Replanting Affects the Tree Growth and Fruit Quality of Gala Apple

Apple replant disease（ARD） causes the inhibition of root system development, stunts tree growth and so on. To further investigate the effects of ARD on apple fruits, a 25-year-old apple orchard was remediated to establish a replant orchard between November 2008 and March 2009. A rotational cropping orchard was established on an adjacent wheat field. The cultivar and rootstock-scion combination used in the newly established orchards was Royal Gala/M26/Malus hupehensis Rehd. Ripe fruits were collected in mid-August 2011 and mid-August 2012, meanwhile, the following indices were measured： yield per plant; fruit weight; the fruit shape index; the contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid and chlorophyll; the soluble sugar content in the flesh; titratable acid; the sugar-acid ratio; firmness; and aroma components; apple plant ground diameter, plant height increment and the total length of the current-year shoots. The results showed that compared to rotational cropping, continuous cropping yielded statistically significant reductions in fruit weight and yield per plant of 39.8 and 76.5%, respectively. However, there were no changes in the fruit shape index. The anthocyanin and carotenoid contents decreased by 81.7 and 37.7%, respectively, while the chlorophyll content increased by 251.0%. All of these differences in content were statistically significant. The soluble sugar levels and sugar-acid ratio decreased by 25.4 and 60.9%, respectively, but the titratable acid levels and fruit firmness increased by 90.9 and 42.8%, respectively. Ten of the most important esters contributing to the apple aroma were analyzed, and the following changes were observed： hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, hexyl butyrate, acetate-2-methyl butyl, 2-methyl-hexyl butyrate, amyl acetate, butyl butyrate, 2-methyl-butyl butyrate, hexyl propionate and hexyl hexanoate decreased by 25.5, 78.4, 89.1, 55.5, 79.5, 77.2, 86.8, 69.9, 61.2, and 68.1%, respectively. The contents of three other aroma components,（E）-2-hexenal, hexanal and 1-hexanol, signi     

Study on the Quality Control of Chinese Jujube Wine Fermentation

Fermentation processes were studied, with an aim of improving the quality of Chinesejujube wine. Results showed the quality of the wine made from fresh Chinese jujube anddried Chinese jujube were similar, but wine made from excessively dried Chinese jujubeshowed decreased quality. The reducing sugar content in Chinese jujube juice extractedby pectic enzymes was higher than the reducing sugar content extracted by hot water,however, methanol content in wine extracted by pectic enzymes also increased. Thereforethe hot water extraction method is recommended for fermentation of Chinese jujube wine.Fermentation using vacuum concentrated Chinese jujube juice was more effective than thatusing filtered juice readjusted to 20% soluble solid content (SSC) with sucrose orglucose. The inoculation of 0.3% Saccharomyces ellipsodieus Strain was suitable forfermentation of Chinese jujube wine. Fermentation was carried out at 21-25~C. Theconcentration of SO2 in wine affected fermentation time and the optimum additional amountwas 40 mg L^-1. Post fermentation storage in oak barrel improved the quality of Chinesejujube wine, as did 4.5% diatomite filtration.     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Processing Apple Varieties

Genetic diversity of 18 processing apple varieties and two fresh varieties were evaluated using 12 simple sequence repeats （SSR） primer pairs previously identified in Malus domestica Borkh. A total of 87 alleles in 10 loci were detected using 10 polymorphic SSR markers selected within the range of 5-14 alleles per locus. All the 20 varieties could be distinguished using two primer pairs and they were divided into four groups using cluster analysis. The genetic similarity （GS） of groups analyzed using cluster analysis varied from 0.14 to 0.83. High acid variety Avrolles separated from other varieties with GS less than 0.42. The second group contained Longfeng and Dolgo from Northeast of China, the inherited genes of Chinese crab apple. The five cider varieties with high tannin contents, namely, Dabinette, Frequin rouge, Kermerrien, M.Menard, and D.Coetligne were clustered into the third group. The fourth group was mainly composed of 12 juice and fresh varieties. Principal coordinate analysis （PCO） also divided all the varieties into four groups. Juice and fresh apple varieties, Longfeng and Dolgo were clustered together, respectively, using both the analyses. Both the analyses showed there was much difference between cider and juice varieties, cider and fresh varieties, as well as Chinese crab apple and western European crab apple, whereas juice varieties and fresh varieties had a similar genetic background. The genetic diversity and differentiation could be sufficiently reflected by combining the two analytical methods.     

