植酸酶和磷酸氢钙对生长猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

选择体重(35.92±4.84)kg的长白X大约克二元杂种阉公猪56头,随机分为4个处理,分别饲喂常磷不加植酸酶饲粮、低磷不加植酸酶饲粮、常磷加植酸酶饲粮和低磷加植酸酶饲粮,每个处理14个重复,每个重复1头猪,研究饲粮添加植酸酶(750 IU/kg饲料)和不添加磷酸氢钙对生长猪的生长性能和养分代谢的影响.结果表明:低磷不加植酸酶组与常磷不加植酸酶组相比,采食量降低1.23%(P>0.05),料重比增加13.82%(P<0.01),日增重降低18.52%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本增加13.50%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率降低13.83%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率降低4.21%(P>0.05).粗蛋白质表观消化率降低2.55%(P>0.05);常磷加植酸酶组与常磷不加植酸酶组相比,采食量增加2.06%(P>0.05),料重比降低4.73%(P<0.01),日增重增加7.33%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本降低4.70%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率提高12.45%(P<0.05),钙表观消化率提高5.63%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观消化率提高4.00%(P>0.05);低磷加植酸酶组与低磷不加植酸酶组相比,采食量增加5.00%(P>0.05),料重比降低12.14%(P<0.01),日增重增加27.67%(P<0.01),单位增重饲料成本降低12.07%(P<0.01),磷表观消化率提高39.59%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率提高7.94%(P<0.01),粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);低磷加植酸酶组与常磷不加植酸酶组相比采食量、日增重、料重比和单位增重饲料成本均差异不显著,磷表观消化率提高20.28%(P<0.01),钙表观消化率提高3.39%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05).结论:1)添加植酸酶(常磷加植酸酶组与常磷不加植酸酶组比,低磷加植酸酶组与低磷不加植酸酶组比)能够提高生长猪生长性能和钙、磷的表观消化率,降低生产成本,对粗蛋白质表观消化率无显著影响;2)不添加磷酸氢钙(低磷加植酸酶组与常磷加植酸酶组比,低磷不加植酸酶组与常磷不加植酸酶组比)会降低生长猪生长性能,但对钙和粗蛋白质的表观消化率无显著影响;3)低磷加植酸酶组与常磷加植酸酶组相比,猪的生长性能和钙、粗蛋白质的表观消化率无显著差异,但磷的消化率大大提高了,有利于环境保护;4)低磷加植酸酶饲粮有利于猪的生长、降低生产成本和环境保护,为最佳饲粮.     

免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸/赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响。选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响。结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率。免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关。对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100。     

乳化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能及养分利用率的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同来源油脂饲粮中添加乳化剂对肉仔鸡生产性能及养分利用率的影响。试验采用2×3二因子析因试验设计,A因子为菜籽油和牛油两种油脂饲粮组,B因子为无乳化剂添加组、添加乳化剂1组和添加乳化剂2组,乳化剂添加量均为商业推荐量。选取672只1日龄AA肉仔鸡随机分成6组,每组8个重复,每个重复14只鸡(公母各半)。结果表明,肉仔鸡生长后期及全期,乳化剂1组平均日采食量和平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),乳化剂1和2均有降低料肉比的趋势。饲粮中添加乳化剂1显著提高了生长前期肉仔鸡干物质表观消化率及表观代谢能值(P<0.05)。牛油饲粮组肉仔鸡生长全期的平均日采食量和料肉比显著高于菜籽油饲粮组(P<0.05),不同油脂饲粮组肉仔鸡的平均日增重无显著差异(P>0.05)。菜籽油饲粮组生长全期肉仔鸡粗脂肪表现消化率和表观代谢能值均显著高于牛油组(P<0.05)。结果提示,从试验全期来看,在牛油饲粮和菜籽油饲粮中分别添加外源乳化剂,肉仔鸡生产性能及脂肪利用率均有提高,乳化剂对牛油饲粮的改善程度优于菜籽油饲粮,且乳化剂产品之间也有差异。     

免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸、赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响.选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响.结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率.免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关.对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100.     

