NaCl胁迫对紫荆幼苗保护酶系统的影响

以紫荆Cercis chinensis Bunge幼苗为材料,研究NaCl胁迫对其膜质过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:随着盐分处理浓度的升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降;在相同的盐分浓度下,随着处理时间的延长,膜透性呈上升趋势,MDA含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性变化没有规律.分析认为紫荆耐盐性较差,不适宜在盐碱地栽植.     

盐度及胁迫时间对红海榄幼苗保护酶活性的影响

以红树植物红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)幼苗为材料,研究了盐度及胁迫时间对其根、茎、叶中保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响。结果表明:不同胁迫时间下,随盐度升高,茎中的SOD活性变化小,根和叶片的SOD活性呈先上升后下降再回升趋势;根、茎、叶的POD活性呈先上升后下降趋势;PPO活性在叶片中呈先下降后上升,根、茎中先上升后下降趋势。在100 mmol.L-1、200 mmol.L-1、300 mmol.L-1盐度下,分别由SOD、PPO、POD起主导作用减少活性氧积累。不同盐度下,胁迫30~60 d时,SOD、POD活性达到最大值,PPO活性也迅速上升。120 d时,在100 mmol.L-1和500 mmol.L-1盐度下SOD活性维持较高水平;在低盐度下PPO活性达峰值,500 mmol.L-1高盐度下PPO活性回升,表明红海榄幼苗要60 d适应基质盐分,在长时间盐胁迫下产生更大的适应性。     

盐旱交叉胁迫对皂角幼苗保护酶活性的影响

以一年生皂角Gleditsia sinensis Lam.实生苗为材料,研究干旱和盐分交叉胁迫对其膜质过氧化和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:盐旱交叉胁迫下,丙二醛(MDA)含量、膜透性呈上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升后下降;在相同的处理下,随着处理时间的延长,膜透性和MDA含量呈上升趋势,SOD、POD活性均下降,CAT活性先上升后下降.分析认为皂角幼苗在盐旱交叉胁迫下表现出交叉适应性,适度的干旱胁迫可增加皂角的抗盐能力.     

干旱胁迫对麻疯树幼苗抗氧化代谢的影响

采用盆栽控水的方法,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫下麻疯树幼苗叶片相对含水量（LRWC）、质膜透性、相对电导率（REC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片相对含水量随胁迫时间的增加呈极显著（P〈0．01）下降趋势;相对电导率、丙二醛含量随胁迫时间的增加而呈极显著（P〈0．01）增加趋势,胁迫初期和中期二者增加幅度相对较小,胁迫后期急剧增加;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随胁迫时间的增加而持续升高,过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫时间的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,在W7（干旱35d）时POD和CAT活性达到最大值。     

低温胁迫对玉米石景天生理指标的影响

以景天属植物玉米石为研究对象,通过人工控温的方法来研究低温胁迫对玉米石叶片的相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)等生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫温度的下降,玉米石景天叶片的相对电导率呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势,当温度为5℃时相对电导率达到最大值16.03%;可溶性糖的含量呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势,当温度为20℃时出现最小值0.088%;丙二醛的含量呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,在温度为15℃时出现最小值0.012μmol/mg;三种抗氧化酶相互协作,CAT呈现先升高后下降再缓慢上升的趋势,POD呈现逐渐下降的趋势,SOD则总体变化幅度不大,呈现出先上升后缓慢下降的趋势,当温度为20℃时,CAT活性达到最大值42.92 U/g/min,POD活性也达到最大值173.33 U/g,SOD活性也达到最大值378.47 U/ml。     

干旱胁迫对芒生理生化指标的影响

以盆栽芒为材料,进行了持续25 d的干旱胁迫处理,同时以正常浇水为对照,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对芒叶片的叶绿素含量、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,在干旱胁迫处理下,芒叶片的叶绿素含量、相对电导率、MDA呈上升趋势,叶绿素含量在处理过程中增长相对比较平缓,相对电导率、MDA在处理结束时分别增长了0.78和1.12倍;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈先上升后下降趋势,SOD、POD增长高峰出现在胁迫处理第15天,CAT增长高峰则出现在第10天。     

水曲柳苗木不同根序对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应

以1年生水曲柳苗木为试材,在温室土基盆栽,测定干旱胁迫后苗木1级根和2级根细根活力、膜透性、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化物酶系(POD、SOD、CAT)活性的变化.结果表明:在干旱胁迫过程中,1,2级根均发生活力下降、膜透性增加、可溶性蛋白含量减少的现象,且1级根变化程度大于2级根.在干旱胁迫过程中1,2级根SOD活性均先上升后下降,CAT和POD活性虽然在胁迫后期(40天)显著高于对照,但与胁迫初期相比(15,30天)也呈显著下降趋势,对照变化不显著.抗氧化酶系还原活性氧分子的能力逐渐减弱,膜质过氧化程度加重,导致细胞膜透性升高,活力下降(r2=0.45～0.58).与2级根相比,1级根对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应更明显.     

耐冬山茶花粉储藏条件及其活力的动态变化

以山东青岛耐冬山茶花粉为试验材料,采用离体培养基法研究了花粉的萌发特性,并探讨了不同贮藏温度与贮藏时间对花粉萌发率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明:耐冬山茶花粉萌发的最适宜培养基为:150 g·L-1蔗糖+0.05 g·L-1硼酸+100 mg·L-1GA3+ 900 g·L-1Ca(NO3)2;花粉最佳贮藏温度为-80℃;-80℃贮藏360 d后,花粉萌发率仍达到原来的58.19％,3种保护酶活性较高,花粉抗氧化、衰老能力较强;贮藏过程中,3种保护酶活性出现最高峰值前后花粉萌发率出现大幅度下降;不同贮藏温度下,3种保护酶的作用不同,室温下POD、CAT为敏感性保护酶,4℃下SOD为敏感性保护酶,-20℃、-80℃下CAT为敏感性保护酶;3种保护酶活性对花粉萌发率的影响依次为:SOD＞ POD＞ CAT.     

水分胁迫对大叶铁线莲生理生化指标的影响

为了解大叶铁线莲对水分胁迫的反应和适应性,研究了干旱和水涝胁迫下大叶铁线莲的生理指标变化。结果表明:水分饱和亏缺、质膜相对透性、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量及抗氧化保护酶中的SOD、CAT活性,随胁迫时间的增加呈上升趋势;叶绿素含量、相对含水量、保护酶系统中的POD活性呈下降趋势,说明大叶铁线莲对水分胁迫具有较强的忍耐能力,且忍耐水涝能力高于耐干旱能力。     

Na2SO4对桃叶卫矛幼苗抗氧化性的影响

通过对桃叶卫矛幼苗进行75、150、300、350、400 mmol/L 5种不同浓度的Na2SO4处理,测定并分析了幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化.结果表明:(1)桃叶卫矛幼苗体内活性氧的保护酶体系主要途径是SOD-CAT+POD;(2)SOD和POD在Na2SO4浓度为300 mmol/L时活性最大;(3)CAT活性在Na2SO4浓度为150 mmol/L时最大,在Na2SO4浓度为300 mmol/L时略次之.据此在实际生产中可以考虑用300 mmol/L左右的Na2SO4对桃叶卫矛幼苗进行抗盐锻炼.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.