Effects of Peracetic Acid （PAA） Combined with Calcium Treatments on Storage Quality of Loquat Fruit

[Objective] The paper was to evaluate effects of peracetic acid （PAA） combined with calcium treatments on storage quality of Ioquat fruits, so as to pro- vide practical techniques to solve the problems of postharvest rot and quality deteri- oration for Ioquat fruits. [Method] With Ioquat fruits of Qingzhong variety as materi- als, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCI2 was used to soak Ioquat fruits for 4 min, 0.8% CaCl2 and water treatments were set as two controls; the fruits were dried and packaged by 0.02 mm PE bags, then stored under non-chilling low temperature of （7±1） ℃. The indicators related to storage quality of Ioquat fruits were randomly tested once every 3 d, and their variation situations were analyzed. [Result] Compared with two control treatments and 0.2% PAA, 0.8% PAA combined with calcium treatments, the treatment of 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 could significantly inhibit rot index, weight loss rate, firmness and cell membrane permeability of Ioquat fruits during storage period, which could also effectively delay the reduction of titratable acid, vitamin C, soluble solid content and juice yield, and maintain respiration intensity of fruits at a low level; the appearance and flavor qual- ity of fruits were good after stored for 25 d. [Conclusion] 0.4% PAA combined with 0.8% CaCl2 treatment is an efficient, safe and economical practice technology in an- ti-corrosion and quality preservation for postharvest Ioquat fruits .     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Orange Juice Samples From Seven Cultivars

Some physicochemical parameters of orange juice from seven orange varieties （Pineapple orange, Hamlin, Trovita, Jincheng, 1232 Tangor, Olinda Valencia, and Delta Valencia） were analyzed, special attention was paid to the level of sugars, organic acids, free amino acids, mineral composition, and color parameters. The results showed that total soluble solids （TSS）, TSS/titratable acidity （TA） ratios, sugars, and organic acids were kept within a proper range for juice processing except that Jincheng had lower TSS than the others. Sucrose was the most dominant sugar in the orange cultivars, followed by fructose and glucose, while citric acid was the principal organic acid. Serine and proline were the principal amino acids. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in all of the juice samples, followed by magnesium and calcium. The sodium content of most varieties was under 10 mg kg^-1. Though all of the samples had orange colour, Olinda Valencia and Delta Valencia had deeper red colour than the others. Statistically significant differences （P〈 0.05） were found between the samples in most of the characteristics. The results provided important information on the physicochemical characteristics of the varieties and on how to make the best use of orange cultivars for different purposes, which is of significance for both technological research and processing practice.     

Multivariate analysis between meteorological factor and fruit quality of Fuji apple at different locations in China

China has the largest apple planting area and total yield in the world, and the Fuji apple is the major cultivar, accounting for more than 70% of apple planting acreage in China. Apple qualities are affected by meteorological conditions, soil types, nutrient content of soil, and management practices. Meteorological factors, such as light, temperature and moisture are key environmental conditions affecting apple quality that are difficult to regulate and control. This study was performed to determine the effect of meteorological factors on the qualities of Fuji apple and to provide evidence for a reasonable regional layout and planting of Fuji apple in China. Fruit samples of Fuji apple and meteorological data were investigated from 153 commercial Fuji apple orchards located in 51 counties of 11 regions in China from 2010 to 2011. Partial least-squares regression and linear programming were used to analyze the effect model and impact weight of meteorological factors on fruit quality, to determine the major meteorological factors influencing fruit quality attributes, and to establish a regression equation to optimize meteorological factors for high-quality Fuji apples. Results showed relationships between fruit quality attributes and meteorological factors among the various apple producing counties in China. The mean, minimum, and maximum temperatures from April to October had the highest positive effects on fruit qualities in model effect loadings and weights, followed by the mean annual temperature and the sunshine percentage, the temperature difference between day and night, and the total precipitation for the same period. In contrast, annual total precipitation and relative humidity from April to October had negative effects on fruit quality. The meteorological factors exhibited distinct effects on the different fruit quality attributes. Soluble solid content was affected from the high to the low row preface by annual total precipitation, the minimum temperature from April to October, the mean temperature from April to October, the temperature difference between day and night, and the mean annual temperature. The regression equation showed that the optimum meteorological factors on fruit quality were the mean annual temperature of 5.5–18°C and the annual total precipitation of 602–1 121 mm for the whole year, and the mean temperature of 13.3–19.6°C, the minimum temperature of 7.8–18.5°C, the maximum temperature of 19.5°C, the temperature difference of 13.7°C between day and night, the total precipitation of 227 mm, the relative humidity of 57.5–84.0%, and the sunshine percentage of 36.5–70.0% during the growing period(from April to October).     

