紫色页岩发育土壤的颗粒特性及其对抗剪强度的作用机制

土体发生破坏最开始往往是从内部的土壤颗粒破坏开始,而抗剪强度是反映土体抵抗剪切破坏能力的重要指标。本文以紫色页岩发育的坡耕地土壤为研究对象,通过测定土样颗粒组成以及不同含水率和垂向压力下的抗剪强度,研究页岩发育的土壤颗粒特性及其对抗剪强度的作用机制。结果表明从坡顶至坡脚,土壤颗粒组成与其母岩颗粒组成具有显著相关性;土壤中0.25 mm颗粒累计含量在995.65～998.62 g/kg之间,其中以0.25～2 mm岩石碎屑存在的土壤颗粒含量为439.80～510.40 g/kg,以0.25～2 mm团聚体存在的土壤颗粒含量为6.01～80.50 g/kg,随着位置高程的降低,土壤中岩石碎屑和团聚体的含量并没有显著变化。在含水率从7%增加到25%的过程中,土壤水分与内摩擦角呈负相关关系且对内摩擦角的影响随着高程的降低缓慢减小,而对黏聚力的影响是随着含水率的增加单一坡位黏聚力呈现先增加后减少的趋势,但是随高程降低变化并不明显。因此,在紫色页岩发育的土壤颗粒组成中存在大量2 mm的岩石碎屑,这些大量致密坚硬的岩石碎屑提高土壤抗剪强度同时减弱了抗剪强度的水敏性。     

典型喀斯特地区石漠化演变过程对土壤质量性状的影响

在一个较小的时空尺度上对典型喀斯特地区石漠化过程中的土壤质量演变特征及其退化过程进行了探讨。结果表明：由于植被破坏和耕地的开垦发生土壤颗粒粗化，向石漠化景观发展，土体结构破坏，容重增加0．12～0．60g／cm^3，总孔隙度降低12．0％～39．8％，持水性能变劣，养分也随之下降；〈0．05mm的粘粉粒流失，表层土壤有机质和全氮含量下降33．4％～84．6％和43．3％～85．2％。土壤质量的演变，既有系统本身的自然属性决定的内在原因，更重要的是人为的外部干扰体系的驱动；演变的过程既有渐变型，又有跃变型。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土地利用方式对土壤团聚体特征的影响

为研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区复垦土地在不同利用方式下对土壤团聚体的影响,以陕西延安南泥湾沟壑区退化耕地整治复垦后,5种不同的土地利用方式,分别为林地(F处理),水稻(R处理),玉米(M处理)、蔬菜(V处理)及荒地(CK处理)。测定分析干筛法和湿筛法0—40cm土层土壤0.25mm团聚体分布、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、团聚体破坏率(PAD)和分形维数(D)。结果表明:(1)各处理在0—40cm各土层土壤团聚体数量及大小均显著优于CK处理,各处理干筛下0—40cm土层0.25mm团聚体含量(DR0.25)和湿筛下该团聚体含量(WR0.25)随着土壤土层深度的增加呈现相反的趋势;(2)干筛法和湿筛法0—40cm土层各处理土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的平均值大小顺序均呈现F处理R处理M处理V处理CK处理,F处理和R处理对增加土壤团聚体较其它处理效果显著;(3)湿筛法分析表明,各处理土壤团聚体破坏率(PAD)在0—40cm土层内均表现出近似"Z"字形趋势,各处理显著低于CK;(4)各处理的分形维数(D)在0—40cm土层平均值大小顺序为F处理R处理M处理V处理CK处理。土壤分形维数(D)与干筛法和湿筛法下0—40cm土层0.25mm团聚体含量之间存在良好的线性关系,分别为R2=0.73和R2=0.80。林地和水稻田利用方式可有效提高土壤团聚体数量和质量,增加土壤稳定性和改善土壤结构。     

