二化螟滞育生物学特性的研究进展

二化螟是我国水稻上一种重要的钻蛀性害虫,以幼虫滞育越冬.本文总结了二化螟滞育生物学特性的总体研究进展,包括滞育诱导、滞育的维持和解除、滞育后的发育、越冬滞育幼虫的年龄组成、越冬滞育幼虫抗寒性与越冬存活等方面.     

二化螟绒茧蜂生物学特性的研究

二化螟绒茧蜂以低龄幼虫在滞育的二化螟幼虫体内越冬。实验条件下还可寄生芦苇螟和荻蛀茎夜蛾。该蜂行两性生殖和产雄孤雌生殖。雌蜂平均产卵119粒,在寄主体内的出蜂量与寄主龄期呈线性正相关,寄生在4龄寄主体内的发育速率最快,蜂体大小与寄主出蜂量呈线性负相关。     

水稻抗二化螟水平与产量损失间的关系

二化螟能造成严重的水稻产量损失。菲律宾国际水稻研究所已选育出抗二化螟的商品化推广品种。根据水稻营养生长期枯心率的调查,27个商品化推广的IR品种中,有17个对二化螟表现抗性或中等抗性。但是,这     

水稻纹枯病与二化螟复合危害及产量损失测定

采用病、虫2因素3水平完全区组试验,结合病虫分类抽样测产,研究纹枯病(ShB)和二化螟(SB)二代复合危害关系及进行产量损失测定。结果表明,水稻纹枯病与二化螟二代存在复合危害关系,百穗重损失率大小依次为ShB+SB>ShB×SB>SB>ShB;ShB+SB≈1.41。田间损失率大小依次为ShB>ShB×SB>SB。     

耕作制度变革与水稻二化螟发生的关系及相应对策

调查分析表明，近年来耕作制度和栽培方式的变革是导致水稻二化螟再次狮獗发生的直接原因；一是单季稻和早插晚稻等桥梁田的不断扩大为1代螟蛾提供了大面积的产卵繁殖场所，为3、4代的发生提供了主要的虫源；二是越冬场所的扩大和3、4代种群数量的不断上升，极大地提高了冬后虫口基数；三是寄主作物和水稻栽培系统复杂化等因素导致了二化螟发生期的全面复杂化，但是翻耕直接技术的全面推广可有效地减轻1代二化螟发生，据此提出相应的治理对策。     

水稻二化螟的发生与防治技术

隆昌县常年种植水稻2．1万hm^2左右．占粮食种植面积的76．51％．为主栽品种,水稻上的重大虫害主要是二化螟。为了有效防治二化螟的为害．减少农药残留量和环境污染,净化水域环境．保护水生动物．最大限度扩大水稻的绿色成分,笔者研究探索了二化螟的生物学特性,找准防治的最佳时期．选用高效低毒低残留的农药．推广生物防治．示范“稻鸭共育控螟”技术．取得了较好的效果。     

不同水稻品种对二化螟的抗性及其与形态学和解剖学特征的关系

在实验室条件下研究了6个不同类型的水稻品种对二化螟的抗性及其与形态学和解剖学特征的关系。结果表明，二化螟幼虫在粳稻品种辽粳294和秀水11上的存活率最低，显著地低于在超级杂交籼稻两优培九和杂交籼稻汕优63上的存活率，但超级杂交籼稻协优9308和杂交籼稻汕优10上的存活率无显著差异。60日龄时汕优63的分蘖数最多，汕优10次之，辽粳294最少。杂交水稻品种的株高显著高于普通粳稻品种，而辽粳294和汕优63的叶鞘显著短于其它品种。除协优9308与两个粳稻品种无显著差异外，其它三个杂交稻品种的叶宽和叶角均大于粳稻品种。60日龄时杂交籼稻品种两优培九叶鞘的维管束间距最宽，辽粳294的维管束间距最窄，但其维管束直径最大。辽粳294和秀水11叶鞘硅细胞的密度显著高于其它几个籼稻品种。被二化螟幼虫危害后，除汕优10叶鞘的维管束间距略有下降（-0．28％）外，其它几个品种的叶鞘维管束间距均增大，其中辽粳294增幅最大，为33．33％。而维管束直径和硅细胞密度均有不同程度的下降，其中硅细胞数下降最为明显。     

