白僵菌可湿性粉剂的研制

选择合适的助剂与填料配制白僵菌可湿性粉剂,通过混合粉碎过程的研究,得到抑菌作用小、理化性能优良的可湿性粉剂小试产品3号和4号,其润湿性小于3分钟,悬浮率和孢子萌发率均为85％以上。成品细度:98％通过325筛目。经10～20℃室温贮存8个月后孢子萌发率为85％左右,与纯孢粉无显著差异。室内测定:含孢量500亿/克可湿性粉剂的杀虫效果为95％,LC_(50)为7.30×10~5孢子/ml,LT_(50)为113.6小时。田间防治玉米螟的效果达80％以上。     

木霉厚垣孢子可湿性粉剂的研制

通过测定不同载体、润湿剂、分散剂、紫外保护剂对木霉厚垣孢子萌发率和菌丝生长以及不同含量助剂对可湿性粉剂性能的影响,确定了木霉厚垣孢子可湿性粉剂的组成成分和比例,其中厚垣孢子粉为25%(厚垣孢子粉由硅藻土吸附木霉发酵液制备而成),润湿剂十二烷基硫酸钠为4%,分散剂CMC为5%,紫外保护剂糊精为1%,以硅藻土补齐100%。该厚垣孢子可湿性粉剂的活孢子数为2.5×109 cfu/g,润湿时间为58s,总悬浮率为78%,孢子悬浮率为85.27%,pH为6.92,含水量为2.16%,98%通过200目标准筛,该制剂的各项指标均符合可湿性粉剂及微生物制剂的相关标准。该研究的进行为农业生产提供一种新型的木霉制剂,对稳定木霉制剂的田间防效具有重要的意义。     

木霉Tr-92厚垣孢子可湿性粉剂的储存性能及应用效果

为评价木霉Trichoderma spp.厚垣孢子可湿性粉剂的储存性能及应用效果,采用稀释涂平板法测定了保存过程中木霉Tr-92分生孢子和厚垣孢子可湿性粉剂的存活率以及在黄瓜叶片上的定殖能力,并采用盆栽试验法比较了2种木霉制剂对黄瓜灰霉病的防效。结果表明,木霉厚垣孢子制剂贮存180 d时孢子存活率达到72.8%,显著高于分生孢子制剂的42.2%;喷施后7 d,木霉厚垣孢子制剂和分生孢子制剂在黄瓜叶片上的定殖数量分别为1 580个/cm~2和1 490个/cm~2,二者间存在显著差异,且厚垣孢子制剂定殖时间大于分生孢子制剂;1 000倍稀释的木霉厚垣孢子制剂对黄瓜灰霉病的防效达99.20%,与嘧菌酯的防效无显著差异,在喷施后7 d和12 d的防效均显著高于分生孢子制剂。研究表明,木霉厚垣孢子制剂的储存性能和对黄瓜灰霉病的防效均显著优于木霉分生孢子制剂。     

几种杀菌剂对玉米顶腐病菌的抑制作用

用平板菌落法测定了杀菌剂对玉米顶腐病菌菌丝生长、产孢、孢子萌发及芽管伸长的抑制作用。结果表明:浓度为1000μg/mL的60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂、15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂、47%腈菌·锰锌可湿性粉剂3种杀菌剂对菌丝生长抑制率为100%。1000μg/mL和500μg/mL供试各杀菌剂能抑制分生孢子萌发,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂和77%氢氧化铜可湿性粉剂抑制孢子萌发EC50分别为0.2719μg/mL和762.8854μg/mL。供试杀菌剂抑制芽管伸长的EC50差异显著,47%腈菌·锰锌可湿性粉剂EC50为0.1268μg/mL,70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂EC50为383.9653μg/mL。杀菌剂对分生孢子产生抑制作用显著,产孢量显著小于对照,60%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂能完全抑制孢子形成。     

加工番茄苗期立枯病防治药剂筛选

采用毒基质法施药,比较了9种新型化学农药和6种生物农药制剂对加工番茄苗期立枯病的防治效果,并选择盆栽试验中防效较好的3种化学农药和1种生物农药进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,温室盆栽试验中,3种新型化学农药50%嘧菌环胺可湿性粉剂120g/m~3、50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂120g/m~3、20%丁香菌酯悬浮剂150g/m~3处理防治加工番茄苗期立枯病效果较好,相对防效均在70%以上;1种生物农药2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂300g/m~3处理防效较好,为62.31%。田间药效试验结果表明,50%嘧菌环胺可湿性粉剂150 g/m~3处理的相对防效在70%以上,显著优于其他药剂处理。     

