我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

城镇开发区建设中的人为水土流失及防治措施

简析了婺源县城镇开发区建设过程中造成水土流失的状况、危害、原因后,提出了其防治措施,并阐明开展城市（镇）水土保持的紧迫性。     

Sodium and potassium effects on cation concentration and yield of lucerne and phalaris grown separately and together

Abstract

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown separately and together in a pot trial on a yellow‐brown pumice soil with three rates of sodium (Na) and two rates of potassium (K) in factorial combination. Lucerne alone had a low Na concentration but growing phalaris as a companion grass produced herbage with a Na concentration adequate for stock. Na application increased the Na concentration in phalaris and the mixture of phalaris and lucerne much more than in lucerne alone; had little effect on K concentration; slightly reduced Mg concentration; and greatly reduced Ca concentration but not as much in lucerne as in phalaris or the mixture with lucerne. K application increased K concentration and reduced Na, Ca and Mg concentrations throughout. Yield of phalaris grown alone and in combination with lucerne was increased significantly by Na application when K concentration in the plants was low. Yield of lucerne was not affected by Na application and it is concluded that Na did not substitute for K in this species. It is concluded that field trials are warranted to investigate the possibility of growing a special purpose mixture of lucerne and phalaris on New Zealand yellow‐brown pumice soils to provide feed that has adequate Na for grazing animals.     

反疏浚理论、反疏浚工程与抗旱

分析了防洪与抗旱之间的关系 ,认为用反疏浚理论与反疏浚工程增大地下水蓄积量是根治正在年年升级的旱情的重要举措 ,传统工程与反疏浚工程相结合 ,安全、科学地调控地下水在陆地空间场的时间分布可解除旱情对海河等流域工农业的瓶颈制约     

Chemical properties and reactivity of manganese chelates and complexes in solution and soils

Commercial fertilizers containing synthetic manganese (Mn) chelates and complexes are currently used to alleviate Mn deficiency in crops. However, studies conducted on Mn sources in order to evaluate their behavior maintaining Mn soluble in nutrient solution and soil have not been done. In this work, representative commercial Mn fertilizers based on chelates and complexes were characterized and their chemical stability in solution and interaction with soils has been evaluated. Fertilizers studied were two ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) Mn chelates, one N‐(1,2‐dicarboxyethyl)‐D,L‐aspartic acid (IDHA) Mn chelate, two lignosulfonates, one carboxylate, one fulvate, one gluconate, and one heptagluconate‐based Mn complex. Characterization consisted of the determination of the soluble and chelated or complexed Mn, and the ligand identification by nuclear‐magnetic resonance (NMR). Stability study included batch experiments in Ca solution at different pH and three batch experiments with soil comparing with MnSO₄. Results indicate that most of the Mn fertilizers comply with the declared “soluble and chelated or complexed” metal content. At a usual pH range of calcareous soils (7.5–8.5), both chelates and complexes maintain more Mn in solution than MnSO₄ in the presence of Ca. Several factors affect the Mn remaining in solution after the interaction with the soil, especially, the soil‐to‐solution ratio. All chelates and complexes are better alternatives to the use of MnSO₄ in agronomical practices such as fertigation and soil application. Mn‐IDHA as chelate and Mn‐HGl or Mn‐Carb as complexes can be efficient, economical, and environmental friendly fertilizers for foliar application and hydroponic cultures. In soil application, Mn‐EDTA or Mn‐LS would be the best options. In this case, lignosulfonic acid represents a sustainable and low‐cost solution.     

甲基硫茵灵及其代谢物在不同种植模式黄瓜和土壤中的残留

采用液质联用仪比较分析了3个不同种植区域（江苏南京、广西南宁和湖南长沙）露地和大棚两种种植条件下黄瓜和土壤中甲基硫菌灵及其代谢物多菌灵的残留动态,同时对黄瓜中的最终残留量进行了比较分析。施药后,甲基硫菌灵在黄瓜和土壤中均能很快转化为多菌灵[施药后1 d甲基硫菌灵未检出（〈0.01 mg·kg-1）],多菌灵在露地黄瓜和土壤中的原始沉积量均低于大棚。3个试验点露地黄瓜中的半衰期分别为2.3、1.4 d和1.4 d,在大棚黄瓜中的半衰期分别为2.6、1.7 d和2.0 d。在3个试验点露地土壤中的半衰期分别为1.6、1.7 d和2.3 d,在大棚土壤中的半衰期分别为2.3、2.0 d和2.3 d。最终残留试验在最后一次施药后1 d采样时,大棚、露地黄瓜中的甲基硫菌灵均未检出（〈0.01 mg·kg-1）,多菌灵在3个试验点露地黄瓜中的最终残留量为0.014~0.162 mg·kg-1,而在3个试验点大棚黄瓜中的最终残留量为0.121~0.561 mg·kg-1。参照我国所制定的黄瓜中多菌灵的MRL（0.5 mg·kg-1）,露地种植方式下所有处理黄瓜中甲基硫菌灵代谢物多菌灵的最终残留量均符合国家标准的规定,但大棚种植方式下其残留量有超标的风险。     