Effects of Organic Fertilizer on Fruit Quality and Acidified Soil Chemical Properties in Yantai Orchard

Objective] This study aimed to investigate the improving effect of organic fertilizer on acidified soil as wel as their ef-fects on fruit quality and quantity in Yantai orchard. [Method] Plot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer on fruit yield and quality of Red Fuji and chemical properties of acidified soil. [Result] The apple yield in acidified soil applied with organic fertilizer al increased. Under the application of biological organic fertilizer, the apple yield was higher, and it was 8.92% higher than that in the control group. Under the mixed application of chemical fertilizer and biological organic fertiliz-er, the growth and development of apple trees were improved, and the total soluble solid (TSS) content, vitamin C (Vc) content and TSS-acid ratio in mature apples al increased. The application of organic fertilizer significantly reduced soil acidity. Compared with those in the control group, the soil pH value, organic matter content and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content under the ap-plication of biological organic fertilizer were increased by 8.33%, 15.10% and 30.80%, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of biological organic fertilizer could improve the yield of apple in acidified soil.     

Ecoagriculture evaluation of household level in red soil area of China

A hundred and twenty-one households in Yujiang county, Jiangxi province were investigated by adopting questionnaire method, and the evaluation system of index was established according to the integrative, hierarchical, scientific, practical, comparative and dynamic principles. The investigation data were firstly standardized and then processed with SPSS software. The index weight was confirmed by principal component analysis. Finally, the evaluation scale of ecoagriculture was calculated. The results showed that the evaluation value ranged from 0.141 to 0.689 for 121 households. Agricultural status of 113 households got the primary phase of ecoagriculture which accounting for 93.38%; 7 households into the second phase, representing 5.79% and only 1 household into the third phase according to the evaluation value. However, the ecoagriculture was divided into 5 stages, according to the evaluation value. Therefore, the ecoagriculture has huge potential to develop in red soil area, China.     

Biotransformation of Flavor Compositions During Fermentation of Litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) Fruits into Wine

The aim was to examine the biotransformation of chemical compounds during the fermentation of litchi wine. S. bayanus BV818 was inoculated to litchi juice(Heiye) to initiate the fermentation. Acetic acid decreased dramatically, succinic acid and DLmalic acid increased sharply. Saturated free fatty acid increased, especially the concentration of the free fatty acid with long carbon chain(more than 10 carbons) increased significantly. The unique flavor compounds of fresh litchi including linalool, α-terpineol, β-citronellol and other terpenoids remained in the litchi wine were transformed to other aroma constituents, by which the primary litchi flavor was retained. The wine had a fruity flavor and delicate bouquet and had harmonious sourness and sweetness. The litchi 'Heiye' was suitable for being fermented into litchi wine.     

壳聚糖涂膜对枸杞鲜果常温保鲜的研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim was to study the preservation of fresh Chinese wolfberry fruit via chitosan coating. [Method] Using Chinese wolfberry "Ningqi No. 1" as experimental material, the fresh fruits were coated by different concentrations of chitosan(0.75%, 1.00%, 1.25%, 1.50% and 1.75%) at room temperature to study the changes in weight loss rate, rate of rotten fruits rot, soluble solid content and vitamin C(Vc) content. [Result] Of all the treatments, the fruits coated with 1.25% chitosan showed lowest rate of rotten fruit and weight loss rate, and highest Vc and soluble solid content, presenting the optimal fresh-keeping effect. [Conclusion] Chitosan coating is helpful for the preservation of fresh Chinese wolfberry fruit at room temperature.     

