不同盐度条件下鱼露发酵前期挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱

为探明一定盐度条件下传统鱼露发酵前期挥发性风味物质随时间变化的规律,建立鱼露发酵前期挥发性风味物质的指纹图谱及明确主要风味物质。采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)方法分析了180和230两种盐度条件下日本鰒鱼露发酵液的挥发性风味成分。结果显示,有80%的鱼露样品相似度良好,与对照图谱相似度达到了90%;180盐度下发酵150 d的鱼露挥发性风味物质变化较大。盐度180发酵的鱼露样品组有51个共有峰,盐度230有58个共有峰,并在对照图谱中加以标定。通过对指纹图谱共有峰化合物指认,确定了乙醇、丙酮、异戊醛、1-戊烯-3-醇和2-甲基丁酸为鱼露前期发酵液的主要挥发性风味物质。研究表明,盐度180发酵的鱼露更早地进入基础物质转化阶段,有利于鱼露海鲜味的生成;230盐度发酵的鱼露整体发酵进程较为缓慢,但更有利于鱼露中乳酪味和肉香味的形成。在实际生产中可根据需要选择不同的盐度进行发酵。研究结果为揭示鱼露发酵前期主要基础挥发性风味物质及变化规律和鱼露品质控制等提供科学依据。     

咸鱼中的挥发性风味成分

为了探明咸鱼挥发性气味特征物质,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱联用分析技术,对柳叶鱼、红牙、小黄鱼以及带鱼等4种常见鱼的咸鱼进行萃取和分离鉴定。结果表明,这4种咸鱼的挥发性风味成分的组成和种类各不相同,分别得到105种、89种、88种以及72种挥发性风味物质(匹配度超过80%),以醛类、醇类以及烃类物质为主,总量分别占了这4种鱼的49.99%、53.09%、60.54%以及86.18%。研究表明,咸鱼的特征香气以鱼腥味、青草味-脂肪味为主;咸鱼特征风味物质是3-甲基丁醛、己醛、(z)-4-庚醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、1-戊烯-3-醇、3-甲基丁醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、庚醇、三甲胺。     

鱼露特征挥发性化合物的研究进展

研究了鱼露浓郁独特的风味及现代快速发酵工艺所存在的风味品质问题,并综述了近20年来的鱼露特征挥发性化合物的研究,结果表明探究鱼露特征挥发性化合物的形成是可行的。结果显示,气味指纹技术与气相色谱—人工嗅辨仪—质谱(GC-O-MS)联用可以探讨鱼露特征风味的形成;鱼露的气味是融合了奶酪味、氨味、腌渍味、酸味、鱼腥臭味和肉香味的复杂刺激性气味,含硫与含氮化合物是特征挥发性化合物;鱼的种类、嗜盐微生物、酶解途径对特征挥发性化合物形成都有很大影响。研究表明,鱼露的挥发性风味是非常复杂的体系,挥发性化合物的形成不是简单因素作用或个别化合物转化导致的。鱼露挥发性化合物研究可以解决鱼露风味品质提升的难题。     

低盐乳酸菌法与传统法腌干鱼制品的风味比较

为了研究不同腌制方法对鱼肉风味的影响,为腌干鱼制品加工新技术的进一步优化和应用提供理论依据,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用法分析,鉴定比较了鲜红牙原料采用低盐乳酸菌法和传统法腌干鱼制品的风味成分变化。结果表明:鲜红牙、低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别检测出80、110、91种挥发性成分,醛、醇、酮类化合物是构成腌干鱼肉独特风味的主要成分。经低盐乳酸菌法腌干的鱼肉挥发性物质对风味贡献较大的醛、醇、酮类化合物总量达35种,而鲜鱼和传统腌干鱼肉中分别只有17和21种。低盐乳酸菌法腌干鱼肉风味物质中含有大量的醇、醛类物质,但不含有胺类物质,在保持传统腌制鱼肉风味的基础上增加了特有的花香味、水果香味及酒香味,提升了鱼肉感官品质。所以采用低盐结合复合乳酸菌法制备腌干鱼,不仅能缩短腌制时间,还能提升腌干鱼肉特有的风味,而且防止了胺类物质的产生,显著提高产品的品质和安全性。     

