苦参碱对水稻干物质积累与转运的影响

研究苦参碱对水稻子粒灌浆、营养器官干物质的积累和转运、叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶和酸性转化酶活性及蔗糖和淀粉含量的影响,阐明苦参碱对水稻生长的调节作用机理及在水稻代谢中的功能。结果表明,苦参碱能明显促进水稻叶片和茎鞘的干物质向穗转运,提高叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,降低酸性转化酶活性,有利于蔗糖积累。     

‘美人指’葡萄果实糖积累和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的研究

【目的】研究避雨栽培模式下‘美人指’葡萄果实的生长发育、糖分积累以及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,探讨果实发育过程中糖分积累与酶活性的关系,为避雨条件下葡萄的优质栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以"地膜+天膜"避雨栽培下5年生‘美人指’葡萄为供试材料,于谢花后20d开始每10d取样1次,测定葡萄果实的纵径、横径、单果质量和果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量以及4种蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的动态变化。【结果】‘美人指’葡萄果实呈双"S"形曲线生长模式,并存在2个快速生长阶段;果实糖分积累主要以葡萄糖和果糖为主,葡萄糖含量一直明显高于果糖;在果实整个发育期,酸性转化酶和蔗糖合成酶分解方向的活性一直较高,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性很低;且蔗糖含量与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性呈显著正相关,与酸性转化酶活性呈显著负相关。【结论】蔗糖分解方向的酶活性远大于合成酶类,促进了葡萄糖和果糖的积累,且酸性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶是‘美人指’葡萄果实糖分积累的关键酶。     

外源激动素与2,4-表油菜素内酯对元宝枫叶片和翅果碳水化合物代谢的影响

以17年生元宝枫人工林为试验材料,研究叶面喷施激动素和2,4-表油菜素内酯对其叶绿素含量、叶片和翅果中糖含量（可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉）、蔗糖代谢酶（蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶分解方向、蔗糖合成酶合成方向）活性的影响,分析外源激素调控元宝枫叶片和翅果碳水化合物代谢的作用机理,为元宝枫的丰产稳产提供理论指导。结果表明,元宝枫叶面喷施激动素和2,4-表油菜素内酯可以提高叶绿素含量,增强光合作用,促进光合产物的积累,叶片中可溶性糖含量和蔗糖含量升高,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性显著增强,叶片源强提高,促进光合产物向翅果运输;翅果中可溶性糖含量、蔗糖含量与淀粉含量均得到提高,蔗糖合成酶分解活性增强,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性和蔗糖合成酶合成活性减弱,促进翅果中蔗糖的分解转化,有利于翅果的生长发育以及品质产量的提高。     

花生荚果干物质积累与蔗糖代谢的相关性研究

【目的】探讨花生荚果产量和籽仁营养成分含量与种子蔗糖代谢的关系。【方法】选用种子发育正常的大花生品系(05D610)及其种子皱缩变异品系(05D677)为材料,测定了果针入土后6—72d的荚果干重、果针入土后30—72d籽仁可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪含量等,以及果针入土后30—66d籽仁中与蔗糖代谢相关酶活力的动态变化。【结果】果针入土后24—54d是荚果干重的快速积累时期,是决定荚果干重的关键时期,期间05D610干物质积累速率是05D677的2.4倍。收获期05D610和05D677的荚果干重分别是2.06g和1.28g,差异极显著。果针入土后30—72d时期内,05D610籽仁中己糖/蔗糖比值、脂肪含量显著高于05D677,蛋白质含量显著低于05D677,两品系淀粉含量差异不显著。果针入土后30—66d时期内,蔗糖合成酶(SS)合成方向的酶活力显著高于蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS),是合成蔗糖的主要酶;蔗糖合成酶裂解方向的酶活力显著高于酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI),是裂解蔗糖的主要酶。蔗糖合成酶在花生种子有机物贮藏阶段的蔗糖代谢中占主导作用。两品系间蔗糖合成酶合成方向的酶活力差异不显著,05D610蔗糖磷酸合成酶活力显著高于05D677,05D610蔗糖合成酶裂解方向的酶活力明显低于05D677。【结论】在花生果针入土后24—54d是干物质积累的关键时期。蔗糖合成酶(裂解方向)是影响有机物积累的关键酶。籽仁中己糖/蔗糖比值、蔗糖磷酸合成酶活力、蔗糖合成酶裂解方向酶活力的差异可能是造成正常品系(05D610)和种子皱缩变异品系(05D677)间荚果干物质积累速率、荚果干重、营养成分出现差异的原因。     

