日粮添加HMBi对奶牛血液指标及健康状况的影响

本试验旨在研究平衡日粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸比例对奶牛血液生化指标及健康状况的影响。将45头处于干奶后期的荷斯坦奶牛,区组配对后随机分配到A、B和C组中,每组15头奶牛。其中A组为对照组,整个试验期饲喂基础日粮;B、C组为试验组,C组于产前15d开始、B组从产后开始在基础日粮基础上添加2-羟基-4-甲硫基-丁酸异丙酯(HMBi),平衡日粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸比例。试验结果显示:(1)平衡日粮赖、蛋氨酸比例对奶牛血清钙(Ca)、血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清总氨基酸(TAA)等蛋白代谢指标无显著影响(P0.05),但平衡日粮赖、蛋氨酸有降低BUN趋势,其中B组、C组的BUN比对照组A分别降低2.6%和3.8%。(2)平衡日粮赖、蛋氨酸对奶牛的肝脏代谢的主要血液指标如游离脂肪酸(NEFA)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)无显著差异(P0.05);但有降低血清NEFA、HDLC、LDLC、TC的趋势。(3)B组、C组比A组的配种时间分别提前了27d和42d,改善了繁殖性能。总之,补充HMBi平衡日粮赖氨酸、蛋氨酸比例具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

2-羟-4-(甲硫基)丁酸异丙酯对泌乳荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能及乳成分的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加2-羟-4-(甲硫基)丁酸异丙酯(HMBi)对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响.试验选择16头经产奶牛,采用有重复的4×4拉丁方试验设计,每期4周.奶牛自由采食精粗比为1:1(DM基础)的TMR日粮,日粮中分别含有6.71%和1.86%的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,代谢蛋白质分别为低蛋白质日粮、6.74%和1.82%的标准蛋白质日粮.干物质采食量、产奶量及组成在每期的第4周进行测定.各处理组的干物质采食量无显著差异,均为24.7 kg/d.日粮粗蛋白质水平和HMBi对产奶量和3.5%的乳脂校正乳存在互作影响,在饲喂低蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi减少了牛奶及标准乳的产量,但在饲喂标准蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi对牛奶及标准乳的产量无显著影响.在饲喂标准蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi增加了乳蛋白的浓度和产量,与日粮粗蛋白质浓度无关.但是在饲喂低蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi对乳蛋白无显著影响.仅在饲喂标准蛋白质日粮的条件下添加JMBi对乳蛋白才有促进作用,当日粮蛋白质的添加受到限制时,其他因素对HMBi有影响.     

国内外奶牛饲料添加剂研究进展

<正> 1.氨基酸类长久以来,人们认为奶牛瘤胃微生物可以合成其自身及生产所需要的各种氨基酸,因此,形成了奶牛日粮中氨基酸成分不必保持平衡的观点。但最近研究表明,情况并非如此。据 Whitacre等(1985)报道,在泌乳早期高产奶牛日粮中添加蛋氨酸或其羟基类似物(MHA),可使乳脂率和产奶量提高。AHTOBA 等(1987)发现,日产奶25千克的奶牛日粮中添加蛋氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸,在90天的试验期内奶牛产奶量、乳脂和乳蛋白分别比对照组高107.2千克、3.8千克和4.05千克。Aseltine 在奶牛日粮中添加"被护蛋氨酸"15克和"被护赖氨酸"40克,结果对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率没有影响,而乳蛋白量提高,且牛血浆中蛋氨酸及赖氨酸水平均有提高。Schwab 等对奶牛皱胃灌注多种氨基酸,结     