不同品种海棠果及其浓缩汁品质指标的测定

[目的]测定不同品种海棠果中营养物质含量及其浓缩汁中相关质量指标,为进一步开发利用海棠果提供研究基础.[方法]对新疆产红勋一号、Xlk -2、Xlk -3三个不同品种海棠果果肉中总糖、总酸、还原性糖、VC等营养成分及其浓缩清汁和浓缩浊汁的相关质量指标进行测定.[结果]三个品种海棠果果肉除还原糖、可溶性固形物、VC、铁和锰的含量无明显差异外,其余指标均有显著差异.三个品种海棠果浓缩清汁和浓缩浊汁的可滴定酸、透光率、色值、浊度(浓缩清汁)均有明显差异;且红勋一号浓缩清汁和浓缩浊汁中的可滴定酸含量为最高,这与红勋一号果肉含酸量高呈正相关.[结论]同一地区三个不同品种海棠果果肉及其浓缩清汁及浓缩浊汁的品质指标均有差异,但均符合苹果浓缩清汁国家标准和苹果浓缩浊汁行业标准.海棠果具有较丰富的营养成分,具有较好的开发前景.     

越橘品质指标评价

【目的】 探讨越橘品质指标间的相互关系,构建和完善越橘品质性状的综合评价体系,为合理评价越橘品质提供理论参考。【方法】 以92份越橘果实为材料,测定单果重、果形指数、果实硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比7项品质指标,运用相关分析揭示指标间的相互关系,运用正态分布理论进行品质指标概率分级,利用因子分析确定越橘品质评价指标,运用层次分析确立评价指标的权重并建立指标评分标准。【结果】 越橘品质指标间离散程度差异很大,其变异系数分别为67.12%（固酸比）、45.46%（可滴定酸含量）、35.28%（单果重）、23.48%（维生素C含量）、18.23%（可溶性固形物含量）、18.05%（果实硬度）和6.05%（果形指数）。可滴定酸含量和维生素C含量均服从正态分布,概率值P均大于0.05,果形指数、果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量去掉个别极端值后,也服从正态分布,单果重的概率值P为0.0494,接近0.05,视为符合正态分布,固酸比呈偏态分布。可滴定酸含量和固酸比之间呈极显著的负相关,相关系数为-0.81742,二者间存在极显著的幂函数变化趋势,决定系数R ²为0.9005。筛选出4项越橘品质代表性指标,包括可溶性固形物含量（甜味指标）、可滴定酸含量（酸味指标）、维生素C含量（营养指标）和果实硬度（质地指标）,4项代表性指标划分为5个等级,即极低、低、中、高和极高。建立4项代表性指标评分标准,将92份越橘果实划分为3个等级,即优等、中等和差等。 【结论】 越橘品质代表性指标包括可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量和果实硬度,建立的4项品质指标评分标准可用于越橘品质的科学评价与分类。     

中国不同地区‘富士’苹果品质评价

【目的】确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【方法】从河北、河南、辽宁、宁夏、山东、山西、陕西、新疆等8个苹果主产省(区)68个市(县)的代表性果园采集176份‘富士’苹果样品进行品质测定,共测定单果重、带皮硬度、去皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度、固酸比、糖酸比、甜酸比等15项指标。通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,采用灰色关联度法建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【结果】不同产区间‘富士’苹果品质指标存在差异性,新疆‘富士’苹果硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、山梨醇含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度值等8项品质指标均高于其他省(区)‘富士’苹果。维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、蔗糖含量和甜酸比的变异系数均大于30%,可溶性糖含量的变异系数最小(仅为9.8%)。‘富士’苹果某些品质指标间存在极显著的相关性,可滴定酸含量与固酸比、糖酸比之间相关系数分别为-0.844、-0.854,果糖和甜度值之间相关系数达0.963...     

中国冻梨加工品质评价体系构建

【目的】 对56个冻梨品种的18项冻梨品质指标进行测定,构建冻梨的品质评价体系。【方法】 通过主成分分析筛选核心指标,采用频数分布对核心指标进行分级,在此基础上运用层次分析法确定品质评价指标权重以及评分标准,最后采用K类中心聚类分析和判别分析建立冻梨品质判别函数。【结果】 不同冻梨各品种间品质离散程度有差异,变异系数在9.97%—360.37%;通过主成分分析筛选出可溶性固形物含量（TSS）、可滴定酸含量（TA）、固酸比（TSS/TA）、果皮L ^*值、果皮C ^*值、果肉h值、石细胞含量7项指标为冻梨品质评价核心指标;综合考虑7项指标对冻梨品质的影响程度并进行分级,通过层次分析法确定7项指标的权重系数分别为0.1176、0.0477、0.2900、0.0166、0.0498、0.1101、0.3683,由此建立冻梨评分标准;确定了冻梨品质判别函数,建模样本和检验样本正确判别率分别达到97.37%和100%,说明该判别函数具有极高的准确性,适用于冻梨品质的定性判别。 【结论】 不同冻梨品种品质可用TSS、TA含量、TSS/TA、果皮L ^*值、果皮C ^*值、果肉h值、石细胞含量7项指标进行综合评价,其中以红南果梨、尖把梨、南果梨、软儿梨、砂糖梨、秋白梨、黄麻槎冻梨品质为优,可作为冻梨的优选品种。     