二化螟田间为害株率与为害丛率间的关系

通过不同调查者调查相同稻田内二化螟为害的枯鞘、枯心和白穗等受害稻株,分析平均受害株率和平均受害丛率的关系。结果表明,“平均受害丛率”在不同调查者之间的误差小于“平均受害株率”。受害株率和受害丛率之间呈正相关的关系,当受害丛率小于60%时,受害株率与受害丛率的相关系数超过0.91,用受害丛率可以较准确地估计受害株率。     

水稻二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟复合为害损失及防治指标的研究

根据田间对比试验结果,嘉兴地区单季稻田二代二化螟和五(3)代稻纵卷叶螟混合发生时,其复合为害的产量损失率y=0.0159X1+0.2456X2-0.2227(式中X1为二化螟枯鞘团密度,X2为稻纵卷叶螟虫口密度)。按照当前水稻生产水平,计算得经济允许损失L=2.3464。由满足0.0159X1+0.2456X2-0.2227=2.3464,测得二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟混合为害的1组动态的复合防治指标。     

寄生蜂对水稻二化螟生态控害功能的研究与应用

二化螟是我国水稻的重要钻蛀性害虫,常年发生危害严重,给水稻生产带来巨大产量损失。寄生蜂是二化螟重要的生态调节因子和生物防控天敌资源,对田间二化螟的种群数量具有明显的自然控制作用。本文主要就二化螟寄生蜂多样性及其影响因素、二化螟卵寄生蜂和幼虫寄生蜂生态控害功能及优势种利用、二化螟幼虫越冬滞育期间寄生蜂对越冬幼虫种群基数的控制和寄生蜂生态控害功能的评估等方面的研究与应用进行综述,并探讨寄生蜂对二化螟生态控害功能的评估,尝试提出二化螟寄生蜂生态控害功能研究应在越冬代重视二化螟盘绒茧蜂、稻螟小腹茧蜂和中华钝唇姬蜂对越冬滞育幼虫的生态控害潜力、非越冬世代则重点发掘稻螟赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂等卵期优势寄生蜂以降低田间二化螟卵的孵化率、减轻二化螟幼虫为害率,以期为提升寄生蜂的生态控害功能提供参考。     

Fipronil resistance mechanisms in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker

Fipronil resistance mechanisms were studied between the laboratory susceptible strain and the selective field population of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker in the laboratory. The borer population was collected from Wenzhou county, Zhejiang province. After five generations of selection, fipronil resistance ratio was 45.3-fold compared to the susceptible strain. Synergism experiments showed that the synergistic ratios of PBO, TPP and DEF on fipronil in susceptible and resistant strains of C. suppressalis were 7.55-, 1.93- and 2.91-fold, respectively, and DEM showed no obvious synergistic action on fipronil. Activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase in the resistant strain were 1.89- and 1.36-fold higher that in susceptible strain, and no significant difference of glutathione-S-transferase activity was found between the resistant and susceptible strains. The K_m and V_max experiments also demonstrated that fipronil resistance of C. suppressalis was closely relative to the enhanced activities of carboxylesterase and microsomal-O-demethylase. Moreover, cross-resistance between fipronil and other conventional insecticides and the multiple resistant properties of the original Wenzhou’s population were also discussed.     