2-羟-4-(甲硫基)丁酸异丙酯对泌乳荷斯坦奶牛产奶性能及乳成分的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加2-羟-4-（甲硫基）丁酸异丙酯（HMBi）对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。试验选择16头经产奶牛,采用有重复的4&#215;4拉丁方试验设计,每期4周。奶牛自由采食精粗比为1∶1（DM基础）的TMR日粮,日粮中分别含有6.71%和1.86%的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,代谢蛋白质分别为低蛋白质日粮、6.74%和1.82%的标准蛋白质日粮。干物质采食量、产奶量及组成在每期的第4周进行测定。各处理组的干物质采食量无显著差异,均为24.7 kg/d。日粮粗蛋白质水平和HMBi对产奶量和3.5%的乳脂校正乳存在互作影响,在饲喂低蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi减少了牛奶及标准乳的产量,但在饲喂标准蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi对牛奶及标准乳的产量无显著影响。在饲喂标准蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi增加了乳蛋白的浓度和产量,与日粮粗蛋白质浓度无关。但是在饲喂低蛋白质日粮条件下添加HMBi对乳蛋白无显著影响。仅在饲喂标准蛋白质日粮的条件下添加HMBi对乳蛋白才有促进作用,当日粮蛋白质的添加受到限制时,其他因素对HMBi有影响。     

泌乳奶牛氨基酸平衡日粮饲喂效果的研究

为了研究氨基酸平衡日粮饲喂奶牛的效果,试验采用配对试验设计,选择30头体况良好的健康中国荷斯坦奶牛头胎牛,分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂氨基酸平衡TMR日粮。测定了奶牛产奶量、乳成分、血液生化指标及繁殖性能指标。结果表明:试验组奶牛比对照组奶牛平均每日3.5%标准乳产量提高了2.56%(P0.05);氨基酸平衡日粮的饲喂不影响牛乳的乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率等指标,但可显著提高总固形物含量及乳脂、乳蛋白产量(P0.05);补充瘤胃保护性蛋氨酸和赖氨酸对奶牛血清葡萄糖、三酰甘油和总胆固醇含量没有显著影响(P0.05),即对奶牛健康状况、繁殖性能无显著影响。说明通过饲喂氨基酸平衡日粮能显著提高奶牛的生产性能,具有改善奶牛代谢状况的趋势。     

日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响

根据胎次、产奶量、泌乳时间相近的原则选择泌乳奶牛200头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组100头,对照组饲喂常规日粮,试验组饲喂常规日粮+40 g/d过瘤胃蛋氨酸(RPM,有效成分:HMBi,2-羟基-4-甲硫基丁酸异丙酯)。探讨日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果:添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸的试验组产奶量较对照组提高了1.3 kg/d(P>0.05);试验组的乳蛋白、乳脂率和体细胞数较对照组均有所提高(P>0.05);经济效益方面,试验组每头牛每天比对照组多盈利2.49元。试验表明:日粮中添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸有助于提高奶牛生产性能和经济效益。     

奶牛全泌乳期饲料配方筛选试验研究

为筛选奶牛泌乳期系列饲料配方,试验选用30头泌乳后期奶牛,参考胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数、膘情、体型等因素,采用随机区组对比设计,分为4组,即对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,组间差异不显著。对照组饲喂奶牛场使用的精料补充料,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别饲喂专门设计的奶牛饲料精料补充料A、B和C系列。结果表明:泌乳前期试验2组奶牛产奶量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳中期试验组产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),泌乳后期试验组奶牛产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以试验2组,即B饲料配方效果最为显著,显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。泌乳前期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。泌乳中期和泌乳后期试验组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验2组奶牛乳蛋白、乳脂率和乳干物质含量均显著高于试验1组和试验3组(P<0.05)。乳糖含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。由此可知,试验2组,即B系列饲料配方可以显著提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳干物质含量及日粮养分消化率。     

