A型产气荚膜梭菌最佳产毒时间的确定

测定了A型产气荚膜梭菌在庖肉培养基的生长曲线、培养液的pH值变化曲线以及不同培养时间提取的毒素液的蛋白质含量、溶血活性及卵磷脂酶活性。结果表明，A型产气荚膜梭菌在庖肉培养基培养8h是其a-毒素的最佳产毒时间。     

D型产气荚膜梭菌最佳产毒时间及毒素大小的确定

本实验测定了D型产气荚膜梭茵在肝片肉汤培养基的生长曲线、培养液的pH值变化曲线以及不同培养时间提取的毒素液的蛋白质含量,并用SDS--PAGE电泳方法检测了所提毒素为α、ε毒索。结果表明,D型产气荚膜梭茵在肝片肉汤培养基培养18h是其α、ε毒素的最佳产毒时间,毒素大小分别是43kD、35kD。     

产气荚膜梭菌肠毒素的分子生物学研究进展

产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridum perfringens)是一类G 产芽胞的厌氧梭菌,可以引起人食物中毒和家畜气肿疽,其致病性很大程度取决于产生不同的外毒素.目前至少已鉴定出20余种不同的产气荚膜梭菌的毒素.根据产气荚膜梭菌的4种主要毒素(α,β,ε,т),可以将产气荚膜梭菌分为A～E5个型.……     

鼠李糖乳杆菌对三种细菌生长的抑制作用

为了研究鼠李糖乳杆菌对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌作用,试验采用牛津杯法检测了鼠李糖乳杆菌与三种细菌共培养的细菌数、抑菌圈直径,并测定了细菌生长曲线。结果表明:共培养后三种细菌的数量均显著低于对照组(P0.05);鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵上清液和全菌裂解液与三种细菌共培养后,细菌对数生长期明显滞后或未出现对数生长期;鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵上清液和全菌裂解液对三种细菌的抑菌圈直径均显著大于对照组(P0.05),全菌裂解液对大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌的抑菌圈直径显著大于上清液(P0.05)。说明鼠李糖乳杆菌对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和产气荚膜梭菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用,其中对产气荚膜梭菌的抑制效果最强,全菌裂解液的抑菌效果优于上清液。     

产气荚膜梭菌α-β2-ε毒素融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及免疫原性研究

为研究产气荚膜梭菌α、β、ε3种主要外毒素的免疫原性,构建基因亚单位多价疫苗,本研究通过PCR分别扩增α-β2及ε3种毒素基因,分别克隆于p Pro HTa载体中构建重组表达质粒p Pro-α-β2-ε,并转化大肠杆菌进行这3个目的基因的融合表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示,表达的α-β2-ε毒素融合蛋白大小约90 ku,主要以包涵体形式存在。将其免疫BALB/c小鼠后,分别利用A型和B型产气荚膜梭菌强毒素对免疫鼠进行攻毒,并测定免疫鼠血清中抗体对毒素的中和活性。结果表明,免疫鼠对A型和B型产气荚膜梭菌毒素1 LD100和2 LD100的攻毒保护率分别为100%和60%以及100%和80%。体外中和试验显示,免疫鼠血清稀释为1∶20时,对1 LD100A型和B型产气荚膜梭菌毒素的中和效率均可达到100%。以上结果表明,本研究制备的α-β2-ε融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,能够有效刺激机体产生中和抗体,可以作为基因工程疫苗的有效组分,为产气荚膜梭菌多价候选亚单位疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素C末端的二拷贝串联表达与免疫原性分析

本研究旨在获得产气荚膜梭菌α毒素(CPA)C末端(第247-370位氨基酸,CPA_C)二拷贝串联融合蛋白,并评价其免疫原性。对已知的A型产气荚膜梭菌CPA_C编码基因进行优化设计,将其以同向串连的方式串联成二拷贝基因(GCPA_(C2)),经人工合成获得基因片段GCPA_(C2)。将GCPA_(C2)克隆至原核表达载体pET-30a (+)中进行表达与纯化,获得重组蛋白rCPA_(C2)。利用Western Blot方法检测rCPA_(C2)与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清的反应性。随后,用rCPA_(C2)免疫家兔,并检测一免及二免后兔血清的中和抗体效价。在二免21 d后,经耳缘静脉注射1个家兔MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素,检测rCPA_(C2)对家兔的免疫保护效果。结果表明,rCPA_(C2)主要以包涵体的形式表达且能与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清反应。每毫升的一免和二免抗血清分别可中和30个和80个小鼠MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素。1个兔MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素攻毒后,对照组4/4死亡,免疫组得到了100%(4/4)的保护。以上结果说明,rCPA_(C2)具有良好的免疫原性,从而为A型产气荚膜梭菌病基因工程疫苗的研制提供了重要的实验数据。     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素C末端与中和抗原表位的串联表达及免疫保护性分析