Nitrogen and carbon mineralization of surface-applied and incorporated winter wheat and peanut residues

Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to study the C and N mineralization dynamics of crop residues (fine roots and straw) of the two main crops (winter wheat and peanut) in the Chinese Loess Plateau under different ways of incorporation. The C mineralization patterns of the soil amended with winter wheat residues differed greatly, and the highest C mineralization was observed in the treatment with winter wheat straw incorporated (39% of the total added C mineralized). The way of straw placement had only a minor effect on the pattern of C mineralization for peanut. Generally, winter wheat residues showed a stronger immobilization than peanut residues during the incubation period, without any net N release. Winter wheat straw incorporated showed the strongest N immobilization with 35 mg kg⁻¹ (equivalent to 27% of added N) immobilized at the eighth week. This study indicated that retaining crop residues at the soil surface in the dry land soils of the Chinese Loess Plateau is beneficial for C sequestration. It also showed that N immobilization occurs only during a limited period of time, sufficient to prevent part of the mineral N pool from leaching, and that net N mineralization can be expected during the subsequent cropping season, thus enhancing synchronization of N supply and demand.     

地质构造与水土流失

我国水土流失严重地区(段)主要受控于地质构造,集中分布于不同的构造带、构造体系的结合部位、互相穿插交汇或复合等部位,特别是沿活动性深大断裂两侧更为明显突出.     

建设类与建设生产类开发建设项目水土保持方案的异同分析

20世纪末,开发建设项目水土保持方案的编报工作已经实现了规范化和制度化,但有不少的编制者在编制建设类和建设生产类项目的水土保持方案时往往出现失误.建设类和建设生产类项目的水土保持方案在很多方面都存在很大区别.根据多年编制两类水土保持方案的实践经验,总结出了这两类项目水土保持方案的编报工作在水土保持要求、服务年限、预测时段划分、防治目标等方面的异同,以防止在编报过程中出现水土流失量预测、水土保持措施体系以及水土保持监测等方面产生较大的偏差.     

论生态恢复与水土保持

 生态恢复是研究生态整合性的恢复和管理过程的科学,现已成为世界各国的研究热点。目前,恢复已被用作一个概括性的术语,包括重建、改建、改造、再植等含义,一般泛指改良和重建退化的生态系统,使其重新有益于利用,并恢复其生物学潜力。生态恢复的原则包括自然法则、社会经济技术原则和美学原则。我国的水土保持小流域治理是通过工程的手段进行生态恢复的典范。水土保持小流域治理应以生态经济系统理论作指导,正确处理好人口再生产、自然再生产和经济再生产三者之间的关系,才能真正做到人与自然的和谐共处。水土保持小流域治理的方法是系统工程方法,包括综合调查与系统诊断、模型开发与治理规划、防治体系与模式设计、组织机构与运行机制等方面的内容。我国的水土保持工作亟需开拓创新,创新是水土保持工作的灵魂。只有认真纠正目前水土保持工作中存在的2种偏向,全面贯彻人与自然和谐共处的发展方针,把当地人民群众的社会需求与水土保持工作有机结合起来,才能实现“山川秀美”的宏伟目标。     

Drying and rewetting effects on C and N mineralization and microbial activity in surface and subsurface California grassland soils

Rewetting a dry soil has long been known to cause a burst of respiration (the “Birch Effect”). Hypothesized mechanisms for this involve: (1) release of cellular materials as a result of the rapid increase in water potential stress and (2) stimulating C-supply to microbes via physical processes. The balance of these factors is still not well understood, particularly in the contexts of multiple dry/wet cycles and of how resource and stress patterns vary through the soil profile. We evaluated the effects of multiple dry/wet cycles on surface and subsurface soils from a California annual grassland. Treatments included 4, 6, and 12 cycles that varied the length of the drying period between rewetting events. Respiration was monitored after each wetting event while extractable C and N, microbial biomass, and microbial activity were assayed initially, after the first rewetting event, and at the end of the experiment. Initially, microbial biomass and activity (respiration, dehydrogenase, and N mineralization) in subsurface soils were ca. 10% and 20% of surface soil levels. After multiple cycles, however, subsurface soil microbial biomass and activity were enhanced by up to 8-fold, even in comparison to the constantly moist treatment. By comparison, surface soil microbial biomass and activity were either moderately (i.e. 1.5 times increase) or not affected by wetting and drying. Drying and rewetting led to a cascade of responses (soluble C release, biomass growth, and enhanced activity) that mobilized and metabolized otherwise unavailable soil carbon, particularly in subsurface soils.     

