水稻温敏型两用核不育系繁殖存在的问题及解决办法

水稻两用核不育系冷水串灌繁殖和海南冬繁存在安全性差、产量不高不稳、种子质量差等问题,已严重影响到两系法杂交水稻的健康发展.利用全国740个气象站点近50 a的历史气象资料,根据水稻两用核不育系育性敏感期可育和抽穗扬花期安全对温度的要求,运用计算机处理技术,研制出不同不育起点温度水稻两用核不育系最佳繁殖基地和时段的计算机决策系统,根据该系统筛选出不育起点温度为22℃的水稻两用核不育系最佳繁殖基地为云南省保山市,最佳育性敏感始期为8月3日.2010年在云南省保山市对不育起点温度为22℃的C815S进行了大面积繁殖,获得8.44 t/hm2的高产.介绍了在低纬度高海拔地区繁殖水稻两用核不育系所具有的优势和应注意的事项.     

两系法杂交水稻研究和应用中若干问题的思与行

指出了当前我国两系法杂交水稻研究和应用中面临的主要问题,即两系法杂交水稻体系中不育系的称谓和分类不规范,生产上利用的水稻两用核不育系育性温光反应特性研究不清楚,水稻两用核不育系繁殖和两系法杂交稻制种基地选择不当等。针对当前情形,结合多年育种实践,提出了解决这些问题的对策及措施。建议将水稻两用核不育系分为长光高温不育型、高温不育型、短光低温不育型、低温不育型等四种类型。提出了水稻光温不育机理设想,即水稻光温敏核不育系育性转换是主效不育基因与其位置相近的发育感光基因或(和)发育感温基因相互作用的结果,微效不育基因可影响两用核不育系的不育起点温度。只有深入研究光温敏型不育系育性的光温组合效应,且获得具体的光温指标,才能更好地指导两系法杂交水稻制种和不育系繁殖。提出了水稻两用核不育系育性光温特性的鉴定方法以及两系法杂交稻种子生产应根据不育系育性温光特性和历史气象资料来合理安排基地和时段。     

两系法选育杂交粳稻的实践与思考

培育两系杂交稻是作物杂交优势利用育种领域中的一项重大革新。早在 1 973年 ,石明松发现水稻光敏核不育株农垦5 8Ｓ ,并于 1 981年提出两用核不育系概念 ,杂交水稻育种开始进入一个新的阶段即两系法阶段。两系法杂交优势利用 ,因其只需要光温敏核不育系和恢复系两个育种材料而得名。光温敏核不育系在低温或短日照条件下表现可育 ,自交结实繁殖种子 ;在高温或长日照条件下表现不育 ,可以用来与恢复系制种 ,生产杂交种子。由于光温敏核不育系能一系两用 ,与三系法相比 ,生产种子少了一个环节 ,便简化了种子生产程序。尤其是光温敏核不育系由…     

水稻两用核不育系研究进展

概述了水稻两用核不育系育性转换规律、不育起点温度和育性漂移的研究,介绍了两用核不育系的选育途径与方法,分析了两用核不育系选育存在的主要问题,简述了两用核不育系选育的成果,并对今后的研究方向做了展望。     

水稻两用核不育系的育性光温效应及遗传机理

综述了水稻两用核不育性遗传背景、多样性产生的原因和光温因子对两用核不育系育性的影响。光照是诱导光敏型核不育水稻育性转换的主导因素,温敏型不育水稻育性表达起主要作用的因子是温度,水稻两用核不育系的不育性遗传比较复杂,F_2育性分离的遗传模式也不一致,有单基因遗传模式、双基因遗传模式、三基因遗传模式、质量—数量基因遗传模式和非典型分离模式等。     

实用籼型水稻温敏核不育系种质创制进展及未来主攻方向

不育系是杂交水稻的“芯片”,不论三系法还是两系法,品种的不断突破都取决于不育系种质的发现与持续创新。自水稻光敏核不育种质农垦58S被发现以来,水稻两系法杂种优势利用研究已历经50年,目前两系法杂交水稻已占据我国杂交水稻半壁江山。作者通过总结我国水稻光温敏两用核不育系选育历程、取得的主要成就,以及作者团队在制种安全实用籼型水稻温敏两用核不育系创制方面取得的一系列进展,提出未来实用型水稻两用核不育系育种的主攻方向。     

水稻籼型两用核不育系种子繁殖研究进展

综述了籼型两用核不育系的繁殖途径和核心种子的生产,着重讨论了冷水串灌繁殖籼型两用核不育系的繁殖技术.认为对近年来选育成功的两系超级稻不育系亲本繁殖技术深入研究是今后的主攻方向.     

新书推介——《两系法杂交水稻研究》

由湖南农业大学陈立云教授主编的《两系法杂交水稻研究》一书获国家科学技术学术著作出版基金资助,并由上海科学技术出版社出版发行。陈立云教授及其团队近年在水稻两用核不育系育种、育性机理、选育策略与方法,两系法超级杂交稻选育及技术路线,超高产与抗逆机理,两系法杂交稻安全高产高效制种技术和水稻两用核不育系繁殖技术,防止水稻两用核不育系不育起点温度漂变的原种生产方法等方面进行了深入全面的研     

湖北光敏核不育水稻的制种技术

光敏核不育水稻是一种新的水稻种质资源,其种子生产与三系水稻种子生产存在较大差异。(1)光敏核不育水稻可一系两用。在自然条件下,可在其不育期间制种,在可育期间繁殖。(2)利用人工长短光照可以诱导育性转换,进行少量的繁殖制种。(3)光长、温度影响育性稳定,是光敏核不育水稻制种最重要的限制因子。(4)杂交种保纯难度大。除了机械混杂、生物学混杂外,光敏核不育水稻还存在自身混杂,即在同一株生产出杂交种和不育系种子。 近年来,在光敏核不育水稻(简称二系,下同)杂种优势鉴定的同时,开展了对其亲本特性的观察及繁殖制种研究。1990年,湖北省…     

江苏盐城两系杂交稻制种气象安全分析与思考

为了对江苏盐城发展两系杂交稻制种提供科学决策依据,笔者利用该地区最近46 a历史气象数据,借助"两系杂交水稻制种基地与时段选择决策支持系统",分析了江苏省盐城市两系杂交稻制种的气象风险,提出了应对策略。分析表明,江苏盐城两系杂交稻制种不育系育性敏感始期安排在7月25日为最佳,不育起点温度高于23℃的水稻两用核不育系在该地区制种风险较大。提出了合理控制盐城地区两系杂交稻制种面积、选用低不育起点温度的两用核不育系制种、重视不育系核心种子生产、科学安排制种时段、建立有效的种业保险模式的对策,以规避制种风险。     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.