为获得产气荚膜梭菌α毒素(CPA)的C末端(CPAC)与中和抗原表位NE(ARGFAK)的串联融合蛋白并评价其免疫原性,对已知的A型产气荚膜梭菌CPAC及NE的编码基因进行优化设计,并将两个基因的三拷贝序列串联,经人工合成获得基因片段GCPAC3NE3。将该片段克隆至原核表达载体p ET30a(+)中进行表达与纯化,获得重组蛋白。利用Western blot方法检测重组蛋白与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清的反应性。随后,以纯化的重组蛋白免疫家兔,根据《中华人民共和国兽药典》(2015年版)规定的方法检测家兔血清的中和抗体效价。在二免后21 d,以1个MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素对家兔进行攻毒。结果表明重组蛋白主要以包涵体的形式存在表达且能与A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素抗血清反应。每毫升的一免抗血清可中和40个最小致死量(MLD)、二免抗血清可中和80个MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素;1个MLD的A型产气荚膜梭菌毒素攻毒后,对照组4/4死亡,免疫组得到了100%(4/4)的保护。以上结果说明,重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,从而为A型产气荚膜梭菌病基因工程疫苗的研制提供了重要的实验数据。     

产气荚膜梭菌α毒素双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立产气荚膜梭菌α毒素的双抗体夹心ELISA(DAS-ELISA)检测方法,本研究以抗产气荚膜梭菌α毒素单克隆抗体(MAb)为捕获抗体,抗产气荚膜梭菌α毒素多克隆抗体为检测抗体,建立了检测α毒素的DAS-ELISA。通过优化反应条件,建立标准曲线;并对建立的DAS-ELISA方法进行性能评价及初步应用。采用该方法测定产气荚膜梭菌α毒素的最低检测限为0.353倍的小鼠LD_(50),可定量范围为0.353~90.368倍小鼠LD_(50)。结果表明该DAS-ELISA方法具有良好的特异性、灵敏性和重复性,可以用于大批量样品检测。初步应用结果显示:患产气荚膜梭菌病的兔群肠内容物中产气荚膜梭菌的α毒素水平显著高于健康兔群(p0.05)。本研究检测α毒素的DAS-ELISA建立有助于畜禽产气荚膜梭菌病的诊断及研究。     

1株阿尔巴斯绒山羊源产气荚膜梭菌的毒素型鉴定和16S rRNA基因的遗传进化分析

为了了解1例经诊断为产气荚膜梭菌病而死亡的阿尔巴斯种绒山羊感染的产气荚膜梭菌的毒素型和16S rRNA基因的遗传进化特性,试验设计5对特异性毒素引物,采用PCR方法进行毒素型的鉴定,对16S rRNA基因扩增和测序,对测序结果进行遗传进化分析。结果表明：只有α毒素引物扩增出约475 bp长的目的条带,阿尔巴斯绒山羊梭菌性肠炎的致病菌毒素为α毒素,为A型产气荚膜梭菌,其16S rRNA基因序列与天津地区产气荚膜梭菌(登录号为KP944160.1)位于同一分支,亲缘关系最近,核苷酸相似性为98.53%。说明此次阿尔巴斯绒山羊感染的产气荚膜梭菌的毒素型是A型,且鉴定菌株与天津地区产气荚膜梭菌(登录号为KP944160.1)起源于共同的祖先。     

几种培养基对A型产气荚膜杆菌产毒效果的比较

本文以四种培养基，对同一A型产气荚膜杆菌分离株G3的生长曲线和培养液pH值变化进行了测定，并比较了四种培养基的产毒效果。结果表明：A型产气荚膜杆菌在四种培养基上的生长内线基本一致，但pH值变化有差异，其中以疱肉培养液的pH值变化幅度最小，且其毒素产量最多，活性最高。由此可见，疱肉培养基可作为A型产气荚膜杆菌的产毒培养基。     

Toxin types of Clostridium perfringens isolated from free-ranging,semi-domesticated reindeer in Norway

Samples of faeces were taken from 166 healthy domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) from three flocks in different reindeer husbandry districts in northern Norway and examined bacteriologically for the presence of Clostridium perfringens. The organism was isolated from 98 (59 per cent) of the reindeer. The isolates were classified into C perfringens toxin types by PCR analysis specific for the genes encoding the four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and tau) and were subclassified by the detection of the genes encoding C perfringens beta2-toxin and enterotoxin. All the isolates belonged to C perfringens toxin type A. In addition, 15 of the 98 isolates were PCR-positive for the beta2-toxin gene, and two of the isolates had the the gene encoding for enterotoxin.     

