裸仁南瓜研究进展概述

裸仁南瓜是南瓜的一种突变体,受 1 对隐性基因及一些修饰基因控制。裸仁南瓜种子因本身没有坚硬的种皮,只有一层薄薄的绿膜包裹, 食用起来十分方便。论文对裸仁南瓜性状的研究进展、营养价值及国内外育种情况等进行了概述,讨论了裸仁南瓜育种存在的问题,并展望了裸仁南瓜育种发展的前景。     

"裸仁一号"南瓜

裸仁南瓜(又名无壳南瓜)籽仁没有种皮，与普通南瓜籽比较起来不用脱壳就可以得到完整无损的果仁利于深加工。近年来裸仁南瓜籽的出口逐渐增加，裸仁南瓜的种植面积也逐年扩大。裸仁一号是讷河市种子公司的农业科技人员经过10余年的选育，获得的优质杂交种。3年来累计推广面积达667hm^2，表现出综合性状好，瓜籽大，产量高，容易管理等特点，深受广大种植户的喜爱。     

裸仁南瓜高产栽培技术

南瓜籽是我国传统的休闲食品,脱壳的籽仁常用在食品糕点中。近年来奥地利、新加坡、台湾等地成功开发了南瓜籽油和南瓜籽胶囊等高档保健产品。目前我国北方地区也大力发展南瓜籽生产基地,除在国内销售外,还大量出口到欧洲、新加坡、日本等国家和地区。裸仁南瓜是从普通南瓜中筛选出的自然突变品种,其种壳退化,种仁裸露,可以直接加工食品和食用,发展加工用裸仁南瓜可为山区农民提供一条致富门路。     

无种壳西葫芦及其栽培技术

南瓜属植物的种子属无胚乳种子,种子由种皮和子叶、胚(种仁)组成.裸仁南瓜的种子只有种仁而无种壳,在自然界中比较少见,其裸仁性状受一对隐性基因控制,独立遗传,当这对基因为隐性同质体时。种子即无种壳。据资料,裸仁南瓜在国内外早有研究,并已选育出一些品种如苏联的格利波夫斯基裸仁14号南瓜,奥地科的裸仁南瓜和日本的裸仁南瓜,以及我国山西农科院选育的6518号裸仁南瓜等;但这些裸仁南瓜均属南瓜属中的中国南瓜种(C.moschata-L.). 无种亮西葫芦为南瓜属美国南瓜种(C.pepo L.),是我所60年代初通过杂交选育而成的。它既有普通西葫芦的适应…     

裸仁南瓜新品种引进试验

南瓜籽是我国传统的休闲食品,脱壳的籽仁常用在食品糕点中。裸仁南瓜是从普通南瓜中筛选出的自然突变品种,其种壳退化,种仁裸露,直接可以用于食品加工和食用。由于无种壳的吸附作用,其榨油率大大提高,具有更好的加工性能。为了筛选适宜栽培的裸仁南瓜新品种,及时鉴定其在文成县的丰产性、适应性、抗逆性及其在生产上的利用价值,为裸仁南瓜新品种推广提供科学依据,我们于2007年进行了裸仁南瓜新品种的引进和筛选。现将其试验结果小结如下。     

裸仁南瓜丰产栽培技术

裸仁南瓜是南瓜的一种,与其他南瓜区别是具有裸露的种籽,其种皮各层都有,但不象一般南瓜种的外种皮厚和硬。一般栽培裸仁南瓜主要不是菜用而是取其种子加工成“瓜子仁”供食,其优点是裸仁瓜子可省去逐个剥皮的繁锁工序,故在食品工业上有较高的应用价值。因此,种植裸...     