转Bt(Cry1Ab)基因对水稻光合特性及光合产物积累的影响

 【目的】明确外源Bt基因插入对水稻倒1叶光合速率及光合作用相关生理特性的影响。【方法】以转Bt基因水稻及亲本水稻为试材,研究盆栽及田间条件下转Bt基因及亲本水稻苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期倒1叶光合特性及其相关光合酶活性、光合产物积累的动态变化。【结果】转Bt基因及亲本水稻生理活动峰值均出现在拔节期。与亲本水稻相比,转Bt基因水稻苗期叶片净光合速率显著低于亲本;而拔节期和抽穗期,转Bt基因水稻倒1叶净光合速率、叶绿素含量和乙醇酸氧化酶活性显著高于亲本水稻（P＜0.05）,且拔节期转Bt水稻倒1叶气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度也显著高于亲本水稻（P＜0.05）;成熟期,转Bt基因与亲本水稻倒1叶光合特性无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。【结论】与亲本水稻相比,外源Bt基因的插入对水稻叶片光合特性产生短暂影响,但这种影响不具有持续性。     

用Envirologix Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac试剂盒快速测定转基因水稻Bt杀虫蛋白含量的研究

 用 Envirologix Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac平板试剂盒检测了两个转 cry1Ab的水稻品系克螟稻 1号 ( KMD1)、克螟稻 2号 ( KMD2 ) ,及未转化的对照品种秀水 11米粒中的 Bt杀虫蛋白含量。结果表明 ,该试剂盒标样制作的标准曲线相关系数为 0 .985～ 0 .998,在 0 .0 5或 0 .0 1水平上显著。同批次试剂盒的不同试验及不同批次试剂盒的测定值均差异不显著。最低检测剂量达 0 .5 ng/g,每次测试时间比 Western dot blotting方法缩短约 2 h。试验表明 ,该试剂盒是定量检测转基因水稻 Bt毒蛋白表达的一种理想产品     

不同产量水平下槟榔叶片碳氮代谢特征的差异比较

采用田间调查与实验室分析相结合的方法,探讨海南地区不同产量水平槟榔碳氮代谢产物及其相关酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,不同产量水平间槟榔叶片总糖含量、蔗糖含量和淀粉含量差异显著,高产槟榔叶片总糖含量和淀粉含量显著高于中产和低产槟榔,而蔗糖含量显著低于中产和低产槟榔;高产槟榔叶片蔗糖合成酶活性显著高于低产槟榔,与中产槟榔差异不显著;不同产量水平的槟榔叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性差异不明显;高产槟榔的全氮含量和游离氨基酸含量显著高于低产槟榔,与中产槟榔差异不显著;高产槟榔叶片硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和谷氨酸合成酶活性显著高于中产和低产槟榔。可见,高产槟榔叶片对碳的同化、干物质的积累及无机氮的同化能力显著高于低产槟榔,其产量的提升可能是通过碳氮代谢过程来实现的。     

春化处理对北农1号萝卜碳水化合物含量 及相关酶活性的影响

 【目的】探讨春化处理对萝卜碳水化合物含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。【方法】低温处理萌动‘北农1号’种子30 d,研究低温春化处理对萝卜叶片（源）及肉质根（库）碳水化合物含量的影响及糖代谢相关酶活性的变化规律。【结果】春化处理‘北农1号’叶片及肉质根蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、棉子糖及总糖含量比对照降低,淀粉含量增加。叶片转化酶活性从“拉十字”开始到“拉十字”后21 d（“破肚”前期）高于对照,“拉十字”后28 d（“破肚”结束）转化酶活性降低且低于对照,蔗糖合酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性在整个观察期都低于对照;春化处理促进了肉质根中性转化酶及蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性升高,酸性转化酶与蔗糖合酶活性变化不明显。【结论】低温春化处理影响了萝卜叶片及肉质根蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,碳水化合物代谢分配发生变化,叶片及肉质根中可溶性糖含量减少,抑制了肉质根的膨大。     

