Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Haaren von Labortieren

Comparative examinations on the hairs of laboratory animals
In the white mouse the bristle hairs were on the average 8mm, in the awn hairs 7mm, and the fur hairs 6.5mm long. The values for the white rat were 19mm for the bristle hairs, 11mm for the awn hairs, and 7mm for the fur hairs; they were thus markedly longer. The hairs of the guinea-pig and of the rabbit were two- and three times as long. Hair thickness—especially at the thickest point—was distinctly different for the bristle and awn hairs, while these measurements of the fur hairs did not differ very much among these species. The size of the cuticle scales did not differ much between mouse, rat and rabbit. The medulla of the bristle and awn hairs of mouse and rat and that of the awn hair of the guinea-pig looked similar. However, the medulla of the rabbit was easily distinguished from the other species. The medulla of the fur hairs was constricted only in the mouse and rat. It is possible to identify with certainty the hairs of these four species if complete hair samples are available and if the microscopic measurements given here are taken into consideration.     

水貂多态蛋白位点与经济性状相关的研究

通过建立一般线性模型对美国短毛黑、大连金州黑和左家型水貂遗传标记的筛选,方差分析表明,Pi-3对左家型水貂皮张长度有显著影响,Pi-3位点与美国短毛黑针绒毛长度比之间存在显著相关,Est是对金州黑水貂体重影响较大的位点,Po是对金州黑水貂针绒毛长度比影响较大的位点,Po和Est对金州黑水貂绒毛长度有显著影响。最小二乘均数结果表明,左家型水貂Pi-3的AA型与AB型间皮长差异显著,美国短毛黑中Pi-3的AA型与AB型间针绒毛长度比差异显著,金州黑水貂Est的AB和BB型体重之间也有显著差异,金州黑水貂Po的AA型与AB型的针绒毛长度比有显著差异,金州黑水貂Po的AA型与BB型和Est的AB和BC基因型之间的绒毛长度也有显著差异。     

银蓝水貂重要经济性状的遗传参数估计

本研究以银蓝水貂为材料,对6个世代的1686只水貂的生长记录进行统计分析,分析性别及年份对水貂体重、体长、针毛长、绒毛长和针、绒毛长比率的表型趋势影响。利用多性动物模型约束最大似然法（REML）估计以上水貂生产性状的遗传力和遗传相关。在模型中考虑了年份和性别固定效应,随机效应为个体的加性效应。结果表明,各性状遗传力均较高,其中体重为0.41,体长为0.53,针毛长为0.53,绒毛长为0.52,针、绒毛长比率为0.52。除针、绒毛长比率与其他性状间呈表型负相关（-0.218、-0.178、-0.074、-0.425）外,各性状间均为表型正相关（分别为0.289、0.882、0.869、0.806、0.788、0.930）。体长与绒毛长、针、绒毛长比率呈现遗传负相关（-0.941、-0.983）,其他均为较强的遗传正相关,分别为0.983、0.731、0.972、0.981、0.622、0.992、0.641、0.987。     

埋植褪黑激素的水貂冬季直针毛生长过程及鳞片形态性状研究

为研究埋植褪黑激素的水貂(Mustela vison)冬季直针毛生长过程及形态学性状的特点,测量埋植褪黑激素后31 d、62 d和75 d的水貂鲜皮腹部、背部和臀部新生冬季直针毛的毛长度、毛最粗处细度、毛根无髓段长度及毛根扁平型鳞片总长度等形态学指标。统计分析结果表明:埋植褪黑激素31 d后,水貂3个部位均出现了新生冬季直针毛;且臀部的新生冬季直针毛的毛长度最大,单位面积上新生冬季直针毛数量最多。埋植褪黑激素后31 d至62 d冬季直针毛的平均生长速度为:腹部(0. 33±0. 07) mm/d、背部(0. 44±0. 07) mm/d、臀部(0. 45±0. 08) mm/d,埋植褪黑激素后62 d至75 d冬季直针毛的平均生长速度为:腹部(0. 25±0. 06) mm/d、背部(0. 29±0. 10) mm/d、臀部(0. 36±0. 03) mm/d,均表现为臀部>背部>腹部的情形。埋植褪黑激素后31 d至62 d的冬季直针毛平均生长速度较快;埋植褪黑激素后62 d至75 d的冬季直针毛平均生长速度降低。冬季直针毛的长度与毛根无髓段长度、毛根扁平型鳞片总长度相关性不显著(P>0. 05);毛最粗处细度与毛根无髓段长度、毛根扁平型鳞片总长度相关性不显著(P>0. 05);毛根无髓段长度与毛根扁平型鳞片总长度呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01)。判断水貂取皮时间时,可以选择冬季直针毛的毛根无髓段长度作为指标。     