籽用南瓜新品种“裸仁1号”

近年来,南瓜籽的效益较好,有些地区南瓜籽生产加工已成为一项主导产业,形成了一定规模,很多农户靠种植南瓜,加工销售南瓜籽（一般是白瓜籽）而发家致富。＂裸仁1号＂就是一个适宜籽用的南瓜新品种。     

瓜中稀世珍品——裸仁南瓜

6518号裸仁南瓜(简称裸仁南瓜),俗称无皮南瓜。其种子只有种仁而无种皮,且裸仁性状可代代遗传下去,是山西省农科院研究员周祥麟副院长于1983年培育而成。1984年通过国家级成果鉴定,是中国南瓜的一个新品种。1985年开始推广。裸仁南瓜营养丰富、味道甘美、含糖量8％左右。     

裸仁南瓜高产栽培技术

裸仁南瓜籽（俗称无壳白瓜籽）早在20世纪70-80年代就已问世，但开发利用滞后于白瓜籽。白瓜籽已进入食品市场及原料加工领域，出口量大增。如果将裸仁这一性状开发利用，首先不用脱壳就可以得到完整无缺的果仁，利于深加工。裸仁南瓜产业目前正在逐步兴起。由于其含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪和维生素，具有治疗和预防泌尿系统及前列腺增生疾病的功效，正逐渐成为人们喜爱的休闲食品。近年来，棵仁南瓜籽已成为我国重要出口创汇产品，为此裸仁南瓜籽种植面积在不断加大。同时也为农民开辟了一条新的致富途径。     

裸仁南瓜采种技术

裸仁南瓜是南瓜的一种，其种子着生于内果皮上，幼嫩时瓜与种子一同食用，老熟后种粒饱满，外种皮退化成一层薄膜（无种壳），种子由薄薄一层内种皮、胚组成。一般裸仁南瓜种子多为灰褐色、灰绿色或深绿色，形状扁平，千粒重１５０－１９０ｇ，种子寿命３－５年。现将其采种技术介绍如下： 一、开花结果习性 裸仁南瓜的主蔓和侧蔓均能开花、结果，一般以主蔓结果为主。早熟品种在主蔓第５～１０叶节发生第１朵雌花，中晚熟品种在主蔓第１０～１８节时才发生第１朵雌花，在出现第１朵雌花后，每隔数节或连续几节都能发生雌花。 裸仁南瓜的花…     

美洲南瓜种皮发育的比较解剖学观察

 以美洲南瓜（Cucurbita pepo L.）种子有壳品种‘金辉2号’和无壳（裸仁）品系‘0516-2’为材料,用石蜡切片的方法比较其种皮的发育情况。结果表明：有壳品种和无壳品系在授粉后10 d,种皮都明显分化出5层组织。在授粉后15 d开始出现差别：有壳品种下皮层层数增加,厚壁组织和薄壁组织细胞壁加厚,颜色加深,随着种子的成熟,形成坚硬的外壳;而无壳品系在生长过程中下皮层、厚壁组织层和薄壁组织层增加不明显,发育后期各层组织表现出退化的趋势,最后变成一层薄的种皮。     

Effect of seed coat on peach seed germination

Various treatments to remove the seed coat surgically revealed its role in preventing germination of non-stratified peach seed. The peach embryo from a non-chilled seed is not dormant, as it germinates readily when the seed coat is completely removed. The peach seed coat provides a physical impediment — commonly referred to as mechanical resistance to germination. Incision through the seed coat around the seed at the cotyledonary gap allowed germination even though the seed coat remained in contact with the embryo. No role for inhibitors extracted from the seed coat could be elucidated.     

Seed-coat anatomy and proanthocyanidins contribute to the dormancy of Rubus seed

Rubus seed has a deep double dormancy that restricts germination due to seed coat structure and chemical composition. Improved germination of diverse Rubus species required for breeding improved blackberry and raspberry cultivars is partly dependent on the seed coat structure. This study evaluated the seed coat structure of three species with thin (R. hoffmeisterianus Kunth & C. D. Bouché), medium (R. occidentalis L.) and thick (R. caesius L.) seed coats. The three species exhibited distinctive seed-coat cell composition. The very thin testa (0.086 mm) of R. hoffmeisterianus had little exotesta (surface) reticulation; with the meso- and endotesta composed of sclereids of homogenous shape and size. R. occidentalis had a thick testa (0.175 mm) and a highly reticulate exotesta; the meso- and endotesta were composed of several diverse types of sclereids. R. caesius had the thickest seed coat (0.185 mm) but only moderate exotesta reticulation; the meso- and endotesta were composed of large, irregular, loosely arranged sclereids. R. occidentalis, a medium size seed, was the most heavily lignified with seed-coat thickness similar to R. caesius, the largest seed. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) from dry seed of six Rubus species were extracted and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. R. hoffmeisterianus, a thin only slightly hard seed, had half the PA (0.45 μg/seed) of R. occidentalis with a thick, extremely-hard seed coat and diverse sclereids (1.07 μg/seed). PA content and sclereid composition both appear contribute to seed coat hardness and resulting seed dormancy. The effectiveness of sulfuric acid for Rubus seed scarification is likely due to degradation of PAs in the testa.     