免疫应激对肉仔鸡苏氨酸/赖氨酸需求比例的影响

选用300只16日龄的AA肉公鸡,研究了免疫应激对内源氨基酸损失和日粮氨基酸消化率的影响。选用750只1日龄AA肉公鸡,采用2×5因子设计,研究了免疫应激和日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对1～21日龄期间生长性能、内分泌激素水平和血清尿酸浓度的影响。结果表明,免疫应激直接增加肉仔鸡内源氨基酸损失,同时又通过降低干物质采食量显著减少内源损失,但没有影响日粮氨基酸消化率。免疫应激也降低了肉仔鸡生长性能,日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例对肉仔鸡增重的影响与免疫状态有关。对照组获得最大增重和最低耗料/增重比需要的日粮苏氨酸/赖氨酸比例均为64/100,应激组相应的需求比例分别为70/100和71/100。     

溶血卵磷脂提高肉仔鸡对禽脂的表观消化率

试验研究日粮中禽脂水平(30和24 g/kg)以及是否添加外源乳化剂溶血卵磷脂(LPC)对肉仔鸡生长性能、脂肪酸表观消化率以及日粮表观代谢能(AME)的影响.本试验选用168只1日龄AA肉仔鸡(公雏),按照2×2因子设计,分4个处理,每个处理7个重复,每个重复6只鸡.试验中测定生长性能、营养物质表观消化率以及日粮AME.结果表明,禽脂添加水平对肉仔鸡生长性能、脂肪酸表观消化率以及日粮AME没有显著影响(P>0.05).日粮中添加LPC提高肉仔鸡体增重(P<0.05)、降低料重比(P<0.05)、提高14～17日龄日粮AME(P<0.05).添加LPC有提高14～17日龄肉仔鸡粗脂肪表观消化率的趋势(P=0.086).日粮中添加外源乳化剂LPC提高了C18:0脂肪酸的表观消化率(P<0.05),对其他脂肪酸、粗蛋白质以及粗脂肪表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05).这些结果表明,在含禽脂的日粮中添加500 mg/kg LPC能改善肉仔鸡生长性能;LPC改善肉仔鸡生长性能的作用是通过提高脂肪表观消化率实现的.     

脂多糖应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物菌群和肉品质的影响

旨在研究脂多糖应激对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物菌群和肉品质的影响,确定脂多糖作为免疫应激模型的最适使用剂量提供指导支持,为阐明免疫应激状态下动物生长代谢变化及从营养角度研发抗免疫应激药物奠定基础。将120只肉仔鸡随机分成4个处理组(对照组、Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组),分别在16、18、20日龄,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别腹腔注射100、500、1 000μg/kg体重的脂多糖,对照组注射生理盐水,试验期为42d,通过检测平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、大肠埃希菌、乳酸菌、双歧杆菌、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、肉色、pH、剪切力、失水率等指标,比较分析脂多糖不同注射剂量对肉仔鸡生长性能、肠道微生物菌群和肉品质的影响。结果显示,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与对照组相比,平均日采食量、平均日增重、乳酸菌数、双歧杆菌数、a*值、pH均显著降低(P0.05),大肠埃希菌数、失水率均显著升高(P0.05);Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比,平均日采食量、平均日增重、双歧杆菌数、pH均显著降低(P0.05),大肠埃希菌数、失水率均显著提高(P0.05);Ⅲ组与Ⅱ组相比,平均日增重显著降低(P0.05),失水率显著提高(P0.05)。表明脂多糖应激能引起肉仔鸡肠道微生物菌群平衡发生改变,导致肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质下降,而且应激强度越大,负面效应越强。     