赛加羚羊被毛及毛纤维特征对其环境适应性的研究

通过对赛加羚羊（Ｓａｉｇａｔａｔａｒｉｃａ）的被毛特征、毛纤维类型、结构、长度、密度、细度及强伸度的观察测定,结果为：赛加羚羊毛纤维均为有髓毛,其髓质发达,鳞片小呈蛇鳞状,被毛主要部位毛长仅２．９１ｃｍ,密度为１９２０根／ｃｍ２,毛纤维直径可达１０３．７μｍ而单纤维强伸度在１５ｇ重锤下为０。并指出：以上种种特性使赛加羚羊具有较强的回避天敌和抵御寒冷气候的能力,均与栖息地环境相适应。     

毛丝鼠皮与其仿制品的鉴别

主要从动物分类,各部位毛色,毛的长度,毛的形态结构,毛的细度以及皮板颜色等几个经济性状方面进行测试,分析了真品与赝品的本质区别,以便为消费者正确选择裘装及其制品提供一些借鉴和参考。     

北极狐和貉毛纤维显微结构的研究

为了区别北极狐和貉毛皮，采用哈氏切片法快速制取北极狐、南貉和北貉皮毛纤维横切片进行毛纤维组织结构观察。观察发现，貉毛皮的绒毛鳞片翘角大，呈刺状伸出毛干外，鳞片高度大；而北极狐绒毛的鳞片紧贴毛干，呈环形排列。因此，对于北极狐皮和貉皮的鉴别可通过其毛纤维的显微结构进行区分。     

角蛋白家族基因及其与动物毛发性状关系的研究进展

角蛋白基因家族由众多结构和功能相似的基因组成,分为角蛋白中间丝蛋白(KIF)和角蛋白关联蛋白(KAP)2个基因家族.角蛋白是动物毛发的结构蛋白,决定毛发纤维的基本特征,是在寻找控制毛皮性状主效基因时的首选候选基因.角蛋白基因的表达与遗传多样性有关,角蛋白的多态性与毛皮动物的毛发性状具有相关性.本文从角蛋白基因的结构与定...     

The influence of the hemoglobin concentration in growing mink kits on certain skin characteristics

The relationship between some skin characteristics and hemoglobin values during the growth period were statistically examined in standard male minks. Significant correlations) (P < 0.05–0.001) were found between the hemoglobin concentrations determined at 3 points during the growth period (in July, August and November) and the density and colour of underfur, and skin length, respectively. According to the study even the early hemoglobin values in July and August have a significant influence on the size and quality of the pelt. Mink kits with low hemoglobin values are liable to develop a winter fur coat with defective pigmentation and hair structure of the underfur. Anemic minks develop the most extreme stage of the pigmentation defect and these so-called cotton fur skins have little value in the fur garment industry. When these abnormal hemoglobin values are recognized at an early stage, cotton fur skins may be avoided, and larger skins of better quality may be produced.     

Effects of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine supplementation on hair growth and pelt quality in mink (Neovision vision)

The effect of different dietary protein levels and DL‐methionine (Met) supplementation on hair growth and the resulting pelt quality in mink was studied. Four groups of male mink were fed with four isocaloric diets containing 32% (P32), 24% (P24), 16% (P16) or P24+Met (0.8%) crude protein of dry matter (DM) from September to December. Skin biopsies were taken at the pelting. Histological techniques and computer‐assisted light microscopy were used to determine the ratio of activity (ROA) of under hairs and guard hairs respectively. The results showed that when the dietary protein level reduced from 32% to 16%, body length, number and diameter of under hairs and guard hairs of minks declined, and pelt length and pelt weight of minks decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These parameters were similar between P32 and P24 with Met supplementation (p > 0.05). The hair follicle density of the winter coat was not influenced by the dietary protein levels and Met supplementation (p > 0.05). Low‐protein diets content led to a reduction of hair follicle developing to next phase. It was documented that 24% crude protein of DM with Met supplementation during growing‐furring period was sufficient for minks to express their genetic capacity to develop hair follicles and achieve the prime fur characteristics. Overall this study demonstrated that hair growth and hair properties in pelts are very dependent on the dietary protein and Met supply in the growing‐furring period of minks.     

