鸭肠炎病毒UL18基因的转录、表达特征及原核表达蛋白的初步应用

为了探讨鸭肠炎病毒(duck enteritis virus,DEV)UL18基因的特性和功能,本研究运用生物信息学软件对DEV UL18基因及其编码蛋白进行了分析。构建原核表达质粒pET32a-UL18,并将其转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导后获得了大小约为55 000的pET32a/DEV-UL18重组蛋白。将该重组蛋白纯化后免疫家兔,获得了兔抗pET32a/DEV-UL18重组蛋白高免血清。采用荧光定量RT-PCR和Western blot对DEV感染鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)后UL18基因的转录和表达情况进行检测,采用间接免疫荧光对DEV感染鸭的肠道和食道进行检测。生物信息学分析结果表明,DEV UL18基因大小969bp,编码1条由322个氨基酸残基组成的多肽,含15个潜在的磷酸化位点和2个N-糖基化位点,含15个潜在的B细胞表位;系统进化树分析表明,DEV UL18属于ɑ-疱疹病毒的1个成员,与MeHV-1亲缘关系最近;密码子偏爱性分析结果表明,若对DEV UL18基因进行外源表达,真核表达系统可能更容易,若选择原核表达系统,则需对宿主表达菌进行选择和条件优化。荧光定量RT-PCR和Western blot结果表明,DEV感染DEF后2h,UL18基因开始转录,感染后12h开始表达,感染24h后转录和表达产物急剧上升,到36和48h后转录和表达产物分别达最大值,之后逐渐下降。间接免疫荧光结果表明,被DEV感染鸭肠道、食道等组织能检测到明显的阳性信号,表明制备的DEV UL18原核表达蛋白及其兔抗多克隆抗体可用于DEV的诊断试剂材料。     

鸭瘟病毒dUTPase基因克隆、原核表达及在病毒感染宿主亚细胞中的定位分析

根据笔者实验室新发现的鸭瘟病毒（DPV）dUTPase基因（GenBank登录号DQ486149）序列设计1对引物,PCR扩增后将产物亚克隆至pET32a（＋）原核表达载体,获得表达质粒pET32a-DU。然后将其转化至E．coliBL21（DE3）进行IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE检测显示诱导表达蛋白约66．8ku,与预期表达蛋白大小一致。薄层扫描分析表明重组蛋白占菌体总蛋白的36．2％,主要以包涵体的形式存在。重组蛋白纯化后制备兔抗血清,间接EUSA效价为1：409600。通过免疫荧光技术进行DPVdUTPase亚细胞定位检测,结果显示最早可在感染后4h的胞质中检测到特异性荧光,12h大量点状绿色荧光聚集于胞核;24h后胞核内点状荧光减弱,而胞质点状荧光增强;48h胞核和胞质荧光均显著减弱。本研究为DPVdUTPase基因功能和DPV致病机理的研究提供了重要数据。     

鸭瘟病毒感染鸭十二指肠黏膜炎症相关基因及调控通路的筛选

试验旨在分析鸭瘟病毒（duck plague virus，DPV）感染樱桃谷鸭后十二指肠黏膜转录组水平的变化，筛选出DPV感染后参与炎症的相关基因和调控通路。DEV-GZ株经腿部肌肉接种35日龄鸭后，于接种后24、48和72 h采集鸭十二指肠黏膜组织样本，提取总RNA进行转录组测序，对数据进行质控与注释，筛选与炎症相关的差异表达基因及调控通路，并应用实时荧光定量PCR对部分差异表达基因进行验证。结果显示，对照组与试验组总计得到21.39 Gb的Clean Bases，测序样本有效序列占原始序列的99%以上，映射率高于83%。鸭接毒DPV后24 h十二指肠黏膜的差异表达基因有221个，参与炎症相关生物学过程的有3个，均为下调基因；接毒DPV后48 h差异表达基因有499个，参与炎症相关生物学过程的有17个，均为下调基因；接毒DPV后72 h差异表达基因有798个，参与炎症相关生物学过程的有20个，其中上调基因13个、下调基因7个。GO数据库分析显示，参与炎症相关的差异表达基因主要是CCR8、CCL19、CCL4、IL-17、IRF1、IFN-γ、SLC11A1等，涉及急性炎症反应、趋化因子受体活性、急性期反应、炎症反应和炎症反应的正调节等生物学过程。KEGG数据库分析显示，差异表达炎症相关基因主要富集在Toll样受体信号通路、NF-κB信号通路、IL-17信号通路、TNF信号通路和炎症性肠病等；实时荧光定量PCR结果显示，IFN-γ和MALT基因的相对表达倍数与转录组结果基本一致。本试验完成了DPV感染樱桃谷鸭十二指肠的转录组测序分析，获取了差异表达基因的功能注释信息，初步揭示了参与DPV感染的炎症相关通路，为深入探究DPV的致病机制提供了理论参考。     