递增注射脂多糖诱导慢性免疫应激对仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究递增30%注射脂多糖(LPS)诱导仔猪慢性免疫应激的效果及对仔猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率的影响。选取16头断奶仔猪,随机分为2组(对照组、LPS组),单笼饲养。LPS组隔天静脉注射LPS,初始注射剂量80μg/kg BW,随后逐次递增30%,对照组注射相应剂量的生理盐水,试验期15 d。研究发现:仔猪注射LPS第1、5天血浆白细胞介素-1β和皮质醇含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),第9天血浆皮质醇有高于对照组的趋势(P=0.10),整个试验期内血浆结合珠蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,注射LPS仔猪在试验的3个阶段(1~4 d、5~8 d和9~15 d)平均日增重分别降低了40.00%(P0.01)、29.52%(P0.05)和19.30%(P0.05),平均日采食量分别降低了25.09%(P=0.01)、23.15%(P0.05)和19.47%(P0.05),增重耗料比与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。与对照组相比,注射LPS仔猪饲粮干物质表观消化率下降了5.43%(P0.05),能量表观消化率有降低的趋势(P=0.06),粗脂肪和粗蛋白质表观消化率略有降低(P0.10)。试验结果表明,递增30%注射LPS成功诱导仔猪慢性免疫应激,降低了仔猪平均日采食量和营养物质表观消化率,抑制了仔猪生长。     

脂多糖和地塞米松对肉鸡生长性能、养分代谢、血清生化指标及肠道形态发育的影响

试验旨在探讨脂多糖（LPS）和地塞米松（DEX）对肉鸡生长性能、养分代谢、血清生化指标及小肠形态发育的影响。选取1日龄健康状况良好、体重相近的AA肉仔鸡224只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理7个重复,每个重复8只,分为无免疫组（NV组）、正常免疫组（CV组）、免疫抑制组（DEX组）和免疫亢进组（LPS组）,DEX组和LPS组分别于15、17和19 d肌肉注射2.5 mg/kg体重的DEX或500 μg/kg体重的LPS,NV组和CV组于相应日龄注射等体积的生理盐水。预试期7 d,正试期35 d。结果显示,DEX组和LPS组能够显著降低肉鸡平均日采食量（ADFI）和平均日增重（ADG）（P<0.05）,提高料重比（P>0.05）;DEX和LPS对干物质（DM）表观代谢率无显著影响（P>0.05）,但可显著降低36~42 d日粮中的有机物（OM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、钙（Ca）和磷（P）的表观代谢率（P<0.05）;21和42 d时,各组血清葡萄糖（GLU）、尿酸（UA）和丙二醛（MDA）水平均无显著差异（P>0.05）。21 d时,DEX组和LPS组血清中的白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量显著高于NV组和CV组（P<0.05）,但在42 d,各组间的血清IL-6和TNF-α含量无显著差异（P>0.05）。DEX和LPS可降低21和42 d十二指肠、空肠和回肠的肠壁厚度、黏膜厚度,绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度。综上所述,DEX和LPS使肉鸡的肠道形态结构受损,降低了养分表观代谢率,从而影响采食量及体增重,使生长性能下降。     

玉米-豆粕日粮添加溶菌酶对肉仔鸡生长性能、代谢及免疫指标的影响

本文研究了溶菌酶对肉仔鸡生长性能及免疫指标的影响.采用单因子试验设计,选用体重相近1日龄从肉仔鸡320羽,随机分成5组,每组64羽,4个重复,每个重复16羽(公母各1/2).以玉米-豆粕配制基础日粮,Ⅰ为对照组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ分别饲喂基础日粮加不同剂量(添加量分别为0.3、0.4、0.5和0.6 g/kg)的溶菌酶,试验期42 d.结果表明:添加溶菌酶可降低肉仔鸡采食量、料重比,提高日增重.Ⅳ组与Ⅰ组相比,全期(0～6周)Ⅳ组日增重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05);提高了肉仔鸡免疫指标,前期(0～3周)及后期(4～6周),Ⅳ组的胸腺相对重量较Ⅰ组显著增加(P<0.05);Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组的法氏囊相对重量较Ⅰ组显著增加(P<0.05);21日龄时,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组的血清总蛋白含量较Ⅰ组均显著提高(P<0.05);42日龄时,Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组的血清球蛋白含量、血清抗体IgG的含量较Ⅰ组显著提高(P<0.05).结果提示:饲料中添加适量溶菌酶后,肉仔鸡能量、养分表观代谢率和免疫指标均有提高的趋势.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.