全混合日粮中添加包被氨基酸对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

选择24头体重、年龄、胎次相同、泌乳量相近,泌乳天数为90~160 d的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组。饲喂相同日粮水平的全混合日粮,试验组每头牛每天另外添加包被氨基酸,对照组不添加。试验1组添加包被赖氨酸21 g和蛋氨酸7g,试验2组添加包被赖氨酸45 g和蛋氨酸15 g,试验3组添加包被赖氨酸69 g和蛋氨酸23 g,经45 d饲养试验,研究添加自制的包被赖氨酸和蛋氨酸对奶牛泌乳中期产奶量、乳成分、干物质采食量的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加不同比例的包被氨基酸对采食量基本没有影响;与对照组相比,试验1组产奶量下降4.22%(P>0.05),试验2、3组分别提高7.40%(P<0.05)、5.35%(P>0.05);试验1、2、3组乳脂率分别提高1.72%、7.75%、11.21%;乳蛋白率试验1组、试验3组分别下降2.8%和3.47%,试验2组提高5.68%;乳糖率试验1、3组分别下降0.86%和1.08%,试验2组提高4.97%;乳总固形物均有所提高,试验1、2、3组分别提高0.72%、4.11%、5.34%。各组间乳成分差异均不显著(P>0.05)。本试验以添加包被赖氨酸45 g和蛋氨酸15 g试验组效果最好,与对照组相比,试验2组产奶量提高7.40%,乳脂率提高7.75%,乳蛋白率提高5.68%,乳糖率提高4.97%,乳脂固形物提高4.11%,但各组间乳成分差异均不显著(P>0.05)。     

蒸气压片玉米对泌乳初期奶牛生产性能的影响研究

选用20头胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量和体况评分(BCS)相近,泌乳初期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分成2组,每组2个重复,每重复5头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组中精料补充料的玉米由蒸汽压片玉米代替。试验期为35d。试验结果表明:(1)蒸气压片玉米能提高泌乳初期奶牛的产奶量和4?M产量、乳脂率和乳脂产量以及降低体细胞数,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)蒸汽压片玉米可以显著提高乳糖率、乳糖产量、乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量(P<0.05)。     

全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草组合全混合日粮饲喂干奶前期奶牛对其围产期生产性能和血液生化及免疫指标的影响

在研究不同比例全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草组合日粮饲喂干奶前期奶牛对其围产期生产性能和血液生化及免疫指标的影响。选择健康、体况一致的干奶前期荷斯坦奶牛45头,根据体重、胎次及预产期接近(P0.05)的原则将奶牛随机分为试验A、B和C组,每组15头。分别以精料、全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草16∶24∶30∶30(A组)、16∶24∶45∶15(B组)和16∶24∶60∶0(C组)比例配合日粮饲喂。产前2周将3组试验牛转入围产牛群,3个试验组开始饲喂场内同一围产前期和新产牛日粮。试验期88 d。结果表明:1)与C组相比,B组在产后1、2和3周的干物质采食量分别提高10.46%(P0.05)、7.79%(P0.05)和5.65%(P0.05)。除产后1周外,产后2、3周B组的奶牛体况评分分别比C组高6.60%(P0.05)和9.06%(P0.05)。2)各试验组的犊牛初生重差异不显著(P0.05)。试验A、B组初乳免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量分别比C组提高10.82%(P0.01)和18.07%(P0.01)。3)与C组相比,B组产后21 d产奶量提高9.00%(P0.05),乳非脂固形物率提高2.83%(P0.05),乳蛋白率提高10.59%(P0.05),乳糖率提高5.64%(P0.05)。各试验组间乳脂率和尿素氮无显著差异(P0.05)。4)分娩当天和产后21 d,B组的血清甘油三酯含量显著低于A和C组(P0.05),B组的血糖含量显著高于A和C组(P0.05), B组的血清尿素氮和胰岛素显著低于C组(P0.05),B组的胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-I)和总蛋白显著高于C组(P0.05);在产前7 d和分娩当天,B组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白B(IgM)和IgG显著高于C组(P0.05);在产后21 d,B组的血清IgM和IgG含量显著高于C组(P0.05);产前7 d和分娩当天,B组瘦素显著高于C组,而B组的血清非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量显著低于C组(P0.05);在产前7 d、分娩当天和产后21 d,B组的胆固醇均显著低于C组(P0.05),B组的血清白蛋白含量显著高于C组,B组谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)也显著低于C组(P0.05)。各试验组间β-羟丁酸无显著差异(P0.05)。综合分析,干奶前期饲粮组成和养分水平可影响围产期奶牛的机体代谢和生产性能。在本试验条件下,干奶前期奶牛日粮中精料、全株玉米青贮、谷草和羊草的适宜比例为16∶24∶45∶15。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.