产气荚膜梭菌β2毒素研究进展

产气荚膜梭菌是引起各种动物坏死性肠炎和肠毒血症的主要病原菌之一,该菌可以产生15种以上的毒素,α、β、ε、ι毒素、肠毒素及β2毒素等被认为是主要致病性毒素,其中β2毒素被推测在该病致病过程中起着重要作用。近年来,国内外对β2毒素的研究正在逐步深入和完善。论文就产气荚膜梭菌β2毒素的分子结构特征、生物学特征、致病性及免疫原性等方面的研究进展进行论述。     

The necrotizing enteritis by Clostridium perfringens type C in piglets: II. Molecular epidemiology study

Investigations were performed on shedding of C. perfringens in sows from four different pig farms. In two farms where no outbreaks of necrotizing enteritis had been observed, no strains of C. perfringens producing beta-toxin were detected in the faeces of sows. In contrast, C. perfringens strains producing beta-toxin were detected in sows on both farms suffering outbreaks of acute necrotizing enteritis. Strains of C. perfringens producing beta-toxin were invariably positive for the beta 2-toxin gene. However, strains carrying the beta 2-toxin gene only (i.e. negative for beta-toxin) were present in animals on all farms with roughly similar frequencies (mean 28.2% carriers). Some sows carried C. perfringens strains of both toxin genotypes simultaneously. Whereas these data further support the role of betatoxin as a cause of necrotizing enteritis, the role of beta 2-toxin in intestinal disease of piglets remains unclear. To establish the role of faecal shedding vs. environmental contamination as reservoirs of C. perfringens type C, strains were isolated from teats and feedlot trough swabs (toxin genotype beta/beta 2), as well as from fodder (genotype beta 2). However, sows carried this pathogen intermittently and in small numbers. This renders an individual, reliable diagnosis of carrier sows very difficult. Ribotyping of 34 C. perfringens isolates of different toxin genotypes showed five distinct profiles. Different toxin genotypes can belong to the same ribotype, and the same toxin genotype can be present in different ribotypes. Thus, even if a majority (79.4%) of strains investigated in a limited geographic region belonged to ribotype 1, ribotyping offered discrimination of strains beyond toxin typing.     

产气荚膜梭菌毒素基因分型PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

建立一种快速鉴别诊断不同型产气荚膜梭菌的PCR检测方法,为动物产气荚膜梭菌病的快速诊断及流行病学调查提供有效的技术手段。克服传统鉴定方法耗时长、费用高的缺点,提高了检测效率。通过对产气荚膜梭菌α毒素、β毒素、ε毒素和ι毒素基因序列分析,利用Premier5.0软件设计并合成了5对特异性引物,建立了针对5种不同型产气荚膜梭菌的PCR鉴别诊断方法。通过反复试验确定了最佳退火温度为53℃。通过灵敏度试验表明,PCR检测方法最低能检测到的DNA浓度α毒素为308pg/μL,β毒素、ε毒素为30.8pg/μL,ι毒素A为0.122pg/μL,ι毒素B为0.05pg/μL。通过特异性试验表明,本方法具有较高的特异性。同时,通过对本方法检测出的阳性样品16S rRNA序列分析发现,与GenBank中的其他产气荚膜梭菌的16S rRNA序列同源性均在98%以上。表明建立的检测方法灵敏度高、特异性强,可以应用于动物产气荚膜梭菌病的实验室诊断。     

Toxigenic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type C in enterotoxemia of domestic animals.

Eleven Clostridium perfringens type C strains isolated from fatal cases of hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of Canadian calves, a piglet, and a foal were studied for the production of soluble antigens. All the isolates from calves and a foal failed to produce delta toxin, but were capable of producing large amounts of lethal beta toxin. A strain isolated from a piglet produced delta, but very little beta toxin. Other differences were relatively minor. The results indicated that young domestic animals may be susceptible to all subtypes of C. perfringens type C. A simple method of using blood agar plates coated with type A antiserum for demonstration of hemolytic patterns was found advantageous in differentiation of C. perfringens strains.     