环剥对灰枣果实中糖积累及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

【目的】研究环剥后枣果实发育过程中糖分含量的变化与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性之间的关系,改善枣果实品质提供理论依据。【方法】以5a生灰枣为对象,测定环剥后果实发育过程中糖分含量的变化和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性。【结果】(1)灰枣环剥和对照的果实在整个发育过程中,果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量变化基本一致,其积累随着果实的发育总体呈上升趋势。环剥明显提高了灰枣果实果糖、葡萄糖和果实发育后期的蔗糖含量。果实成熟期蔗糖显著高于果糖和葡萄糖的含量,灰枣果实以积累蔗糖为主。(2)环剥有助于提高环剥口愈合前(7月15日)果实内中性转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶、蔗糖合成酶的活性。果实全红期至实成熟,环剥处理果实的蔗糖合成酶合成方向(SSs)活性显著高于对照,是环剥处理果实蔗糖含量高与对照的主要原因。【结论】环剥有利于果实果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的积累,SSs活性对环剥处理果实的蔗糖代谢起主要调节作用。     

高温胁迫下景宁木兰淀粉与蔗糖代谢途径转录分析

【目的】从分子生物学角度探究景宁木兰Magnolia sinostellata能否适应城市高温环境,为木兰属Magnolia植物城市推广应用和胁迫分子研究奠定基础。【方法】采取人工控制实验,对景宁木兰幼苗进行40℃极端高温处理,测定果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉碳同化产物,以及果糖磷酸酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶,进行了转录组测序。【结果】随着胁迫时间的延长,景宁木兰叶片果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉质量分数发生一定的变化,但是差异不显著(P>0.05),果糖合成酶活性呈现显著下降趋势(P<0.05),蔗糖合成酶变化不显著(P>0.05)。转录组数据进一步揭示了在高温胁迫下,相比于24 h,48 h时景宁木兰叶片调节淀粉合成的SS(Unigene 40 295)、Glc-1-pa(Unigene 38 453)、GBE(CL4668.contig3)基因的表达量增加,随着高温胁迫的加深,调节蔗糖合成的SPS基因呈现下降趋势,并通过荧光定量验证了以上结果。【结论】景宁木兰对极端高温(40℃)有一定的短时耐受性,为应对高温胁迫,不但碳同化产物发生显著变化,调控淀粉与蔗糖代谢途径的关键基因表达也...     

Thrips-mediated impacts from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab on ecological fitness of non-target predator Orius tantilus(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)

Various rice lines have been genetically modified with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) to continuously produce Bt insecticidal proteins against lepidopteran larvae. The Bt insecticidal protein constantly expresses in the plants to create an opportunity for non-target herbivores to acquire and convey the protein to their predators or parasitoids across trophic levels. This paper evaluates the effects of Bt rice(namely, Kemindao 1(KMD1) and Kemindao 2(KMD2)) expressing Cry1 Ab as compared to its non-Bt control line, Xiushui 11 on non-target predator Orius tantilus(a generalist predatory anthocorid of thrips) under laboratory and field conditions. To measure several biological parameters such as total nymphal duration and fecundity of this bug, it was reared on thrips and pollens of KMD1 and KMD2 as compared to their control under laboratory conditions. By comparison with the control, Bt rice did not significantly affect main life-history characteristics(total nymphal duration, female adult longevity, oviposition period and fecundity) of this anthocorid preying on Bt rice-fed thrips along with Bt rice pollens, except that the fecundity of this predator for KMD1 was distinctly lower as compared with KMD2 or the control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results showed that no Cry1 Ab protein was detected in this predator fed on thrips or rice pollen from Bt rice but was in Bt rice pollens. With the beat plate, plastic bag and color trap sampling methods, two-year field monitoring of O. tantilus abundance demonstrated that Bt rice had no significant detrimental effects on the population dynamics and seasonal average densities of this predatory anthocorid as compared with the control. Thus, it is suggested that growing our tested Bt rice(KMD1 and KMD2) producing Cry1 Ab will pose a negligible risk to the anthocorid, O. tantilus.     