Hoxc13在哺乳动物毛囊发育调控中的研究进展

同源盒C13(Hoxc13)基因与毛囊发育和毛发性状的形成密切相关.在哺乳动物毛囊的周期性发育过程中,Hoxc13通过调控角蛋白关联蛋白(KAP)基因等来控制毛囊在生长期、退行期和休止期之间转换,进而直接控制毛发性状的形成和改变,对皮毛动物产业发展具有重要的经济意义.本文围绕Hoxc13的结构特点、生物学功能以及作用机...     

饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔毛皮品质和肠道屏障的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔毛皮品质和肠道屏障的影响。选用体重相近的断奶獭兔180只,随机分为5组,每组36个重复,每个重复1只兔。各组分别饲喂谷氨酰胺添加水平为0(对照)、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和1.2%的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。结果表明:饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对生长獭兔毛皮面积、毛皮重量、被毛长度和被毛厚度无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对生长獭兔十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.9%谷氨酰胺显著升高了空肠中闭合小环蛋白mRNA的表达量(P0.05),显著降低了空肠中丙酮酸激酶mRNA的表达量(P0.05);此外,饲粮中添加0.9%谷氨酰胺显著增加了十二指肠黏膜中分泌性免疫球蛋白A含量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平没有影响到生长獭兔的毛皮品质,但改善了肠道机械屏障和免疫屏障功能。在本试验条件下,断奶至3月龄獭兔饲粮中谷氨酰胺适宜的添加水平为0.9%。     

Reproduction of Labeo umbratus (Pisces,Cyprinidae) in Wuras Dam,a shallow,turbid impoundments

Female Labeo umbratus reach sexual maturity at a larger size than males and dominate the population in fish over 450 mm in length. The gonads are large (up to 20% of total body mass) and they have a high fecundity which increases linearly with an increase in body mass. Successful spawning is dependent on suitable floods during the spawning season which extends from November to March or April. Spawning apparently occurred in the impoundment. All females did not spawn simultaneously and evidence suggests that individuals might spawn more than once during a particular season.     

高寒草甸牦牛皮毛种子库大小与组成的模拟研究

动物体外传播(Epizoochorous dispersal)是植物种子实现远距离传播的一种重要方式,尤其在放牧生态系统中,这种现象更为普遍.为探究放牧季节(暖季和冷季)及种子性状(质量、形状和附属结构)对高寒草甸牦牛皮毛种子库的大小及组成特征的调控作用,分别在2019年暖季(8月下旬)和冷季(10月中旬),模拟收集了...     

毛纤维鳞片品质分析

对青海的藏羊、青海半细毛羊、新疆细毛羊、牦牛、骆驼以及毛丝鼠的16种毛纤维鳞片进行扫描,分别进行厚度、倾角、高度、密度等测定。结果认为:各种毛纤维随着直径变小,表现出鳞片密度增加,厚度下降;不同畜种的毛纤维鳞片形态及品质有较大差异,但细度接近的毛纤维各测试值接近;在受损程度上,从大到小排列为驼毛、牦牛毛、青海藏羊粗毛;同一毛丛中外层毛的受损程度大于底绒;鳞片之间互相衔接紧密,重叠面深的纤维,鳞片的倾角就小,毛干光滑,光泽强,鳞片相对大、宽、高。     

Genetic parameters in Finnish blue fox population: Pelt character and live animal grading traits

Abstract

Finnish blue fox farmers breed for increased litter size and pelt size, and improved fur quality. Some farmers select pelt size and fur quality indirectly using live animal evaluations (grading traits). In order to be able to define breeding goals properly, heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for size traits and fur quality traits. There were four pelt character traits (pelt size, pelt colour darkness, pelt colour clarity and pelt quality) measured on dried skins, and six grading traits (animal size, grading colour darkness, grading colour clarity, underfur density, guard hair coverage and grading quality). The data included 54,680 animals born during the years 1987–2002, originating from seven farms. The heritabilities were high for pelt colour darkness and grading colour darkness, moderate for pelt size and low for other traits. In general, heritability of a pelt character trait was higher than its corresponding grading trait. Genetic correlations within the pelt character traits were low (～0.11) and within the grading traits mainly moderate or high (～0.44). There was high genetic correlation between pelt darkness and grading darkness, pelt quality and grading density, pelt size and animal size; between pelt quality and grading quality and between pelt colour darkness and grading guard hair coverage. This suggests that selection of pelt character traits via grading traits in most cases is relatively effective.     