高铁肌红蛋白对腌腊鱼脂质氧化与挥发性风味的影响

为探究高铁肌红蛋白(MMb)对腌腊鱼品质的影响，实验在腌制草鱼肉中添加不同浓度MMb (0、 0.1、 0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/g)构建样品反应体系，基于羰基化合物、脂质含量、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味物等指标，研究腌腊鱼传统加工中MMb促脂质氧化作用机制。结果显示，随着MMb添加浓度的升高，3种羰基化合物含量逐渐递增，且增幅存在“4-羟基己烯醛>4-羟基壬烯醛>丙二醛”的趋势。与对照组相比，添加0.8 mg/g MMb样品组总脂、甘油三酯和磷脂含量降幅最大(分别为18.95%、18.72%和31.83%)，而游离脂肪酸含量呈完全相反趋势(增幅为6.74%)。添加MMb浓度越高，鱼肉样品中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)越容易发生氧化降解，亚油酸和花生四烯酸尤为显著(相对含量分别下降12.37%和16.27%)。本实验共检出6大类41种挥发性风味成分，确定了戊醛等13种气味活性物质，除癸醛外所有气味活性物质均与PUFA相对含量呈显著负相关，表明MMb介导的脂质光氧化反应可能是传统腌腊鱼香气的主要形成机制。     

Volatile Organic Compounds Profile Obtained from Processing Steps of Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as Perspective for Food Industry

ABSTRACT

In the heat treatment of oysters, many aroma compounds are lost in the cooking steam and water. In this study, aroma compound profiles from oyster processing were identified by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds were extracted by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), while the best process conditions such as temperature, extraction time, and desorption time were studied. The aroma compounds were obtained from raw oysters, from oysters after thermal treatment, from water released from raw oysters, from cooking steam, and from oyster boiling juice. All compounds were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS. The major oyster aroma compounds were 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, and benzaldehyde. Most of the components from oysters were lost both to the cooking steam and to the oyster boiling juice. The concentration range of volatile organic compounds transferred for oyster boiling juice between 14 and 90 mg L^?1 shows that the residues from oyster processing have great technological potential, and they can be recovered for application as aromas by the food industry.     

三种不同养殖模式下大黄鱼鱼皮、鱼鳞挥发性风味成分分析

为了探讨不同养殖模式对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)挥发性风味成分的影响,对于养殖大黄鱼的风味评价和养殖模式优化具有重要的现实意义。采用顶空固相微萃取-全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱技术对小网箱、深水网箱和围网养殖大黄鱼的鱼皮、鱼鳞挥发性风味成分进行了分析。结果表明:小网箱(X)、深水网箱(S)和围网(W)养殖大黄鱼的鱼皮(P)、鱼鳞(L)中共检测出醛类、醇类、酮类、脂类、烃类及其他共118种挥发性成分,其中醛类、醇类、酮类和烃类含量较高。3种模式养殖大黄鱼的鱼皮、鱼鳞中挥发性成分存在显著性差异(P0.05),且羰基化合物和醇类含量变化较大。在3种模式养殖大黄鱼的鱼皮中,围网养殖的鱼皮(WP)羰基化合物和醇类含量最高,SP次之,XP最低(P0.05)。在3种模式养殖大黄鱼的鱼鳞中,WL的羰基化合物和醇类含量显著高于XL和SL(P0.05),而XL与SL的羰基化合物和醇类含量无显著差异(P0.05)。通过相对气味活度值法,在3种模式养殖大黄鱼的鱼皮中分别筛选出5、15、13种主体风味成分,与XP相比,WP和SP主体风味成分数量和种类更多。在3种模式养殖大黄鱼的鱼鳞中分别筛选出9、10、16种主体风味成分,与XL和SL相比,WL中主体风味成分数量和种类更多。结论显示,W组羰基化合物和醇类含量最高,风味物质构成最优;主体风味成分的数量和种类最多,风味最丰富。     