黍黑孢菌生物学特性和杀菌剂筛选

黍黑孢菌在PDA培养基上生长40 h后开始产孢,但孢子萌发在产孢20 d后。1/2马铃薯葡萄糖汁(PDB)和1%酵母浸出膏显著地促进孢子萌发,萌发率分别达到99%和87.7%,而5%葡萄糖、1%胰蛋白胨和5%蔗糖对孢子萌发促进作用不显著。药剂对菌丝抑制作用的试验结果表明,多菌灵等8种药剂都对黍黑孢菌菌丝生长有着不同程度的抑制作用,其中,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂效果最好,EC50为0.017μg/mL,EC95为0.098μg/mL。药剂对黍黑孢菌孢子萌发抑制试验结果表明,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、30%福.腐.百可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、50%福.福甲胂.福锌可湿性粉剂和28%百.霉威可湿性粉剂都是有效的杀菌剂,其中,百菌清效果最好,其EC50和EC95分别为0.008μg/mL和0.107μg/mL。     

绿僵菌CQMa128乳粉剂对蛴螬时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析

用拌土法测定了金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株CQMa128乳粉剂对蛴螬3龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明：土壤含有1×106~1×108孢子/g绿僵菌乳粉剂时,蛴螬的校正死亡率随着绿僵菌孢子浓度的增加和作用时间的延长而增大,土壤含有5×107孢子/g绿僵菌乳粉剂时蛴螬的校正死亡率达85.2%。运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型对生测数据进行拟合,通过Hos-mer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,并估计了该制剂对蛴螬的致死剂量与致死时间。随着接种天数的增加,相应的LD50和LD90随之降低,剂量效应逐渐增强。土壤中含有3×107、5×107和1×108孢子/g绿僵菌乳粉剂处理的LT50值分别为10.18、8.42、6.79d。当土壤含有1×108孢子/g绿僵菌乳粉剂时,蛴螬死亡率可达90%以上,LT90为10.50d。该绿僵菌制剂在蛴螬的生物防治中具较强的应用潜力。     

公牛链霉菌JPD-1可湿性粉剂的研制及对苹果斑点落叶病的防效

以公牛链霉菌Streptomyces tauricus JPD-1为研究对象,苹果斑点落叶病菌Alternaria alternate f. sp.mali作为靶标菌,采用混料设计试验对载体、分散剂、湿润剂、紫色保护剂进行筛选,确定了公牛链霉菌JPD-1可湿性粉剂的最佳配方：载体为硅藻土,母粉89%,分散剂羧甲基纤维素钠4%,润湿剂十二烷基磺酸钠6%,紫外保护剂羧甲基纤维素钠1%。按照此配方研制出了白色粉末状的公牛链霉菌JPD-1可湿性粉剂。质量标准测定和室内防效试验结果表明,该可湿性粉剂孢子含量为2.18×10⁸ cfu/g,杂菌率2.45%,pH 5.8,细度91.95%,干燥减量4.81%,润湿时间15.4 s,悬浮率79.67%,在25℃室温下贮藏100 d芽胞存活率为70.15%;4℃条件下贮藏100d芽胞存活率为80.41%;其对斑点落叶病菌孢子萌发的最小抑菌浓度在25～50 mg/mL,对苹果斑点落叶病的防治效果84.42%,结果表明公牛链霉菌JPD-1可湿性粉剂是一种具有较好生物防治潜力的生防制剂。     

4种药剂防治西番莲茎基腐病药效试验初报

本试验采用茎基部包裹浇药法测定了4种药剂对西番莲茎基腐病的防治效果,试验结果:65%代森锌可湿性粉剂、80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂和1亿孢子/g木霉菌水分散粉剂150倍液这4种药剂施药后90d的防治效果分别为70.83%,62.5%,33.3%和20.83%;65%代森锌、80%多菌灵在病后防控西番莲茎基腐病的效果显著,值得在生产上推广使用。     

西藏八角莲炭疽病病原鉴定及室内药剂筛选

从西藏大学农牧学院药材基地的西藏八角莲叶片病斑上分离到1种炭疽病菌,根据病害症状特点、病原菌形态特征、培养性状和致病性测定等进行鉴定,结果表明:西藏八角莲炭疽病的病原菌为半知菌亚门,腔孢纲,黑盘孢目,刺盘孢属(Colletotrichum sp.)。药剂筛选试验结果表明,对菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有强烈抑制作用的药剂有80%福.福锌可湿性粉剂、58%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂、72%霜脲.锰锌可湿性粉剂,稀释倍数在2000倍时,对菌丝和孢子的抑制率均达90%以上。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.