铜水平对冬毛期乌苏里貉毛皮品质、血清生化指标及肝相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加铜对冬毛期雄性乌苏里貉毛皮品质、脏器指数、血清生化指标及相关基因表达的影响.随机选取体重相近的雄性乌苏里貉105只,采用单因子试验设计,随机分为7组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只.分别饲喂添加蛋氨酸铜为0(对照组)、30(Ⅰ组)、45(Ⅱ组)、60(Ⅲ组)、75(Ⅳ组)、90(Ⅴ组)和200 m...     

水貂皮初加工前后几项测试值及其相关分析

通过对 10 0只金州黑色标准水貂的体重、生皮重、干皮重、体长、生皮长、干皮长等 6项性状数据的测试 ,得出了水貂皮初加工过程出现的毛皮减重、伸展等多项指标 ,初步探讨了各项测试值之间的相关规律 ,并初次建立了体重、体长与干皮长的线性回归方程 ,为估测和比较皮张尺码 ,评估生产水平提供了科学依据。     

水貂微卫星位点与毛皮性状相关的研究

通过建立一般线性模型,对5个水貂群体、300个个体的4个经济性状与16个微卫星遗传标记位点进行相关性研究。结果表明：珍珠色水貂的Mvi4013的AA和BB针毛长度差异显著,A基因起正面效应。珍珠色水貂Mvi586的BB和CC、BC和CC之间的针毛直径差异显著,银蓝色水貂Mvi4015的AA和BB基因型、AB和BB基因型的绒毛长度之间差异显著,A基因起正面效应;Mvi4013的AA和AB基因型、AB和BB基因型的绒毛长度之间差异显著,Mvi4001BB基因型的绒毛长度显著高于其他两种类型,B基因起正面效应。在金州黑水貂群体中Mvi4006的AC型与BD、CC型绒毛直径有显著差异,A基因起正面效应。在银蓝色水貂。Mvi2243的AA型和AB型绒毛直径差异显著,Mvi4001AA型绒毛直径和AB基因型差异显著,B基因起负面效应。     

饲粮铜水平对冬毛期雌性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率、血清生化指标及毛皮品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铜水平对冬毛期雌性蓝狐生长性能、营养物质消化率、血清生化指标及毛皮品质的影响。试验选取115日龄左右的健康雌性蓝狐50只,随机分成5组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只。以五水硫酸铜(Cu SO_4·5H_2O)为铜源,在基础饲粮中分别添加0、12.22、32.22、72.22、152.22 mg/kg的铜配成5种试验饲粮,5种试验饲粮铜水平分别为7.78(Ⅰ组,作为对照组)、20(Ⅱ组)、40(Ⅲ组)、80(Ⅳ组)、160 mg/kg(Ⅴ组)。预试期为7 d,正试期为60 d。结果表明:1)Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组蓝狐的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05);各组蓝狐的终末体重及平均日采食量差异不显著(P0.05)。2)各组蓝狐的干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率及氮沉积差异不显著(P0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组蓝狐的脂肪消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他各组间差异不显著(P0.05);铜排出量随着饲粮铜水平的升高极显著的增加(P0.01)。3)Ⅴ组蓝狐血清总蛋白和白蛋白含量显著高于对照组和Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅴ组蓝狐血清尿素氮含量显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);各组蓝狐血清铜蓝蛋白活性差异不显著(P0.05),Ⅳ组蓝狐血清铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组及Ⅱ和Ⅲ组(P0.05)。4)Ⅴ组蓝狐肝脏铜含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),血清铜、锌、铁含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05)。5)饲粮铜水平并未显著影响蓝狐的体长和干皮长(P0.05);Ⅲ和Ⅴ组蓝狐针毛长和绒毛长显著大于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.05);Ⅴ组蓝狐皮张颜色显著深于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,在饲粮中添加32.22 mg/kg铜即铜水平为40.00 mg/kg时,冬毛期雌性蓝狐可获得较好的生长性能、营养物质消化率及毛皮品质,同时铜的排放量较低。