Clostridium perfringens toxin types in hooded seals in the Greenland Sea, determined by PCR and ELISA

Very little is known about the occurrence of Clostridium perfringens and of diseases caused by this anaerobic bacterium in marine mammals, especially those that are free-living. During a scientific expedition to the Greenland Sea (West Ice) in spring 1999, faeces samples from 70 hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) were taken to isolate C. perfiringens. Subsequently, PCR analysis of the isolates was performed with oligonucleotide primers of the genes encoding the four major lethal toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) for classification of toxin type and of the genes encoding C. perfringens beta2-toxin and enterotoxin for further subclassification. In addition, a commercial ELISA kit for detection of C. perfringens alpha, beta- and epsilon-toxin was used. C. perfingens was isolated in samples from 38 (54.3%) hooded seals. All isolates were C. perfringens toxin type A (alpha-toxin positive). This is the first report on the occurrence of C. perfringens in this arctic marine mammal species. Myositis and enterotoxemia caused by C. perfrigens were described in other marine mammals and it may be assumed that the pathogenesis of an outbreak of disease is similar to that encountered in terrestrial animals. Although there is some controversy surrounding the enteropathogenicity and virulence of alpha-toxin (concerning enterotoxemia), this study suggests that a possible outbreak of enterotoxemia caused by C. perfringens type A in hooded seals may, however, not be excluded.     

Immunohistochemical localization of Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin in the gastrointestinal tract of horses

Clostridia-associated intestinal disease in horses was generally reported to be due to infection with Clostridium perfringens type A, which harbors the cpa-encoded alpha-toxin. A recent study demonstrated a high incidence of beta2-toxigenic C. perfringens in horses suffering or dying from typhlocolitis, suggesting that this novel type of C. perfringens might play an important role in typhlocolitis and possibly other equine intestinal diseases. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the presence of the beta2-toxin in tissues of the equine gastrointestinal tract. Monospecific polyclonal antibodies against recombinant beta2-toxin were produced in rabbits and used to demonstrate the beta2-toxin in sections of the gastrointestinal tract by immunohistochemical methods. Sections from 69 horses were stained and beta2-toxin was observed immunohistochemically in 40 animals. Sections from the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were positive. Immunopositivity for beta2-toxin was significantly associated with presence of beta2-toxigenic bacteria. This investigation demonstrates local production of beta2-toxin and suggests that immunohistochemistry using antitoxin antibodies represents a useful diagnostic method in those cases where isolation of bacteria and polymerase chain reaction typing is not feasible. Although the association between the presence of beta2-toxin and development of gastrointestinal disease in horses remains uncertain, the findings of this study indicate that the potential causal relationship warrants further investigation.     

Clostridium perfringens beta2-toxin in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) with ulcerative enteritis.

A 22-year-old female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) developed diarrhoea of unknown cause which lasted for two days. The animal was euthanased after it remained recumbent and refused to get up. Gross pathological changes were present mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal contents were watery and dark brown. Several areas of the mucosa of the small intestine were covered minimally to moderately with fibrin and had a few 0.1 x 10 to 15 cm linear ulcerations. Microscopical lesions consisted of discrete areas of necrosis of the surface and crypt epithelium without overt inflammatory infiltrates. Culture of the small intestinal contents resulted in a moderate growth of Clostridium perfringens. No salmonella were found in the small or large intestine. PCR of the isolate of C. perfringens revealed the presence of the beta2-toxin gene cpb2 and the alpha-toxin gene cpa but no other known toxin genes. The expression of the beta2-toxin gene in vivo was demonstrated by the immunohistochemical localisation of the beta2-toxin to the microscopical lesions in the small intestine.     

Clostridium perfringens toxin-types in lambs and kids affected with gastroenteric pathologies in Italy

A study was carried out in the South of Italy to assess the role of clostridia in neonatal diseases of lambs and kids. Eighty-seven lambs and 15 kids belonging to 25 flocks were examined and Clostridium perfringens was the microorganism most commonly identified. C. perfringens isolates were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in order to determine the prevalence of the genes cpa, cpb, cpb2, etx, iap and cpe. The most prevalent toxin-type of C. perfringens was found to be type A found in 84% of the cases with clostridial enterotoxaemia. No C. perfringens type B, C or E were found. C. perfringens type D was isolated in 16% of the cases. About 24% of the isolates were cpb2 positive. The prevalence of cpb2 across the different C. perfringens types varied. The beta(2)-toxin gene cpb2 was detected in 4/21 (19%) type A isolates, in 1/2 type D isolates, and in 1/2 type DE (cpe-carrying type D) isolates. The high rate of positivity to cpb2 among the isolates suggests that a vaccine based on the beta(2)-toxin, should be included in the vaccination schedule of the animals to confer adequate protection and to prevent the disease.