华北土石山区坡面溅蚀和片蚀泥沙颗粒特征研究

基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究3种降雨强度(35,65,100mm/h)、2种坡度(5°,15°)和3种植被盖度(0%,30%,80%)条件下,溅蚀和片蚀泥沙颗粒的粒径动态分布特征,及其与降雨强度、坡度和植被覆盖度的关系,揭示表层土壤团聚体在侵蚀过程中的破碎机制。结果表明,2种侵蚀方式下的泥沙颗粒主要集中在0.1~0.002mm粒级范围内,显著高于其它粒级颗粒含量。在溅蚀泥沙颗粒中0.1~0.05mm粒级颗粒含量较高,而片蚀泥沙颗粒中0.02mm粒级颗粒含量较高,溅蚀泥沙颗粒的平均重量直径均大于片蚀泥沙颗粒。对比泥沙颗粒粒径的变化特征,溅蚀泥沙颗粒中粗砂粒(2~0.25mm)和细砂粒(0.25~0.05mm)含量逐渐减少,粉粒(0.05~0.02mm)和粘粒(0.002mm)含量逐渐增加,而片蚀泥沙颗粒中砂粒(2~0.05mm)含量呈增加趋势,粘粒(0.002mm)含量呈减小趋势。2种侵蚀方式下不同粒径泥沙颗粒与坡面径流深和径流量的相关性分析表明,泥沙颗粒粒径分布与地表产流过程密切相关。同时,雨滴击溅侵蚀泥沙颗粒的分形特征与侵蚀土壤的相对机械破碎指数有关,能够有效预测侵蚀过程中降雨和径流对坡面土壤团聚体的分选特征。     

退化草地恢复生态对土壤物理性状的影响——以藏北公路沿线车辆碾压干扰矮嵩草草句为例

通过对西藏那曲地区碾压干扰矮嵩草草甸群落不同恢复演替阶段土壤物理性状调查，分析不同演替阶段土壤颗粒组成、土壤容重和孔隙度，对其物理特性进行研究。结果表明：植被恢复有效改善了土壤的物理性质，提高了土壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力；退化草地恢复演替阶段与土壤物理性状变化具有明显的相关性联系，植被恢复与演替有效改善了土壤的物理性质，提高了土壤对侵蚀动力的抵抗能力。（1）碾压使土壤暴露，致使侵蚀作用加剧，松散、不黏结的砂粒和粉粒流失量较大，而粒径小于0．02mm和黏结性较强的粘粒流失量相对较少而表现出百分比相对增加；碾压改变原有土壤的正常质地层次构造，对公路沿线的土壤物理性质产生不良影响，促使土地进一步退化。（2）随着恢复进程，表层土壤总孔隙度增大，土壤容重减小，与演替阶段均极显著相关；随着土壤的通气性和渗透、排水率的改善，土壤有效水分增加。     

雨滴击溅对耕作层土壤团聚体粒径分布的影响

为研究不同雨滴直径的降雨对耕作层团聚体的破碎及其粒径分布特征的影响,该文选取4个雨滴直径(2.67~3.79 mm)对耕层土壤(0~20 cm)团聚体进行雨滴击溅试验,每次试验各滴5 000滴,每1 000滴收集1次溅蚀团聚体。结果表明:1)所有收集次序中雨滴直径3.79 mm溅蚀量最大,累积雨滴数为2 000、3 000和4 000时,溅蚀量与雨滴直径均呈显著的指数函数关系。2)各雨滴直径的溅蚀量随粒径减小呈增大-减小-增大趋势,2 mm粒径的溅蚀量几乎为0,0.053 mm粒径的溅蚀量随雨滴直径增大而增大。3)相同雨滴直径不同累积雨滴数之间平均重量直径值差异不显著,相同累积雨滴数不同雨滴直径之间平均重量直径值差异不显著(P0.05)。4)不同雨滴直径溅蚀团聚体富集率随粒径变化一致,1 mm粒径溅蚀量团聚体富集率值接近0,0.053~1 mm粒径团聚体富集,1 mm粒径团聚体主要破碎成0.053~1 mm粒径团聚体,且粒级越小,富集率越高。研究可为黄土高原地区水土保持提供理论依据。     