尼罗罗非鱼制作传统上海熏鱼过程中的风味变化

为探究上海熏鱼制作过程中不同加工阶段风味物质的变化,本研究以尼罗罗非鱼肉为对象,通过高效液相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析法和固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用技术对上海熏鱼4个加工阶段(生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品)的风味物质进行分析和鉴定。结果显示,各阶段IMP含量呈逐渐上升趋势,是主要的鲜味核苷酸。游离氨基酸总量和呈味氨基酸含量也逐渐升高,并呈显著性差异,其中天冬氨酸和谷氨酸对上海熏鱼风味影响最大。生鲜罗非鱼、一次浸渍、一次浸渍后油爆和上海熏鱼成品中挥发性物质依次为50、84、78和82种,主要由醛类、酮类、醇类和烃类构成。因此,浸渍和油爆是上海熏鱼风味形成的主要原因,使得罗非鱼鱼体的腥味得以有效改善。     

腌制方式对卵形鲳鲹理化指标及其挥发性风味成分的影响

为了探究干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制对卵形鲳鲹的理化特性及挥发性风味成分的影响,实验对腌制加工后鱼肉的基本营养成分、盐含量、pH、硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)值、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味成分等指标进行测定分析.结果显示,在腌制加工后,卵形鲳鲹粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量升高、而水分含量下降,其中干腌、湿腌、超声波辅助腌制鱼肉中水分含量分别...     

基于GC-MS联用技术分析传统鱼露发酵过程中挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组分变化

为探明鱼露在不同发酵时间点挥发性物质的差异以及脂肪酸对传统鱼露的香气物质形成的影响,实验采用气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析鱼露发酵过程中的挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸组成。结果显示,在5个不同发酵时间点的鱼露样品中共检测出7大类56种挥发性化合物,并用内标法对各挥发性化合物进行定量。以OVA值为依据,从56种挥发性化合物中筛选出12种对鱼露风味轮廓贡献显著的主体呈香化合物如3-甲硫基丙醛等。鱼露的主体特征风味可描述为蘑菇香味、土豆香味、麦芽香味、香草味、水果香味和鱼腥味。鱼露中的脂肪酸主要分布范围为C15~C26,不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)相对含量高达67.23%。在鱼露发酵过程中,风味相关的亚油酸和亚麻酸变化较为显著,与主体挥发性风味化合物的变化呈现一定的相关性,证明不饱和脂肪酸是鱼露发酵过程中产生特征风味的重要前体物质。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱-嗅觉测量联用初探鲢肉的挥发性风味物质

为探明鲢肉挥发性气味特征物质,通过顶空固相微萃取法提取和浓缩了鲢肉中的挥发性物质,并利用气相色谱质谱联用以及气相色谱〖CD*7/9〗嗅觉测量法对气味物质进行了定性分析及气味特征的评价。由8人组成的评价小组通过检测频率法进行嗅觉测量。结果表明,经GCMS分析鉴定得到了29种挥发性气味物质,主要是一些羰基类和醇类化合物,占了总挥发性物质的88%。通过检测频率分析法鉴定出12种化合物具有气味特征,表现为鱼腥、金属、青草、油脂氧化、蘑菇等特征。另外有4种未知物也显示了较强的风味特性,它们协同作用构成了鲢的特殊气味。     

