higher(P 0.05) in the MS method(94.19%) compared with those in TS(83.75%). After 48 h of culture the hatching rate for FEBs vitrified in MS system(91.86%) was similar to control(91.89%), but higher than FEB TS(77.5%) and EBs vitrified in MS(37.5%) and TS(33.33%). Number of apoptotic cells were higher in EBs, irrespective of the system used, compared to FEBs. The number of apoptotic cells in FEBs vitrified with MS was comparable to the control.Conclusions: A high survival rate of IVP embryos can be achieved by the new "E.Vit" device with hatching rates in vitro comparable with control fresh embryos. This method has the potential for use in direct embryo transfer in field conditions.