奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率调查及病原菌的分离鉴定

本试验调查了广东省大型奶牛场隐性乳房炎的发病率情况,并采集相关乳房炎样品进行细菌分离鉴定,确定广东省大型奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的种类. 1材料与方法 1.1奶牛隐性乳房炎发病率的调查方法 1.1.1加州乳房炎检测法(CMT)诊断液的配制诊断液由十二烷基硫酸钠40 g、苛性钠15g和溴钾酚紫0.1g溶于蒸馏水中定容到1 000 mL配制而成.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎三种常用诊断方法的对比分析

乳房炎是奶牛业生产中最为常见的疾病，其中以隐性乳房炎的发病率较高，部分隐性乳房炎如果不及时诊断、治疗，大多可转变成临床型乳房炎，因此乳房炎的诊断非常重要。利用牛乳pH值的变化，不仅可以间接诊断出奶牛隐性乳房炎，还可以确定其发病的程度，检测隐性乳房炎，评价群体的健康状况。2014年3-4月对杜蒙县巴彦查干乡某奶牛场的280头泌乳牛用以下三种常见方法进行检测，并且对所得到的结果进行分析和讨论，从而得到结果的重合率，讨论检测的难易程度。上海乳房炎检测法（SMT）、溴麝香草酚蓝指示剂法（BTB指示剂法）和改进体细胞检测方法有各自的特点。     

奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断方法的对比试验

由于奶牛隐性乳房炎在临床上不易被发现,常给牧场带来巨大的经济损失,目前,检测牛乳中的体细胞数是判断奶牛隐性乳房炎的主要依据,因此,如何检测牛乳中的体细胞数是非常重要的。本文以体细胞自动计数仪检测的牛乳体细胞数为基准,用凝乳试验反应法检测的牛乳体细胞数与其对比,结论为凝乳试验反应法检测牛乳体细胞数的准确性在96%以上。     

奶山羊隐性型乳房炎诊断方法的比较试验

奶山羊隐性型乳房炎的诊断方法国内外研究报道较少。笔者参照奶牛隐性型乳房炎的诊断方法,通过比较试验表明,苛性钠凝乳检验法用于奶山羊隐性型乳房炎的临床诊断,方法简便,试剂价廉,易于操作判定,检出率高,与乳汁体细胞计数和细菌学检查结果相吻合,优于其它方法。     

奶牛乳房炎的诊断、乳样细菌分离鉴定及药敏试验

为了解广西梧州市飞天奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的发病情况及病因,本试验采用快速诊断法(简称BMT)对该奶牛场180头奶牛共702个乳区进行了一次检测鉴定,并采集患临床型乳房炎奶牛乳样进行细菌分离鉴定及药敏试验.结果显示180头奶牛有85头患有乳房炎,其中8头为临床型乳房炎,77头为隐性型乳房炎,奶牛乳房炎的发病率占47.2％,其...     

奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测

隐性乳房炎是在临床中发病率较高,主要症状是产奶量下降,给奶牛生产带来巨大的经济损失.因其无临床症状,临床难以发现,只能借助辅助检查才能诊断.目前,检测奶牛隐性乳房炎的方法主要有乳汁病原微生物检测法、乳汁体细胞检测法、化学检测法和物理学检测法等几种. 1 乳汁病原微生物检测法 隐性乳房炎由多种非特定的病原微生物引起,通过对乳汁中病原菌分离培养,根据革兰氏染色特性、生长情况和菌落形态进行初步鉴定,然后再分别按病原的相应鉴定程序进行生化鉴定,有些病原菌虽经常存在于乳房内,但不一定引起隐性乳房炎.因此,仅仅依据乳汁中有无病原菌进行诊断不可靠,只能根据检出病原菌的种类、数量做出初步的诊断.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断技术研究新进展

奶牛隐性乳房炎是由病原微生物等引起的一种炎症性疾病,严重制约着奶牛养殖业的健康发展,一度成为奶牛养殖业健康发展的瓶颈问题。奶牛乳房炎会导致奶牛产奶量下降、生产性能降低,并且在治疗过程中会产生高额医药费,还会带来食品安全隐患。为了科学、有效地防控奶牛隐性乳房炎,早期快速诊断该病意义重大。文章采用文献综述法,全面、系统地搜集了近年来奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断的先进方法,拟从病原检测法、乳汁检测法、微量元素检测法、酶学检测法、蛋白检测法以及分子生物学检测法等方法展开论述,以期为早期诊断奶牛隐性乳房炎提供技术支持。     

牛奶酸碱度与奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况的相关研究

采集100头商丘市成年中国荷斯坦奶牛的乳样300份,根据奶牛的年龄胎次等情况将之分成3组.利用酸度计、光学显微镜并辅以计数板辅助测定牛乳的pH值及体细胞的含量,分析奶牛隐性乳房炎与牛乳pH值的相关关系.结果表明当牛乳的体细胞在20万/毫升时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为0,3%,其乳汁的pH值在6.4～6.6之间:体细胞在20万～50万/毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为11.2%,奶牛乳汁pH值在6.6～6.8之间:体细胞在50万～150万/毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为26.1%,奶牛乳汁pH值在6.8～7.0之间;体细胞在150万～500 万/毫升区间时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为45.3%,奶牛乳汁pH值在7.0～7.2之间;体细胞大于500万/毫升时,奶牛乳房炎发病率为68.7%,奶牛乳汁pH值在7.2以上.牛乳pH值的变化与体细胞和炎性细胞的含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数r=0.387.     

乳头液体保护膜“乳宁散”预防奶牛乳房炎效果评价

为观察乳头液体保护膜对奶牛隐性乳房炎的预防效果,选择隐性乳房炎奶牛60头,随机分为5组,每组12头。试验I组为对照组;II组为4%次氯酸钠组;III组为0.5%洗必泰组;IV组为1%碘伏组;V组为奶牛乳头液体保护膜浸组。在0、30、60、90 d采用SCC法和CMT法检测牛乳中体细胞数并记录临床型奶牛乳房炎发病数和发病率,同时记录各组奶牛泌乳总量和平均泌乳量。结果表明：同对照组相比,各试验组均能显著降低隐性乳房炎病牛体细胞数,且对奶牛乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖及乳汁pH值、比重、日均泌乳量几乎没有影响。用于预防奶牛隐性乳房炎时,试验III、V的效果高于试验II、IV组,差异显著（P〈0.05）。在进行奶牛隐性乳房炎临床治疗试验时,试验V组对隐性乳房炎的治愈率和有效率分别为77.78%和88.89%,远远高于其他各组。说明奶牛乳头液体保护膜是一种更适合于进行临床防治奶牛隐性乳房炎的新型奶牛药浴药物,对临床型奶牛乳房炎有较好的预防效果,可以作为预防类药物用于奶牛生产中,降低奶牛乳房炎的发生率。     

冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

通过LMT法、乳汁pH检验法和体细胞直接计数等方法相结合,对冀东地区3个大型奶牛场、8个奶牛养殖户选取的1 021头奶牛进行隐性乳房炎流行病学调查与病菌分离鉴定。结果表明,隐性乳房炎发病率为60.63%(619/1021),乳房炎阳性乳样品中细菌分离率达88.21%(546/619)。从543头隐性乳房炎患牛的阳性乳区乳样中分得细菌共4类14种菌82株,其中葡萄球菌36株,占43.90%;链球菌33株,占40.24%;肠杆菌类8株,占9.76%;棒状杆菌5株,占6.10%。冀东地区奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。