苹果理化品质评价指标研究

【目的】明确苹果主要理化指标之间的相互关系,建立苹果主要理化指标的科学分级标准,确立苹果代表性理化指标,为苹果理化品质评价奠定基础。【方法】以190个品种的果实为试材,测定果实硬度等7项理化指标,利用相关分析和回归分析探索指标间的相互关系,运用概率分级建立各指标的正态分级标准,利用主成分分析和聚类分析确定代表性理化指标。【结果】⑴果实硬度、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量呈正态分布,在去掉拖尾的少数品种后,固酸比、糖酸比和维生素C含量也呈正态分布;⑵各指标均划分为服从正态分布的5级,各级的平均分布频率分别为7.4%、23.9%、40.1%、18.2%、10.4%;⑶可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖含量、固酸比与糖酸比、固酸比与可滴定酸含量和糖酸比与可滴定酸含量均呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.8343、0.9844、-0.8788和-0.8597;⑷可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比和糖酸比之间存在4个极显著的三元线性回归方程,平均预测误差均小于2%;⑸可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量之间、固酸比和糖酸比之间存在极显著的一元线性回归方程,平均预测误差在4.3%-5.6%;⑹7项指标可简化为5项,即果实硬度、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、糖酸比和维生素C含量。【结论】7项苹果理化指标均可划分为服从正态分布的5级。某些苹果理化指标可用其它苹果理化指标进行预测。用5项指标即可对苹果理化品质进行有效评价。     

非浓缩还原苹果汁加工过程中物料感官品质的变化

[目的]研究非浓缩还原(NFC)苹果汁加工过程中引起物料感官品质变化的关键环节,为调控果汁内在品质和延长果汁货架期提供理论依据.[方法]测定NFC苹果汁的加工各加工环节中果汁样品中颜色、浊度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸的含量以及风味的变化.[结果]榨汁后NFC苹果汁亮度值L和色泽h下降了30.99％(P<0.01)和13....     

低温贮藏下不同SSC阿克苏富士苹果制汁的适宜性

【目的】 检测分析不同可溶性固形物含量(Soluble solid content,SSC)等级阿克苏富士苹果贮藏期内的鲜榨汁品质变化,研究适宜非浓缩还原苹果汁加工原料果实的品质等级、分级方法和贮藏时限,为生产上选择适宜的制汁原料果实提供参考。【方法】 采收3个成熟期的果实,以SSC作为果实采收品质的分级识别指标,使用近红外无损检测器测定样果并根据统计结果建立分级标准。果实分级包装后于(-1±1)℃环境下冷藏,比较不同SSC等级果实贮藏150 d内的鲜榨汁品质指标变化,分析适宜制汁果实的等级以及贮藏期限。【结果】 低SSC(11.0%~12.9%)、中SSC(13.0%~14.9%)、高SSC(15.0%~16.9%)3个等级果实贮藏90 d后的鲜榨汁品质均发生明显劣变,风味和色度降低以及褐变度升高。低SSC(11.0%~12.9%)等级果实适宜贮藏期90 d内,鲜榨汁固酸比为37.04,酸甜风味突出;色泽值分别为49.20、30.65、85.74,呈亮黄色;总酚含量为169.25 mg GAE/L,悬浮稳定性为25.48%,褐变度为0.331,鲜榨汁较为稳定,于3个SSC等级果实的鲜榨汁中品质保持较为突出。【结论】 SSC为11.0%~12.9%、(-1±1)℃条件下贮藏期小于90 d的阿克苏富士苹果,可作为其适宜制汁的原料,加工非浓缩还原苹果汁的品质相对较好。     