两种巨桉人工林地土壤抗蚀性的比较研究

[目的]揭示巨桉人工林组培苗和实生苗两种起源对土壤抗蚀性的影响。[方法]利用S形采样法在样地内采集多个样点,按上(0—10cm),中(10—20cm),下(20—30cm)三层分别利用环刀和塑料盒采集原状土壤,测定不同层次土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、渗透速率、水稳性团聚体含量等。[结果](1)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤容重呈现递增趋势,而总孔隙度和通气孔隙度呈递减趋势。组培巨桉林土壤容重低于实生苗巨桉林地,而土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度高于显著实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(2)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤水稳性指数、抗蚀指数、团聚状况、团聚度和结构系数呈现下降趋势,水稳性指数和抗蚀指数达到显著水平(p0.05),而分散率和分散系数呈现升高趋势。组培巨桉林地不同土层的抗蚀指数和结构系数均高于实生苗巨桉林地,但分散系数均显著低于实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(3)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤各粒径水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径(MWD)呈现出下降趋势,土壤结构体破坏率呈现上升趋势。组培苗巨桉林地不同土层各粒径(5mm;5~2mm;0.5~0.25mm;0.5mm;0.25mm)水稳性团聚体含量和MWD均高于实生苗林地,而结构体破坏率、2~1mm和1~0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量均低于实生苗巨桉林地。[结论]组培巨桉人工林的土壤抗蚀性更佳。     

麦茬复种饲料油菜对耕层土壤团聚体的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了不同油菜种植密度与施氮肥对麦茬复种饲料油菜耕层（0～20cm）土壤颗粒组成、水稳性团聚体、微团聚体、粘粒分散率和团聚度的影响。试验结果表明，麦茬复种油菜能提高耕层土壤水稳性团聚体，改善土壤颗粒组成状况；与对照（CK）相比，耕层土壤粘粒分散率呈显著或极显著性降低，〈0．001mm的土壤团聚体破坏率和特征微团聚体比例（〈0．01mm／〉0．01mm）显著降低，而土壤团聚度在油菜苗期为降低趋势，收获期呈显著或极显著性增加，〉0．25mm的土壤团聚体百分含量除收获期的水稳性团聚体外均呈不显著性降低。复种油菜对土壤水稳性团聚体改善贡献高于土壤微团聚体。种植密度和施肥处理均能不同程度地影响和改变耕层土壤水稳性团聚体、微团聚体和粘粒分散率的含量，处理间规律性不强，差异性并不十分显著。说明麦茬复种饲料油菜对农田土壤肥力的改善和提高具有积极作用。     

冻融对土壤团聚体特征以及可蚀性K值的影响

为明确冻融作用对土壤团聚体特征的影响,并探讨冻融破坏机理下土壤可蚀性变化,以河北省深州市土壤为研究对象,分析研究了0—10,10—20 cm深度土壤水稳性团聚体中各粒径团聚体含量、0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量WSA、团聚体平均质量直径MWD、团聚体几何平均直径GMD、分形维数D和可蚀性K值之间变化。结果表明:含水量是影响土壤水稳性团聚体含量的直接因素之一;冻融作用使大团聚体破解、分离,导致团粒结构比例失调,土层自上而下团粒呈逐渐细化状态;分形维数D表明2～1 mm粒径团聚体含量对0—20 cm深度土壤稳定性起关键因素;可蚀性K值表明,冻融作用降低了土壤抗侵蚀能力,沿土层深度方向,土壤可蚀性K值逐渐增加,抗侵蚀能力逐渐降低。冻融作用使团聚体破碎,土壤可蚀性增加。本研究为冻融作用机理下土壤侵蚀预报提供科学参考。     

