甲氧虫酰肼和阿维菌素及其混合制剂对家蚕的安全性评价

为了研究类昆虫生长调节剂甲氧虫酰肼对家蚕的毒性,测定了甲氧虫酰肼和阿维菌素及其混合制剂对家蚕的急性经口食下毒性、熏蒸毒性、在桑树上的内吸传导毒性和残毒期。试验结果表明,3种农药对3龄起蚕的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为24%甲氧虫酰肼悬浮剂(SC)0.060 9 mg/L、1.8%阿维菌素水乳剂(EW)0.001 3 mg/L、10%阿维·甲氧虫酰肼悬浮剂(SC)0.007 8 mg/L(根据有效含量计算为阿维菌素0.001 6 mg/L·甲氧虫酰肼0.006 2 mg/L),3种药剂对家蚕的毒性等级均为剧毒级;10%阿维·甲氧虫酰肼SC 1 000倍液(100 mg/L)、24%甲氧虫酰肼SC 1 000倍液(240 mg/L)、1.8%阿维菌素EW 1 000倍液(18 mg/L)对家蚕均无熏蒸毒性;24%甲氧虫酰肼SC 3 000倍液(80 mg/L)、1.8%阿维菌素EW 1 500倍液(12 mg/L)和10%阿维·甲氧虫酰肼SC 1 000倍液(100 mg/L)在桑树上的残毒期均50 d;24%甲氧虫酰肼SC 3 000倍液(80 mg/L)、10%阿维·甲氧虫酰肼SC 1 000倍液(100 mg/L)均可通过内吸作用并传导到未喷药的桑叶上。建议桑园附近及养蚕区域避免使用此类农药。     

适于草坪斜纹夜蛾防治的绿色农药室内筛选

为了筛选适于草坪害虫斜纹夜蛾（Prodenia litura）防治的绿色农药,采用浸叶法测定比较了5个不同化学类别共20种绿色杀虫剂对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的室内活性。结果表明,7种常用农用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的杀虫效果不及常规有机磷农药毒死蜱,而2种新型拟除虫菊酯四氟醚菊酯和四氟苯菊酯的杀虫效果相当或优于毒死蜱;苯甲酰脲类药剂虱螨脲、氟啶脲和氟铃脲,双酰肼类虫酰肼,杂环类茚虫威和虫螨腈,以及生物源类杀虫剂甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐7种药剂对斜纹夜蛾的活性高,均符合绿色无公害农药的基本要求,是值得进一步试验开发用于草坪斜纹夜蛾等夜蛾类害虫防治的候选药剂。     

不同环境温度下家蚕对毒死蜱的敏感性差异

基于高效、安全使用有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱防治桑园害虫的目的,研究了家蚕在不同环境温度下对毒死蜱的敏感性变化。在不同温度环境中,家蚕对毒死蜱的敏感性差异变化达到极显著水平,毒死蜱对家蚕毒力的温度效应趋势模式为Y=4.083 3X4-51.582 9X3+234.664 7X2-452.663 2X+345.948。毒力的温度效应在17~21℃和29~33℃2个区域显著增强,其中低温区域温度变化对家蚕敏感性的影响大于高温区域;低温(17℃)和高温(33℃)下,家蚕对毒死蜱的敏感性增强,尤以低温(17℃)最强,校正死亡率达75.5%。     

联苯肼酯悬浮剂的杀螨活性测试及对家蚕的安全性评价

联苯肼酯是用于农作物害螨防治的一种新型选择性叶面喷雾杀螨剂。以43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂(SC)供试,采用叶碟喷雾法测定药剂对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨的室内毒性,采用食下毒叶法测定药剂对家蚕的急性毒性和桑园施药后的残留毒性。43%联苯肼酯SC对2种害螨的成螨、若螨和螨卵均具有较高的杀灭活性,48 h LC_(50)值分别为4.93和3.38 mg/L、0.75和1.90mg/L、18.61和11.85 mg/L,其中对朱砂叶螨成螨和若螨的毒力分别为其对螨卵毒力的3.78和24.81倍,对二斑叶螨成螨和若螨的毒力则分别是对螨卵毒力的3.51和6.24倍。43%联苯肼酯SC对家蚕3龄起蚕48 h的LC_(50)和LC_(90)值分别为1 063.36和3 523.77 mg/L,属于低毒级农药(LC_(50)200 mg/L);桑树喷施143.33~573.33 mg/L药液后14 d采摘桑叶养蚕,对家蚕的龄期经过、眠蚕体质量、全茧量、茧层量、茧层率等均无明显影响。依据试验结果确定,43%联苯肼酯SC可以用于桑园内朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨的防治,建议田间施用联苯肼酯143.33 mg/L药液对家蚕的安全间隔期定为10 d,286.67~573.33 mg/L药液对家蚕的安全间隔期定为14 d。     