我国南瓜属作物产业与科技发展的回顾和展望

全面论述了中国南瓜属作物(南瓜、笋瓜、西葫芦和黑籽南瓜)近20年来在产业化发展和科技水平提高方面取得的成就,着重剖析了南瓜产业化的5个链条在发展中的成绩和问题;同时对其科学研究进展进行了全方位的论述和评价;并对未来南瓜属作物产业化发展和科研工作提出了具体建议。     

南瓜属作物育种研究回顾和展望

针对南瓜属作物育种研究现状,对国内外南瓜属作物传统育种中的新品种选育、品质育种、抗性育种、农艺性状育种及分子育种中的种质亲缘关系、遗传图谱构建、质量与数量性状基因定位、基因克隆等进行了系统阐述。同时,提出了南瓜属作物育种中存在的问题,并对育种前景进行了展望。     

南瓜属作物遗传转化研究进展

南瓜属(Cucurbita)作物包括中国南瓜(C.moschata D.)、印度南瓜(C.maxima D.)和美洲南瓜(C.pepo L.)等许多重要蔬菜,在世界范围内广泛栽培,具有重要的经济价值。目前,南瓜属作物遗传转化技术普遍存在转化效率低、重复性差、假阳性和嵌合体干扰等诸多问题。随着分子生物学的迅猛发展,南瓜属作物遗传改良和基因功能验证亟需建立高效稳定的遗传转化体系。前人在南瓜离体再生、花粉管通道和农杆菌介导等转化方法上做过不少探索,普遍认为以农杆菌介导的子叶节离体再生是最具潜力的转化体系。笔者对现有的研究基础进行综述,为促进其在南瓜属作物遗传改良上的应用提供参考。     

Effects of temperature and seed coat treatments on germination of sweet pea

Tests on seeds of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.) were set up to examine responses to temperature during germination and to investigate the effects of mechanical and chemical treatments on the permeability of the seed coat to water.Optimum temperatures for germination occurred at about 21 °C, and higher temperatures resulted in the production of fewer seedlings. Although temperatures below c. 15 °C also reduced the numbers of seeds which germinated, even at 2 °C more than 50 % germinated within 60 days.Treatments with concentrated sulphuric acid or the mechanical removal of part of the seed coat by filing greatly increased permeability to water and under some conditions improved germination responses. Filing, followed by exposure to excess free water, reduced germination rates, possibly as a result of loss of solutes from the seed during imbibition.     

牛鼻栓种子萌发特性研究

通过对牛鼻栓的种子进行不同浓度GA_3及不同贮藏方式的处理,进行发芽试验,总结牛鼻栓种子的一些萌发规律,得出最佳处理方式和最高萌芽率的结论。阻碍种子萌发的因素主要是坚硬的种皮,而用自然沙藏或GA_3浸泡等方式可以打破休眠。自然沙藏4个月萌芽率最高,为98%;其次为以浓度400μg/ml的GA_3浸泡48h后恒温冷藏处理3个月,萌芽率为97%。     

Physical dormancy in myrtle seed

The nature of dormancy in seeds of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) was investigated. Scarification with cold acid or sand paper and soaking in water increased seed germination, whilst stratification, inserting the seeds in boiling water or hot acid treatment decreased the number of germinating seeds. The highest germination was obtained by treating the seeds with 100 % cold acid for 60 min or 80 % cold acid for 120 min. Hard seed coat was found to be the principal cause of poor seed germination.Scarified and non-scarified seeds were germinated for 2 weeks at 6 temperatures between 5 and 30° C, and 20° C was optimum.