荒漠草原人工柠条林对土壤物理稳定性的影响

采用时空互代方法,通过测定荒漠草原植被恢复过程中不同林龄人工柠条林(9a,17a,27a)0-40cm土层土壤颗粒组成、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量,研究人工柠条对土壤物理稳定性的影响。结果表明,人工柠条林建植过程中,各林龄土壤的颗粒组成均以细沙粒(0.05~0.25mm)为主,其在柠条灌丛不同部位所占百分比为内部大于外部,不同种植年限柠条土壤粘粉粒百分比均随土层深度增加而逐渐降低,粘粉粒(0.05mm)含量的增加和中粗沙(0.25mm)含量的减少,共同导致柠条林下土壤质地细粒化;不同林龄柠条灌丛各部位SOC含量在垂直剖面上随着深度的增加逐渐降低,且呈现显著差异(P0.01);不同林龄柠条灌丛不同部位SOC含量为灌丛内部大于外部;各林龄柠条灌丛土壤物理稳定性在各年限的内外部整体上呈现极显著性差异(P0.01),各年限内、外部随土壤深度的增加土壤的物理稳定性表现为先增大后减小的趋势,在0-5cm和20-40cm土层,各年限的土壤物理稳定性整体上是内部大于外部;在5-20cm土层,各年限土壤物理稳定性整体上是外部大于内部,局部有波动。     

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK AND FRACTIONS IN RELATION TO LAND USE AND SOIL DEPTH IN THE DEGRADED SHIWALIKS HILLS OF LOWER HIMALAYAS

The proportional differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions under different land uses are of significance for understanding the process of aggregation and soil carbon sequestration mechanisms. A study was conducted in a mixed vegetation cover watershed with forest, grass, cultivated and eroded lands in the degraded Shiwaliks of the lower Himalayas to assess land‐use effects on profile SOC distribution and storage and to quantify the SOC fractions in water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and bulk soils. The soil samples were collected from eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils for the analysis of SOC fractions and aggregate stability. The SOC in eroded surface soils was lower than in less disturbed grassland, cultivated and forest soils. The surface and subsurface soils of grassland and forest lands differentially contributed to the total profile carbon stock. The SOC stock in the 1.05‐m soil profile was highest (83.5 Mg ha⁻¹) under forest and lowest (55.6 Mg ha⁻¹) in eroded lands. The SOC stock in the surface (0–15 cm) soil constituted 6.95, 27.6, 27 and 42.4 per cent of the total stock in the 1.05‐m profile of eroded, cultivated, forest and grassland soils, respectively. The forest soils were found to sequester 22.4 Mg ha⁻¹ more SOC than the cultivated soils as measured in the 1.05‐m soil profiles. The differences in aggregate SOC content among the land uses were more conspicuous in bigger water‐stable macro‐aggregates (WSA > 2 mm) than in water‐stable micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm). The SOC in micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0.25 mm) was found to be less vulnerable to changes in land use. The hot water soluble and labile carbon fractions were higher in the bulk soils of grasslands than in the individual aggregates, whereas particulate organic carbon was higher in the aggregates than in bulk soils. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil Structural Stability and Water Retention Characteristics Under Different Land uses of Degraded Lower Himalayas of North‐West India

The lower Himalayan regions of north‐west India experienced a severe land‐use change in the recent past. A study was thus conducted to assess the effect of grassland, forest, agricultural and eroded land uses on soil aggregation, bulk density, pore size distribution and water retention and transmission characteristics. The soil samples were analysed for aggregate stability by shaking under water and water drop stability by using single simulated raindrop technique. The water‐stable aggregates (WSA) >2 mm were highest (17·3 per cent) in the surface layers of grassland, whereas the micro‐aggregates (WSA < 0·25 mm) were highest in eroded soils. The water drop stability followed the similar trend. It decreased with the increase in aggregate size. Being lowest in eroded soils, the soil organic carbon also showed an adverse effect of past land‐use change. The bulk density was highest in eroded lands, being significantly higher for the individual aggregates than that of the bulk soils. The macroporosity (>150 µm) of eroded soils was significantly (p < 0·05) lower than that of grassland and forest soils. The grassland soils retained the highest amount of water. Significant (p < 0·05) effects of land use, soil depth and their interaction were observed in water retention at different soil water suctions. Eroded soils had significantly (p < 0·05) lower water retention than grassland and forest soils. The saturated hydraulic conductivity and maximum water‐holding capacity of eroded soils were sufficiently lower than those of forest and grassland soils. These indicated a degradation of soil physical attributes due to the conversion of natural ecosystems to farming system and increased erosion hazards in the lower Himalayan region of north‐west India. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