65%毒死蜱乳油对桑园鳞翅目害虫的防效研究

针对桑园鳞翅目害虫较难防治及对口农药较少的情况,通过65%毒死蜱等农药的防效试验,证明65%毒死蜱农药是防治桑园桑鳞翅目害虫的一种理想农药,建议在养蚕间隔期较长时使用。     

试验

<正>智利小植绥螨防治草莓二斑叶螨据《北方园艺》2017年第18期《智利小植绥螨与联苯肼酯单独和联合防治草莓二斑叶螨田间防效》(作者金桂华等)报道,为绿色防控草莓二斑叶螨,以二斑叶螨为防治对象,在二斑叶螨自然发生程度较轻、中等和严重的草莓棚中,采用释放智利小植绥螨、喷洒43%联苯肼酯3 000倍液和二     

常用农药对湛江红江橙和广州九里香柑橘木虱种群的室内药效测定

柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)是柑橘黄龙病最重要的媒介昆虫,对其进行严格防控是阻延黄龙病传播的有效手段。本研究采用室内药效测定方法,测定了12种常用农药对广东重要柑橘品种红江橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Hongjiang)和广州园林植物九里香(Murraya paniculata (L.) )上的柑橘木虱成虫的防治效果,并与实验室饲养的敏感种群进行比较,为合理选择农药、有效防治柑橘木虱提供依据。结果显示,77.5%敌敌畏乳油对3个种群防效一致,处理24 h后死亡率都达100%。25%呋虫胺可湿性粉剂和20%甲氰菊酯乳油处理24 h后敏感种群死亡率也达100%,但2个野外种群死亡率略有下降。2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂、350 g/L吡虫啉悬浮剂、30%噻虫嗪悬浮剂、5%啶虫脒乳油、45%毒死蜱乳油、12%高氯·毒死蜱乳油对敏感种群也有理想的防治效果,48 h或72 h死亡率达100%。但广州九里香种群对高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉、高氯·毒死蜱、噻虫嗪的敏感性显著下降,高效氯氟氰菊酯尤为严重,下降率达64-70%;湛江种群对啶虫脒、毒死蜱、高氯·毒死蜱、噻虫嗪的敏感性也显著下降,对高氯·毒死蜱敏感性下降最为显著,下降率达39%。97%矿物油乳剂处理24 h防效很低,但随时间推移不断提高,72 h达71-86%。5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂、3.2%阿维菌素乳油对3个种群的效果都不理想。测定结果说明两个地区、两种寄主植物的柑橘木虱对多种农药的敏感性存在差异,建议各柑橘产区加强对本地区柑橘木虱的抗药性监测,充分考虑防治其他害虫对柑橘木虱抗性产生的影响,以保证农药的防治效果。     

65%毒死蜱EC田间鳞翅目桑虫防效试验

65%毒死蜱1000倍对鳞翅目害虫的总体防效与20%亚胺硫磷2000倍差异显著,尤其对低龄桑尺蠖的防效。各处理对桑螟等其它害虫的防效比较理想。即在防治桑尺蠖为主时,毒死蜱浓度以1000倍为宜,防治其它鳞翅目害虫为主时,毒死蜱浓度可选用2000倍。     

几种农药对桑园主要害虫的药效对比试验

通过田间试验,对柳城县凤山镇市面上使用于桑园害虫防治的几种农药进行了防治效果及残效期的测试。结果表明:40%桑宝(灭多威)乳油1 500倍、40%乐桑(毒死蜱)乳油1 500倍、80%敌敌畏乳油1 000倍对鳞翅目幼虫的防效较好,防效依次为94.31%、92.84%、92.23%;73%桑宁(炔螨特)乳油3 000倍、40%乐果乳油1 000倍对桑蓟马和朱砂叶螨等刺吸性害虫的防效特效,防效依次为95.46%、91.33%;80%敌敌畏乳油、40%乐果乳油、730 g/L桑宁(炔螨特)乳油、40%桑宝(灭多威)乳油、40%乐桑(毒死蜱)乳油对桑蚕的残毒期依次为:5 d、5 d、10 d、12 d、15 d。     

应用生物毒素防治高原鼢鼠对草地生物量的影响

在高寒地区应用0.2%的毒饵生物毒素采用插洞投饵法进行投饵防治高原鼢鼠,防效达到80.47%;防治高原鼢鼠第二年草地地上总生物量、可食牧草、豆科牧草生物量处理组和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);禾本科牧草、莎草科牧草生物量处理组较对照组达到显著水平(P<0.05);不可食牧草生物量处理组与对照组间达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.