鸭瘟病毒UL47基因克隆及其分子特性分析

通过测定本实验室构建的鸭瘟病毒(Duck plague virus,DPV)DNA基因文库中重组质粒的DNA序列,结合NCBI的ORF Finder和Blast工具分析得到了该病毒UL47基因的ORF。采用PCR扩增出了UL47基因并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上,经PCR和酶切鉴定以及进一步的核酸斑点杂交试验证实该基因即为DPV UL47基因。利用生物信息学软件ProtScale、SignalP3.0、Scansite、TMpred、Prosite、DNAStar以及在线的EMBOSS等分析了UL47基因的分子特性。结果显示,该基因大小为2 367bp,编码788aa,而且与GenBank上多种α疱疹病毒同源蛋白的核酸和氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性。系统进化树分析表明,DPV UL47与禽类疱疹病毒(α-疱疹病毒)的进化关系最近。密码子偏爱性结果显示,DPV UL47编码相同氨基酸的不同密码子使用频率差异较大,UL47基因密码子使用模式更接近真核生物。研究结果为进一步开展DPV UL47基因功能研究奠定了基础。     

TGF-β1基因真核表达载体的构建及在猪脐静脉内皮细胞中的表达

应用RT-PCR技术从猪外周血单个核细胞扩增转化生长因子β1（Transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1）全基因,构建含有TGF-β1基因及EGFP报告基因的真核表达质粒pEGFP-C1-TGF-β1。采用脂质体法转染体外培养的猪脐静脉内皮细胞（SUVECs）后,通过直接荧光观察pEGFP-C1-TGF-β1融合蛋白在细胞中的分布定位,并通过RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光方法检测TGF-β1基因在SUVECs中的表达。结果在转染后1周观察到绿色荧光,RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光法检测TGF-β1表达均为阳性。本研究成功构建了含有绿色荧光蛋白基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-TGF-β1,且TGF-β1基因在SUVECs中获得表达。     

鸭肠炎病毒gD基因胞外区的原核表达及在感染鸭胚成纤维细胞中的定位

以本实验室获得的鸭肠炎病毒(DEV)C-KCE株US区基因序列(GenBank登录号EU714267)为基础PCR扩增出gD基因胞外区(gDw),将其定向克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a(+)并转化至大肠杆菌RosettaTM(DE3)pLys。经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE分析表明gD基因胞外区在大肠杆菌中获得与预期大小相符的表达蛋白。重组蛋白纯化后免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,血清琼扩效价达1∶16,噬斑减数中和试验测定血清中和抗体效价达1∶64。通过免疫荧光技术首次对gD进行亚细胞定位检测,结果表明DEV感染鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)后4h近核区域细胞质内首先开始出现荧光,12h以后显著增加,明显的点状绿色荧光广泛存在于胞质中。本研究为进一步开展DEV gD的功能研究提供了重要数据和材料。     