我国中亚热带丘陵地区红壤的肥力恢复

There are about 1.27 million ha of upland red soils derived from Quaternary red clay facing the degradation in the low-hilly region of the middle subtropical China. From the aspects of chemistry, physics and microbiology, the processes of soil fertility restoration in the surface layer (0~20 cm) under three types of land use patterns (i.e. citrus orchard, tea garden and upland) in two provinces were studied in this work. Results showed that the reclamation of eroded waste land improved most of soil properties. Soil organic matter, total N and P, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, but soil total K and exchangeable Al decreased. Soil pH decreased by 0.5 unit in the pure tea plantation for 20 years. Soil reclamation increased the percentage of soil microaggregates (<0.25 mm), especially those with a diameter of 0.02~0.002 mm. Soil total porosity increased in the cultivated lands with the increase of soil aeration and capillary porosity. The number of soil microorganisms increased with reclamation caused mainly by the huge increase of the total amount of bacteria. With the cultivation, the activity of soil urease and acid phosphatase increased, but that of invertase dropped.     

不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征

针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。     

Water-drop stability of PVA-treated natural soil aggregates from different land uses

Soil erodibility is a function of land use as it affects the stability of soil aggregates. The use of soil conditioners like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) may help in reducing the soil erodibility, but it is important to economize the use of PVA. A study was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of land use and PVA concentration on the water-drop stability of natural soil aggregates collected from eroded, forest, agricultural and grass lands. The water-drop stability of these aggregates was monitored using single raindrop simulator. The water-drop stability was lowest in eroded soils, followed by soils from agriculture, forest and grass lands. The smaller aggregates were more stable than the bigger ones. The water-drop stability of aggregates of different sizes and from different lands increased with the application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mean water-drop stability increased with the application of PVA at the rate of 0.05% by 40% in 2–5 and 5–10 mm aggregates. Increasing the PVA concentration to 0.1 and 0.2% increased water-drop stability value by 71–73% and 87–88%, respectively. The PVA application at the rate of 0.1% could increase the water-drop stability of soils under eroded land equivalent to that of the untreated grassland soils.     

半干旱区施氮和灌溉条件下覆膜对春玉米产量及氮素平衡的影响

以典型半干旱区干湿砂质新成土（Ust-Sandic Entisols）为供试土壤进行田间试验,研究地膜覆盖、施氮及补充灌水量对春玉米（Zea mays L.）产量、土壤矿质氮（NO3--N和NH4+-N）及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,0—100 cm土体范围内,随着土层加深,播前和收获后土壤NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,NH4+-N有所增加,但变幅不大;总矿质氮量（NO3--N和NH4+-N）表现为下降。说明地膜覆盖和施氮并没有使NO3--N深层累积量增加,这可能与土壤本身供氮能力严重不足有关。与不施氮相比,施氮各处理氮肥表观损失量增加;与不覆膜相比,作物氮素累积量比不覆膜显著增加（P0.05）。在低灌（80 mm）覆膜和高灌（160 mm）覆膜条件下,玉米的氮肥利用率均比不覆膜均提高了18.8%,说明覆膜低灌在相同施氮条件下,可节约80 mm灌水。但低灌（80 mm）与高灌（160 mm）不覆膜间氮肥利用率差异不显著,表明在相同施氮条件下,覆膜可有效提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素损失。综合考虑籽粒产量和氮肥利用率,“覆膜+补灌80 mm+施氮90 kg/hm2”可能为本试验条件下较优的栽培模式。     