Triazophos resistance mechanisms in the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker)

A field population of the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) with 203.3-fold resistance to triazophos was collected. After 8-generation of continuous selection with triazophos in laboratory, resistance increased to 787.2-fold, and at the same time, the resistance to isocarbophos and methamidophos was also enhanced by 1.9- and 1.4-fold, respectively, implying some cross-resistance between triazophos and these two organophosphate insecticides. Resistance to abamectin was slightly enhanced by triazophos selection, and fipronil and methomyl decreased. Synergism experiments in vivo with TPP, PBO, and DEM were performed to gain a potential indication of roles of detoxicating enzymes in triazophos resistance. The synergism results revealed that TPP (SR, 1.92) and PBO (SR 1.63) had significant synergistic effects on triazophos in resistant rice borers. While DEM (SR 0.83) showed no effects. Assays of enzyme activity in vitro demonstrated that the resistant strain had higher activity of esterase and microsomal O-demethylase than the susceptible strain (1.20- and 1.30-fold, respectively). For glutathione S-transferase activity, no difference was found between the resistant and the susceptible strain when DCNB was used as substrate. However, 1.28-fold higher activity was observed in the resistant strain when CDNB was used. These results showed that esterase and microsomal-O-demethylase play some roles in the resistance. Some iso-enzyme of glutathione S-transferase may involve in the resistance to other insecticides, for this resistant strain was selected from a field population with multiple resistance background. Acetylcholinesterase as the triazophos target was also compared. The results revealed significant differences between the resistant and susceptible strain. The V_max and K_m of the enzyme in resistant strain was only 32 and 65% that in the susceptible strain, respectively. Inhibition tests in vitro showed that I₅₀ of triazophos on AChE of the resistant strain was 2.52-fold higher. Therefore, insensitive AChE may also involved in triazophos resistance mechanism of rice stem borer.     

Differential susceptibilities to pyrethroids in field populations of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

To assess the feasibility of pyrethroids for rice insect control, we examined susceptibilities of six field populations of rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) to 10 pyrethroids using the topical application method in laboratory in 2004 and 2005. Our results showed that the seven pyrethroids with high fish-toxicity (i.e., β-cyfluthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, β-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, S-fenvalerate, α-cypermethrin, and fenpropathrin) were more effective against C. suppressalis than the three compounds with low fish-toxicity (i.e., cycloprothrin, etofenprox, and silafluofen). The results also showed that all 10 of the pyrethroids were much more effective than methamidophos and monosultap for C. suppressalis control. In addition, we found that susceptibilities of some field populations of C. suppressalis to some high fish-toxicity pyrethroids were significantly reduced, and our results indicated that a Ruian (RA) field population showed a year-to-year variation in susceptibility to most tested pyrethroids between 2004 and 2005. Our data indicated that the tolerance levels increased dramatically in RA population, especially to β-cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. This study provided the first assessment of resistance to pyrethroids in field populations of C. suppressalis. In addition, a close correlation between resistance ratios to the 10 compounds and differences of the structures of these compounds was established in the RA05 population, which was resistant to most of the pyrethroids tested while it was still very susceptible to fenvalerate with no cross resistance. Finally, the feasibility and precaution were discussed in selecting pyrethroids as alternatives to replace high toxicity organophosphates for C. suppressalis control and insecticide resistance management.     

Effect of temperature on toxicity of pyrethroids and endosulfan, activity of mitochondrial Na-K-ATPase and Ca-Mg-ATPase in Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The toxicity of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and endosulfan to the fourth-instar larvae of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), was measured at 17, 27, and 37 °C. The three insecticides all displayed a positive temperature coefficient between 17 and 37 °C. The temperature coefficients of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and endosulfan were 5.59, 1.68, and 2.85, respectively. However, temperature coefficients of deltamethrin and bifenthrin between 17 and 27 °C and between 27 and 37 °C varied. The inhibition of the above three insecticides to mitochondrial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase from the fourth-instar larvae of rice stem borer was determined at 17, 27, and 37 °C. The inhibition of deltamethrin to the specific activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase showed a negative temperature coefficient, but endosulfan exhibited a positive temperature coefficient. Inhibition of bifenthrin exhibited the contrary temperature coefficients between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase and a negative temperature coefficient for the former and a positive temperature coefficient for the later.     