苹果风味评价指标的筛选研究

【目的】筛选适宜的苹果风味评价指标,为构建苹果风味评价指标体系和苹果风味科学评价奠定基础。【方法】测定132个苹果样品的6项风味指标：用酸度计测定pH,用全糖仪测定可溶性固形物含量,用斐林试剂滴定法测定可溶性糖含量,用指示剂滴定法测定可滴定酸含量,用口尝鉴评法进行风味鉴评,固酸比用可溶性固形物含量与可滴定酸含量的比值表示,糖酸比用可溶性糖含量与可滴定酸含量的比值表示。利用水平分析、回归分析、聚类分析、因子分析等数理统计分析方法,明确各指标的水平及其分布、指标间的变化趋势和定量关系,筛选出适宜的苹果风味评价指标,并进行苹果风味评价与分类。【结果】（1）苹果品种间pH、可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量差异均较小,变异系数分别为8.5%、10.7%和10.6%,可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比差异均很大,变异系数分别高达45.1%、64.9%和66.5%,可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量均服从正态分布,概率值P分别达0.6241和0.6298,pH、可滴定酸含量、固酸比和糖酸比均呈偏态分布。（2）pH、固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.8810、-0.8117和-0.8116;pH与固酸比和糖酸比间、可溶性糖含量与可溶性固形物含量间、糖酸比与固酸比均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.8650、0.8507、0.8794和0.9959。（3）pH与可滴定酸含量存在极显著的对数函数变化趋势,其决定系数R²为0.8522,可溶性固形物含量与可溶性糖含量、糖酸比与固酸比均存在极显著的线性变化趋势,相关系数R分别为0.8793和0.9959;固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量存在极显著的幂函数变化趋势,其决定系数R²分别为0.9590和0.9638。（4）研究的6项苹果风味指标中,除可滴定酸含量外,其余5项指标均存在关于其他5项指标的多元线性模型,各方程的决定系数R²均接近或超过0.9,甚至接近1,且拟合精度和预测精度极高,平均拟合误差仅为1.88%-2.74%,平均预测误差仅为1.83%-2.59%,能够用于相应指标的准确预测;可滴定酸含量的回归方程决定系数R²仅为0.8122,且平均预测误差和平均拟合误差均在20%左右,拟合精度与预测精度均较低,不能用于可滴定酸含量的准确预测。（5）确定苹果风味评价指标由可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物和固酸比（分别代表酸味指标、甜味指标和综合风味指标）构成,利用该3项指标可将132个苹果样品分为甜、酸甜、酸甜适度、甜酸和酸5类。【结论】苹果风味评价指标以可滴定酸含量、可溶性糖含量和固酸比为宜,所筛选出的3项指标可用于苹果风味的科学评价与分类。     

果胶酶澄清哈密瓜汁工艺研究

[目的]研究果胶酶对哈密瓜汁的澄清效果.[方法]以透光率、果胶含量为衡量澄清效果指标,同时考察澄清前后果汁可溶性固形物含量和其中成分的变化,通过单因素及正交实验,研究酶加入量、酶解时间、酶解温度、酶解pH值对澄清效果的影响.[结果]各因素对澄清效果影响次序为果汁pH值＞果胶酶添加量＞酶解时间＞酶解温度;最佳工艺条件为:酶添加量0.02;、酶解pH值4.0、酶解时间1.0 h、酶解温度30℃.澄清后果汁透光率达到97;,可溶性固形物含量略有上升,果胶含量降低97.5;,蛋白质含量降低92;,总糖、总酸和VC含量无明显变化.[结论]果胶酶能有效去除哈密瓜汁中的果胶物质,澄清效果理想.     

UV-C处理对鲜榨苹果汁品质及抗氧化性的影响

[目的]筛选短波紫外线(UV-C)照射处理鲜榨苹果汁的最佳时间,为其应用提供理论依据。[方法]研究了不同UV-C处理时间对鲜榨苹果汁主要品质指标、抗氧化性能及相关酶活的影响。[结果]10或20 min的UV-C处理能显著保持鲜榨苹果汁色泽、降低浊度和总酚含量,同时显著提高可溶性固形物含量、总黄酮含量和抗氧化能力,且不影响pH和可滴定酸含量,从而较好地保持了果汁的感官品质和营养品质。另外,UV-C处理对多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性无显著影响,30或40 min处理能显著降低过氧化物酶(POD)活性。[结论]UV-C照射处理作为苹果汁的非热加工技术手段具有潜在的应用前景。