不同植被恢复模式对红砂岩土壤化学性质及抗蚀特征的影响

通过对不同恢复年限及恢复类型(2a人工恢复湿地松林、5a人工恢复湿地松林、5a自然恢复湿地松林、5a自然恢复荒地和6a种植杨梅园空地)0～30cm红砂岩发育土壤团聚体中有机碳、全磷、全氮分布规律、化学计量比及其与土壤抗蚀性的相关性进行分析,旨在探究红砂岩侵蚀劣地植被恢复过程中土壤养分变化及抗蚀性。结果表明:红砂岩纯裸地土壤养分含量较低,经过不同措施恢复后,土壤理化性质有不同程度的改善。不同类型红砂岩土壤团聚体级配不同。裸地以5 mm粒径团聚体为主,约占60%以上。除自然恢复5a荒地以2～5 mm团聚体为主以外,其余恢复措施的红砂岩土壤均以小于0.25mm粒径微团聚体为主。不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮含量均随恢复年限增长呈增加趋势。C、N集中分布在0.25～1 mm团聚体上,尤其是0.5～1 mm团聚体;P则分布较为均匀。采取不同恢复措施后土壤抗蚀性有不同程度的提高,其中结构体破坏率从55.68%降至10%以下。研究区土壤C:N均值为15.0:1;C:P均值为79.7:1;N:P均值为4.0:1。由此可知不同红砂岩发育土壤随着恢复年限而增长,抗蚀性能大幅提升,由于养分主要分布在0.5～5 mm土壤水稳性的团聚体上,而该部分团聚体流失严重,导致土壤养分含量低、土壤抗蚀性差,恢复过程较为困难。     

不同肥力水平和利用历史的红壤磷脂脂肪酸图谱

Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) was used to estimate the microbial community structures of eight Chinese red soils with different fertility levels and land use histories.The total amounts of PLFAs in the soils were significantly correltaed with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen,microbial biomass C and basal respiration,indicating that total PLFA was closely related to fertility and sustainbility in these highly weathered soils.Soils of the eroded wastelan were rich in Gram-positive species .When the eroded soils were planted with citrus trees,the soil microbial population had changed little in 4 years but took up to 8-12 yearss before it reached a significantly different population,Multivariate analysis of PLFAs demonstrated that land use history and plant cover type had a significant impact on microbial community structure.Howver,the difference of soil microbial community structure in the paddy field compared to other land uses was not larger than expected in this experiment.     

应用数值分析试论黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤的发展规律——以固原县为例

侵蚀土壤是水土流失历史过程中的一面镜子,在一定程度上,它反映过去的流失程度,也反映目前土壤的肥力水平.我国黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤分布之广,侵蚀程度之烈,是世界上罕见的.研究侵蚀土壤的发展规律及其与侵蚀因子间的相互关系,对合理利用土地、制定保土措施有一定的指导意义.本文以宁夏固原县侵蚀土壤调查资料为例,并应用数值分析的结果,探讨黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤的发展规律,为防治水土流失提供科学理论依据.     

铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素激发效应的影响

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究铵态氮肥对黄土高原典型土壤氮素的激发效应。结果表明,在测定NH4+-N的激发效应时,只有考虑粘土矿物对有机氮矿化产物或者添加NH4+-N的固定,才可获得可靠结果。在培养20 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对不同土类氮素激发效应存在极显著和显著的影响（P≤0.01和0.05）;培养40 d时,尽管不同土类氮素激发效应也存在很大差异,但统计检验不显著。从整体评价,NH4+-N对土垫旱耕人为土和黄土正常新成土表现出正的激发效应,而对干润砂质新成土表现出负的激发效应,对简育干润均腐土在培养20 d和40 d时无激发效应,而在培养60 d时,表现出显著的负激发效应。结果还看出,在培养40 d和60 d时,NH4+-N对农田土壤表现出负激发效应,对林地和裸地土壤表现出正激发效应,而草地土壤在培养40 d时为正激发效应;培养20 d和60 d时无激发效应。添加有机物料在培养20 d和40 d时对激发效应的影响不显著（P=0.0872和0.1641）,培养时间延长至60 d时影响显著（P＝0.049）。添加紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)后,NH4+-N在培养40 d时表现出正的激发效应,而添加长芒草(Stipa bungeana Trin.)却在培养20、40和60 d时均表现出负的激发效应,不添加有机物料在培养20、40和60 d时均无激发效应。