二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生对寄主二化螟幼虫免疫反应的影响

为了探明二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonis (Matsumura)寄生对寄主二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)幼虫血细胞和体液免疫反应的影响,观察并测定了二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生引起二化螟幼虫血细胞数量、延展、存活、吞噬和包囊作用以及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性等的变化。结果显示,二化螟幼虫血细胞总数在寄生后1天即显著高于对照。其中,颗粒血细胞和浆血细胞在寄生后的数量变化均与血细胞总数变化相似,颗粒血细胞在寄生后3天、浆血细胞在寄生后0.5天起即分别与其对照差异显著,但两种血细胞在血细胞总数中各自所占的比例与对照多无显著差异。二化螟幼虫血细胞延展能力在寄生后0.5天受到显著抑制,此后与对照无显著差异;同时寄生可增加寄主血细胞的死亡率。寄主幼虫血细胞的吞噬作用在寄生后2天起显著降低;包囊作用则在寄生后1天起显著降低。二化螟幼虫被二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生后,血淋巴酚氧化酶活性显著升高,但随后呈逐渐下降趋势。研究结果说明,二化螟盘绒茧蜂寄生使寄主二化螟幼虫的免疫反应呈现一定的规律变化。     

杀虫剂对转Bt水稻靶标害虫二化螟和非靶标害虫稻飞虱种群数量的影响

为明确杀虫剂对转Bt水稻品种华恢1号(Huahui 1,HH1)靶标害虫二化螟Chilo suppressalis及其非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群数量的影响,于2014—2015年在江西省南昌市南昌县莲塘镇的广福试验基地进行田间试验,种植转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻,分别对其进行施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂处理,然后对经2种处理后转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻田中靶标害虫二化螟幼虫数量及非靶标害虫白背飞虱、褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量、总虫量(若虫数量和成虫数量之和)进行调查,并对这3种害虫田间种群数量的年份、水稻品种、杀虫剂影响因子进行方差分析。结果显示,转Bt水稻种植对二化螟幼虫数量影响显著,而施用杀虫剂处理未显著影响二化螟幼虫数量。转Bt水稻种植对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量和总虫量无显著影响;而施用杀虫剂处理显著降低转Bt水稻及其对照亲本水稻稻田内白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量及总虫量,并显著降低白背飞虱成虫数量。2014年和2015年,施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻田内二化螟幼虫数量极低或未调查到;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上二化螟幼虫数量仅在2014年显著低于未施用杀虫剂对照亲本水稻。2014年,未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻上白背飞虱总虫量最大值分别为1 037、1 376头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后分别降低至233、253头/百丛;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上和对照亲本水稻上褐飞虱总虫量最大值分别为4 120、2 413头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后降低至367、410头/百丛;2015年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的发生规律与2014年相同。表明转Bt水稻可显著降低二化螟幼虫数量,但褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量没有降低,而施用杀虫剂可有效降低褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量。     

二化螟响应Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ca的小RNA转录组分析

为有效防控二化螟Chilo suppressalis,采用Illumina Solexa二代测序技术对Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ca处理后二化螟中肠内的小RNA序列进行测序,并对其差异表达谱进行注释与分析,并用实时荧光定量PCR技术对测序结果进行验证。结果显示,Cry1Ca对二化螟的亚致死量LC₃₀为0.061 μg/g。Cry1Ca处理和对照处理后转录组中小RNA分布峰值均为22 nt,被注释的已知小RNA比例很低,分别为7.2%和7.9%。Cry1Ca处理后,二化螟中肠内miRNA、snoRNA、snRNA、rRNA、piRNA数量均少于对照。与对照相比,Cry1Ca处理后二化螟中肠内共有358个小RNA表达上调,747个小RNA表达下调,其中有25个已知miRNA的表达量较高,其中3个已知miRNA表达量显著上调,22个已知miRNA表达量显著下调;在新预测的novel miRNA中,有23个上调表达,43个下调表达。KEGG分析结果显示,Cry1Ca诱导的miRNA影响了丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）通路,这个通路包含17个靶基因,其中11个靶基因可被多个miRNA调控,每个靶基因可被59~665个miRNA靶向调控,参与靶向调控miRNA的相对表达量变化倍数介于0.01倍~23 289倍之间,表明miRNA在调控二化螟防御Bt杀虫蛋白Cry1Ca方面发挥着重要作用。实时荧光定量PCR的结果与测序结果一致,表明测序结果正确。     