单色光照金枪鱼脂质和肌红蛋白氧化动力学研究

为探究高铁肌红蛋白 (MMb)对腌腊鱼品质的影响,实验在腌制草鱼肉中添加不同浓度MMb (0、 0.1、 0.2、0.4、0.8 mg/g) 构建样品反应体系,基于羰基化合物、脂质含量、脂肪酸组成及挥发性风味物等指标,研究腌腊鱼传统加工中MMb促脂质氧化作用机制。结果显示,随着MMb添加浓度的升高,3种羰基化合物含量逐渐递增,且增幅存在“4-羟基己烯醛>4-羟基壬烯醛>丙二醛”的趋势。与对照组相比,添加0.8 mg/g MMb样品组总脂、甘油三酯和磷脂含量降幅最大 (分别为18.95%、18.72%和31.83%),而游离脂肪酸含量呈完全相反趋势 (增幅为6.74%)。添加MMb浓度越高,鱼肉样品中多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)越容易发生氧化降解,亚油酸和花生四烯酸尤为显著 (相对含量分别下降12.37%和16.27%)。本实验共检出6大类41种挥发性风味成分,确定了戊醛等13种气味活性物质,除癸醛外所有气味活性物质均与PUFA相对含量呈显著负相关,表明MMb介导的脂质光氧化反应可能是传统腌腊鱼香气的主要形成机制。     

Proximate composition of some north-eastern Pacific forage fish species

To understand the relative dietary value of forage fish as prey in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, whole organisms of 13 species were analysed for proximate composition (protein, oil, ash and moisture content). Eulachon ( Thaleichthys pacificus ) were high in oil (total lipid) (16.8% to 21.4%) and low in moisture (64.6% to 70.8%). Oil in capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) ranged from 2.1% to 14.0%. Juveniles of walleye pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma ), Atka mackerel ( Pleurogrammus monopterygius ), Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ), and prowfish ( Zaprora silenus ) had low oil contents (< 1.8%) and high moisture contents (> 80.3%). Rankings of median proximate values illustrate the similarities. Surf smelt ( Hypomesus pretiosus ), rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ), pricklebacks ( Lumpenus spp.), Atka mackerel, Pacific sand lance ( Ammodytes hexapterus ) and Pacific sandfish ( Trichodon trichodon ) ranked high in median protein content (> 15.4%). Median ash content for all species ranged from 0.6% to 3.3%. Total wet mass caloric content (kcal g^–1) was calculated for the four main species and a linear model was developed for caloric content as a function of moisture. The linear models (caloric content = b₀ + b₁ × moisture) were Pacific sand lance and Pacific sandfish (b₀ = 7.82, b₁ = – 0.09); eulachon (b₀ = 7.97, b₁ = – 0.08); and capelin (b₀ = 9.70, b₁ = – 0.11).     

Diet of demersal fish species in relation to aquaculture development in Scottish sea lochs

The diets of demersal fish, principally haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and several flatfish species, sampled from four Scottish sea lochs (Hourn, Kishorn, Duich and Nevis) which support aquaculture sites, were examined in order to determine whether the impact of aquaculture on benthic biodiversity would affect the diets of demersal fish. Loch Kishorn had the highest maximum planned aquaculture production, loch Nevis follows and lochs Hourn and Duich have the lowest planned production. Samples were collected from locations less than and more than 2000 m from fish farm cages. Fish close to the fish farm cages were on average of greater individual weight than those further away from fish farms. Haddock ate predominantly Malacostracan crustacea, Ophiurid echinoderms and Polychaete annelids; whiting ate predominantly Malacostracan crustacea and teleost fish and flatfish ate Malacostracan crustacea, Polychaete annelids and Ophiurid echinoderms. A small number of saithe sampled had eaten mainly fish farm pellets. Dietary variation in each species was analysed in relation to loch, proximity to aquaculture facilities and fish size. Diet of whiting varied with body size. Dietary differences were observed between the lochs and between sites close to and far from farms in two lochs although these differences cannot be specifically attributed to aquaculture development. Controlling for differences between individual lochs, proximity to aquaculture facilities did not consistently affect diet composition.     