影响Bt稻离体叶中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解的环境因子研究

 【目的】研究转Bt基因水稻表达的外源Bt杀虫蛋白在土壤中的环境去向，以便进行转BT基因水稻的生态风险性评价。【方法】室内采用ELISA法，研究了转Bt基因水稻克螟稻2号（KMD2）粉碎叶片中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在3种水稻土，即青紫泥田、黄筋泥田和黄松田土中不同土壤含水量、土壤pH值和温度条件下的降解动态。【结果】供试叶片粉中Cry1Ab蛋白在3种水稻土中的降解动态均可用一级化学反应动力学指数方程来拟合，降解半消减期t0.5为1.8～4.0 d。【结论】土壤含水量、pH和温度对Cry1Ab蛋白降解速率均有一定影响，但pH和温度的影响更为明显。通常pH较低的酸性土壤和低温不利于土壤中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解,特别是在酸性黄松田中降解最慢。     

Studies on Rapid Quantitative Analysis of Bt Toxin by Using Envirologix Kits in Transgenic Rice

Investigations were done on the usefulness of Envirologix Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac Plate kits for quantitative analysis of Bt toxin content in transgenic rice grains. Two transgenic rice lines: Kemingdao 1 (KMD1) and Kemingdao 2 (KMD2), transformed with a cry1Ab gene, and their parental variety, cv.Xiushui 11, were used as positive and negative samples. Results showed that the correlation coefficients as high as 0. 985 - 0. 998, significant at probability level of 0.05 or 0.01, were obtained for linear regression equations by using the appended calibrators of the kits. No significant differences were detected for values of same rice sample obtained from different trials or by using different lots of the product (kit). The detectable Bt toxin content by this method could be as low as 0.5 ng/g. The Envirologix Kit could be useful for rapid quantitative detection of Bt toxin in rice grains because of its preciseness, simplicity and time saving.     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态

【目的】研究转cry1Ab杀虫蛋白基因玉米收获后玉米根茬及其根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解动态,比较两种Bt玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度。【方法】以两种表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法测定玉米收获后根茬残体和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态。【结果】转Bt基因玉米根茬残体和根际土壤中杀虫蛋白是逐渐降解的,Bt玉米MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较高,降解的速度也较慢,收获后8个月时还不能完全降解;Bt玉米Bt11根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较低,降解速度比MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度快,到7个月时已检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。Bt玉米MON810根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解较Bt11的慢,MON810和Bt11根际土壤分别在8个月和7个月时检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。【结论】种植过Bt11和MON810抗虫玉米的田块,在第二年春播农作物已经出土时,其根茬和根际土壤中残留的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白尚不能完全降解,还有少量残留。     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of Cry1Ab Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry1Ab were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The degradation rate of Cry1Ab was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of Cry1Ab, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general,Cry 1 Ab degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of CrylAb Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of CrylAb protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry lAb were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The degradation rate of CrylAb was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of CrylAb, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general, CrylAb degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

Bt稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水体中的残留和Bt稻田三类水生昆虫数量调查

以转Btcry1Ab基因水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)黄熟期的茎叶为材料,室内测定了其经浸水处理后(28℃,L16∶D8)残体和水体中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量;测定了KMD1与早籼稻嘉早935培育成的Bt稻华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中Cry1Ab蛋白的含量,同时调查了该Bt稻和对照稻嘉早935在分蘖初期、盛期和末期稻田3类水生昆虫的数量。结果表明,KMD1和KMD2茎叶经浸水100d后,水体中残留有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。华池B6分蘖期稻田水体中没有检测到Cry1Ab蛋白;除分蘖末期华池B6稻田中的蜉蝣目昆虫个体数量显著高于对照田嘉早935外,其他2类水生昆虫摇蚊(spp.)和鞘翅目甲虫(sp.)在两类稻田间均无显著差异。     

Cry1Ab rice does not impact biological characters and functional response of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis preying on Nilaparvata lugens eggs

One concern about the use of transgenic plants is their potential risk to natural enemies. In this study, using the eggs of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, as a food source, we investigated the effects of Cry1 Ab rice on the biological characteristics and functional response of an important predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. The results showed that the survival ability(adult emergence rate and egg hatching rate), development(egg duration, nymphal developmental duration), adult fresh weight, adult longevity and fecundity of C. lividipennis on Bt rice plants were not significantly different compared to those on non-Bt rice plants. Furthermore, two important parameters of functional response(instantaneous search rate and handling time) were not significantly affected by Bt rice. In conclusion, the tested Cry1 Ab rice does not adversely impact the biological character and functional response of C. lividipennis.