依法防治水土流失 促进经济社会可持续发展

水土保持法颁布实施十年来 ,全国七大流域水土保持生态建设工程累计完成水土流失综合治理面积 38万km2 。全国有 10个城市、134个县、110 0条小流域成为水土保持生态建设的示范样板。在全国 110 0多个县开展了监督执法规范化建设 ,实施预防保护面积 2 0多万km2 ,累计查处违法案件 6万多件 ,全国各级水行政主管部门审批水土保持方案 17万多项     

水土保持与吉林省农业可持续发展

在详细分析吉林省农业可持续发展的基础上,探讨了水土保持与农业可持续发展的关系,认为水土保持为农业可持发展提供了资源基础,是实现农业可持续发展的根本保证。为此提出了加强水土保持工作,实现吉林省农业可持续发展的主要措施和意见。     

山地灾害与水土流失

我国山地灾害主要以崩塌、滑坡及泥石流为主(称崩滑流灾害).长期以来严重威胁人民生命财产和社会经济安全,广泛破坏资源环境,造成大量水土流失,已成为社会发展的重大制约因素.     

分布式移动农业病虫害图像采集与诊断系统设计与试验

为了便捷地采集和实时诊断农业病虫害图像,设计了一个分布式移动农业病虫害图像采集与诊断系统。该系统由多个便携式图像采集终端和一个图像处理服务器组成;其中,图像采集终端包括嵌入式相机、可伸缩的手持杆和装载控制App的手机;图像处理服务器包括农业病虫害诊断、信息记录和反馈模块等。手持杆可将安装在其前端的嵌入式相机送到人手或视觉难以企及的病虫害区域,手机可实时预览前端相机的拍摄画面和实现控制相机完成农业病虫害图像采集等功能;系统通过HTTP协议实现多个采集终端与图像处理服务器的数据交互,协同进行分布式计算,可以减少网络移动资费和服务器的负载。利用该系统对水稻纹枯病图像采集与诊断测试结果表明,该系统的图像采集终端可以便捷地采集到水稻纹枯病图像,手机端视频预览画面延时低,对相机控制命令无误,图像采集终端与服务器通信稳定,服务器端对水稻纹枯病图像处理和诊断实时,基于图像的水稻纹枯病为害等级诊断准确率为83.5%。如果服务器端加载不同的农业病虫害图像处理和诊断算法,该系统可广泛应用于各种农业病虫害图像的采集与诊断。     

水土保持与生态农业建设

分析了水土流失对农业生产持续发展的影响,阐述了水土保持对发展农业生产、改善生态环境的 重要作用。指出生态农业建设是我国农业发展的必由之路。     

水土保持与环境整治

从水土保持与环境治理的关系方面阐述了作为国土整治的重要内容,水土保持对建立良好的生态环境、整治江河、改善农户庭院经济和环境卫生质量开辟了极为广阔的前景。     

常规与有机农田土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量研究

长期施用化肥或连作农田管理模式导致土壤质量退化及碳氮损失加剧。以常规农作大豆和转换后的有机农作大豆田土壤为研究对象,利用土壤物理分组技术,分析了土壤团聚体组成及碳氮储量变化。结果表明,常规农作大豆田转换为有机农作大豆田后,<0.053mm粉粒加黏粒比重显著降低,0.053~0.25mm较小团聚体显著增加,土壤稳定性增大,土壤及团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量都显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤包被于较小的大团聚体(0.25~2mm)中的<0.053mm细颗粒有机质百分比显著降低,0.053~2mm粗颗粒有机质显著增加。有机农作大豆田土壤及团聚体中碳氮储量都显著高于常规农作大豆田,土壤碳汇和氮汇效应增大。有机农作大豆田土壤稳定性增加,团聚体中碳氮含量显著增加,土壤碳汇效应增强,有机农作方式可能比常规农作方式更有利于土壤碳氮资源持续利用。