Quality of reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) during ice storage,as affected by dietary fish oil substitution; an instrumental and sensory designation approach

The fillet fatty acids (FAs) and volatile compounds (VCs) of gilthead sea bream, fed either fish oil‐based diet (FO) or plant oils (PO), were studied in dorsal and ventral fillet parts over a 12‐day ice storage. Fillet FA reflected the FA composition of the respective diets. Monounsaturated FAs were reduced with storage, while no FA differentiations occurred between fillet parts. VCs varied between diet treatments, with food chain‐transported compounds (α‐pinene and dimethylsulphide) showing higher abundance in the FO group. VCs proposed as fish spoilage indicators (trimethylamine, pentanal, propanal, 3‐methylbutanal and 1‐penten‐3‐ol) increased with storage, while concentration of carbon disulphide associated with fresh fish aroma decreased during the same period. VCs varied between fillet parts, with ventral part exhibiting higher concentrations in fat‐soluble (terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons) and spoilage‐associated VCs. Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between diet groups with the exception of fattiness, which was found significantly higher in the plant oil group.     

保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉特征性风味成分的影响

为明晰保鲜处理对冷鲜鲟鱼肉冷藏期间的特征性风味物质的影响。本实验利用固相微萃取—气相色谱—质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻和电子舌技术,对经微酸性氧化电解水和ε-聚赖氨酸两步法保鲜处理的冷鲜鲟鱼肉在冷藏期间的挥发性成分和滋味成分进行分析。电子鼻能够对挥发性成分从整体上进行分析,贮藏后期保鲜处理组和对照组的鲟鱼肉挥发性气味的数据集无重叠区域,差异明显。利用SPME-GC-MS定性鉴定出46种挥发性物质,主要包括醛类、酮类、烃类和醇类等物质,其中己醛、庚醛、苯甲醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛和2,5-辛二酮、苯乙酮、3,5-辛二烯-2-酮为保鲜处理组的主要挥发性物质,保鲜处理延缓了冷鲜鲟鱼肉腥味的产生以及鱼肉香味的下降。电子舌检测冷藏过程中鲟鱼肉的滋味物质时发现,保鲜处理组苦味、涩味、咸味均低于对照组,两组样品贮藏6 d后,在苦味、涩味、咸味、鲜味方面均呈显著差异。保鲜处理起到了减缓冷藏期间冷鲜鲟鱼肉风味物质下降的作用,为保鲜处理在冷鲜鲟鱼肉中的应用提供了一定的理论基础。     

不同产地传统海虾酱的风味特征

为探究我国不同产地传统海虾酱的风味特征,探讨风味形成机理.实验从感官量化描述分析和营养成分分析入手,应用气相离子迁移谱和顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱联用对不同产地传统海虾酱的风味特征进行探究.结果发现,不同产地虾酱的挥发性成分的种类和含量均有显著差异,2-乙基己醇、3-乙基-2,5-甲基吡嗪、二甲胺、二甲基三硫和3...     

Biochemical Changes and Aroma Development During the Spontaneous Fermentation of Cassava Fish into Lanhouin and Their Influence on Product Acceptability

Lanhouin, a fermented product from cassava fish (Pseudotolithus sp.), was produced by spontaneous fermentation with inherent risks of quality defects. In this respect, changes in moisture, protein, free fatty acids, total volatile nitrogen, and histamine were monitored during the fermentation period using Pearson's and AOAC methods. The aroma compounds were detected using the Likens-Nickerson extraction method and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results showed that the moisture and protein contents decreased while free fatty acid (FFA) and total volatile nitrogen (TVN) increased during fermentation. In contrast, there was no linear relationship between the histamine content and fermentation time since the histamine values didn't increase continuously as fermentation progressed. A total of 94 compounds were detected in the fermenting fish over a period of 8 days, and 82 compounds were positively identified with a quality index higher than 70%. The compounds included 15 aliphatic hydrocarbons, 9 esters, 9 ketones, 9 amines, 7 aldehydes, 6 aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 acids, 6 thiazoles, 5 alcohols, 3 phenols, 2 amides, 2 furans, and 2 pyrroles.