鸭瘟病毒CHv株UL34基因的克隆及分子特性分析

通过生物信息学分析、斑点杂交实验、克隆和测序证实了本实验室构建鸭瘟病毒(Duck plague virus,DPV)CHv株基因文库时新分离的基因(GenBank登录号EF643562)为DPV UL34基因,进一步运用有关分子生物学软件对该基因进行了分子特性分析。结果表明,该基因大小为831bp,编码276个氨基酸的多肽,含有疱疹病毒UL34类似蛋白家族保守区。系统进化树分析显示,其与α疱疹病毒亚科中马立克病毒属的GaHV-2,GaHV-3,MeHV-1,EHV-1和水痘病毒属的CeHV-9,HHV-3的亲缘关系最近,揭示DPV-CHv株应该被划为α疱疹病毒亚科中的单独一类。该编码蛋白在252～274位氨基酸有一个明显的跨膜区,C末端有一微体靶向序列(ARL),但无信号肽;含有4个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点,3个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点,5个N-豆蔻酰化位点和1个N-糖基化位点;亚细胞定位主要位于细胞核;密码子偏爱性分析显示其偏爱的密码子第3位碱基多以A和T结尾,属于低表达基因;不同密码子使用频率与酵母、大肠杆菌和人的密码子使用频率比较表明,其与大肠杆菌和酵母较接近,与人差异较大。该分析结果揭示DPV UL34基因为一C端锚定的Ⅱ型膜蛋白基因,体外表达选择大肠杆菌和酵母表达系统较为合适,同时该结果也为进一步开展DPV UL34基因的生物学功能研究具有一定的参考作用。     

禽流感病毒HA-M2融合表位与EGFP蛋白在鸭胚成纤维细胞中的表达

本研究选择禽流感病毒H9N2株的HA的两个保守T细胞表位基因和M2基因胞外保守序列(M2e),经人工合成并通过PCR扩增获得HA-M2融合表位基因,将其与含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白的载体pEGFP-N1连接,构建了重组真核表达质粒HA-M2-pEGFP-N1。采用脂质体法转染体外培养的鸭胚成纤维细胞(DEF)后,通过RT-PCR、直接荧光观察和间接免疫荧光检测,结果表明,成功构建了重组真核表达质粒HA-M2-pEGFP-N1,且以HA抗原表位和保守的M2e序列为基础构建的重组蛋白能够在鸭胚成纤维细胞中成功表达。本试验为研制新型的禽流感通用疫苗,进一步探索HA基因与靶细胞相互作用及AIV的感染机理等奠定了基础。     

抗伪狂犬病病毒gC抗体制备及其gC蛋白表达

用纯化的重组蛋白His-gCN813制备抗PRV-gC抗体,并分析伪狂犬病病毒（pseudorabies virus,PRV）gC蛋白在真核细胞的表达情况。本研究以提取的病毒基因组为模板,PCR克隆PRV gC全长基因,构建gC真核表达质粒p3xFLAG-gC,在真核细胞中表达gC基因;纯化蛋白His-gCN813制备的抗体,Western blotting和间接免疫荧光（IFA）检测到p3xFLAG-gC转染真核细胞和PRV感染细胞中的gC蛋白。结果表明本试验成功构建了PRV gC基因真核表达系统,获得了特异性抗PRV gC抗体,重组gC真核表达质粒p3xFLAG-gC转染Vero细胞,表达的重组蛋白gC为72 ku,PRV感染Vero细胞,表达的gC蛋白为55、72和94 ku,主要定位在细胞浆,gC蛋白可以作为PRV感染的指示分子,为下一步研究PRV和宿主相互作用及PRV的复制奠定了基础。     

SYBR Green Ⅰ实时定量PCR快速检测鸭瘟病毒的研究

根据GenBank中鸭瘟病毒(DPV)UL6和UL7基因的保守序列,设计了一对特异性引物,扩增位于UL6和UL7基因第891～991位长度为101bp片断。以DPV标准强毒株DNA为模板,建立了SYBRGreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测鸭瘟病毒的方法,用该方法检测鸭瘟标准强毒、疫苗毒及野毒株均为阳性,检测其他受试的非鸭瘟病毒DNA均为阴性,对鸭瘟强毒和疫苗毒人工感染鸭胚尿囊液的检出率均为100%,对6个临床送检样本的检出率为6/6,与病毒分离鉴定结果一致;最小检出量为1.57×104拷贝/ul。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.