二化螟dsRNA降解酶基因的克隆与表达分析

为解析二化螟Chilo suppressalis体内参与降解双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)的关键核酸酶的功能,克隆二化螟不同的非专一性核酸酶（non-specific nuclease,NUC）基因,并对这些基因进行生物信息学分析和组织定量表达分析,同时对dsRNA降解酶（dsRNA degrading nuclease,dsRNase）活力的组织分布进行研究。结果显示,共克隆获得5个NUC基因,其中有4个编码dsRNase亚家族基因（CsdsRNase1～CsdsRNase4）和1个编码Endonuclease G亚家族基因（CsEndoG）。5个NUC基因的开放阅读框核苷酸序列长度范围为828～1 338 bp,编码275～445个氨基酸残基,其分子量大小为31.68～49.57 kD,预测等电点为5.48～9.42。CsdsRNase1和CsdsRNase2含有信号肽序列,两者相似度极高,且与家蚕Bombyx mori和斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura中具有dsRNA降解酶活力的dsRNase同源聚类;CsdsRNase1和CsdsRN...     

2017—2019年江西省二化螟种群对四种杀虫剂的抗性

为明确近年来江西省二化螟种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,提出合理化用药建议,本研究采用人工饲料浸药法测定2017—2019年江西省13个县(市)二化螟田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺、阿维菌素、三唑磷和杀虫单的抗性。结果表明,13个二化螟种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性水平整体为中等至高水平抗性,其中有11个二化螟种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性水平整体为上升趋势,在对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性水平增加的种群中,都昌种群的抗性倍数从2017年的44.1倍上升至2018年的65.1倍,在2019年激增至高水平抗性,抗性倍数为283.5倍,为供试种群的最高抗性倍数。13个二化螟种群对阿维菌素的抗性水平整体为中等偏下,在对阿维菌素抗性水平增加的种群中,南昌种群的抗性倍数最高,2017—2019年分别为74.8倍、108.7倍和80.6倍。13个二化螟种群对三唑磷的抗性水平整体为中等偏下,其中新干、永修、万安、大余、上高和都昌这6个种群对三唑磷的抗性水平呈波动上升的趋势,而其他7个种群对三唑磷的抗性水平为波动性变化,偶有下降。13个二化螟种群对杀虫单的抗性水平整体为中等偏下并且有明显下降趋势,其中大余、永修、泰和、会昌、新干和上高这...     

浙江省二化螟不同种群和大螟对三唑磷的敏感性研究

于2004年用点滴法测定了浙江杭州地区(富阳和余杭)和嘉兴地区(平湖、秀城和秀洲)二化螟、杭州富阳大螟等种群4龄幼虫对三唑磷的敏感性,以及各种群体内与抗药性相关酶系(多功能氧化酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶等)的比活力。结果证实上述地区二化螟种群对三唑磷产生了21.1~218.8倍的抗性,其中以富阳和平湖种群的抗性水平较高。二化螟体内多功能氧化酶活性与三唑磷抗性水平呈显著正相关,而乙酰胆碱酯酶活性则呈显著负相关,表明二化螟对三唑磷的抗性可能与多功能氧化酶活性增强和乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感性降低有关。大螟富阳种群对三唑磷的敏感性明显高于二化螟富阳种群,其抗性机制还有待研究。