2种水温条件下罗非鱼体内氟苯尼考的药物动力学比较

采用药饵给药,药物剂量为10mg·kg^-1,比较研究了22和28℃水温条件下奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus×O．aureus）体内氟苯尼考的药物动力学。结果得出,22℃组和28℃组罗非鱼血浆的峰药浓度（Cmax）分别为4．46和3．90μg·mL^-1,达峰时间（Tmax）均为12h,消除半衰期（T1/2β）分别为10．03和8．12h,药-时曲线下面积（AUC）分别为86．68和72．44h·μg·mL^-1。相应条件下的肌肉Cmax分别为6．88和4．59μg·g^-1,Tmax均为12h,T1／2β分别为10．97和8．03h,AUC分别为112．71和73．66h·μg·g^-1。低温组罗非鱼血浆和肌肉中药物的T1／2β均长于高温组,前者分别比后者长1．91和2．96h,表明低温组罗非鱼体内药物的消除速度慢于高温组。虽然2个水温组血浆和肌肉中药物的Tmax相同,但低温组血浆、肌肉的Cmax和AUC均明显高于高温组,表明低温组罗非鱼吸收利用药物程度高于高温组。     

氟苯尼考在鲟鱼体内的药物代谢动力学研究

采用高效液相色谱检测组织中药物含量,研究水温在(20±1)℃时,杂交鲟经口一次性给予10 mg/kg氟苯尼考后在血液、肌肉、肝脏中的代谢规律.试验结果表明,氟苯尼考经口给药后在鲟鱼血液中的代谢属于一级吸收一室模型,在肌肉和肝脏中属于一级吸收二室模型,且分布广泛,代谢迅速.主要药代动力学参数如下:血液、肌肉、肝脏中的达峰...     

肌注和口灌氟苯尼考在吉富罗非鱼体内的药代动力学

通过肌内注射、口灌两种给药方式,研究氟苯尼考在罗非鱼体内的药物代谢动力学特征。把吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)随机分成2组,控制水温在30℃,以15 mg/kg分别单剂量肌内注射、口灌给药。经高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中氟苯尼考浓度,用Win Nonlin药动学软件分析药动学参数。结果表明:肌内注射氟苯尼考后,药物吸收较慢,消除较快,达峰时间(T_(max))=4 h,峰浓度(C_(max))=4.64μg/mL,消除半衰期(T_(1/2λ)z L)=10.45 h,药-时曲线下面积(AUC)=91.06μg·h/mL。口灌氟苯尼考后,药物吸收较快,消除较慢,T_(max)=1 h,C_(max)=5.92μg/mL,T_(1/2λ)z L=13.13 h,AUC=61.96μg·h/mL。肌内注射、口灌氟苯尼考后,二者的药动学参数差异显著,这一差异表明肌内注射给药吸收相对较慢,但更为完全(肌内注射氟苯尼考的AUC明显较大),消除相对较快。     

氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内的药物代谢动力学的研究

应用反相高效液相色谱法对口灌和肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)体内的代谢规律进行了研究.按100 mg·kg-1口灌给药后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中氟苯尼考浓度的达峰时间分别为2h、6h、0.5h、1h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药2d后血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为4.209μg·mL-1、0.792μg·g-1、0.493μg·g-1、1.448μg·g-1,给药3d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度分别为0.0836μg·mL-1,肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的氟苯尼考浓度均未检出;按100mg·kg-1肌肉注射给药后血浆中氟苯尼考浓度达峰时间为0.5h,以后开始缓慢下降,给药5d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度为0.1151μg·mL-1,给药10d后血浆中的氟苯尼考浓度未检出.口灌氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性二室模型来描述,口灌给药的血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为27.939h、18.844h、11.83h、36.87h;肌肉注射氟苯尼考在欧洲鳗鲡体内血浆、肌肉、肝脏、肾脏中分布可用开放性一室模型来描述,肌肉注射给药的血浆中的消除半衰期(T1/2β)为37.52h.     

丁香酚在罗非鱼体内的药物代谢动力学研究

为了解丁香酚在罗非鱼体内的代谢动力学特征,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测经丁香酚麻醉后苏醒的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)血浆、肝脏及肌肉中丁香酚的质量浓度变化。试验结果:采用30 mg/L丁香酚药浴后,罗非鱼血浆、肝和肌肉中的药时数据均符合非房室模型;丁香酚在罗非鱼血浆、肝脏和肌肉中的药代动力学参数显示,峰值浓度(Cmax)分别为8 257.52μg/m L、88.62μg/kg和73.78μg/kg,达峰时间(Tmax)分别为0.5、1和2 h,消除半衰期(t1/2)分别为11.267 3、75.616 1和24.147 4 h,药时曲线下面积(AUC0~∞)分别为83 738.054 3 h·μg/m L、1 466.467 7 h·μg/kg和1 131.101 7 h·μg/kg,0~∞平均滞留时间(MRT0~∞)分别为11.498 2、85.284 4和39.388 7 h,表观分布容积(Vz)分别为1.941 2m L/kg、743.903 0 kg/kg和307.994 9 kg/kg。结果表明,丁香酚在罗非鱼体内分布广泛、消除慢、停留时间长。本研究可为罗非鱼活体运输中麻醉剂的安全使用提供参考。     

水温对氟苯尼考在中华绒螯蟹体内的药物代谢动力学影响

研究不同水温对氟苯尼考在中华绒螯蟹血淋巴、肌肉和肝脏组织中的代谢规律和组织分布的影响.在17℃和28℃水温下,以20 mg/kg剂量单次肌肉注射给药,于给药后不同时间点取各组织样品,氟苯尼考药物含量由高效液相色谱法测定.研究结果表明在两个温度下,血淋巴和肌肉组织中氟苯尼考含量瞬时达到峰值,而肝脏中氟苯尼考含量则随给药时间,呈先上升后下降的趋势.氟苯尼考在中华绒螯蟹体内代谢规律符合二室开放模型,吸收半衰期、消除半衰期、药时曲线下总面积均与温度呈负相关,而总体清除率与温度呈正相关.     

四环素类抗菌药物在吉富罗非鱼体内的代谢动力学研究

给吉富罗非鱼一次灌服50mg/kg剂量的四环素和土霉素浑浊液,研究四环素和土霉素在其肌肉、肝脏和血液中的残留与消除规律。12h后四环素、土霉素在肌肉、肝脏和血液中含量分别达最高,四环素含量分别为0.920mg/kg,2 703mg/kg,1 225μg/mL;土霉素含量分别为0 860,2 188mg/kg和1 075μg/mL。鱼肉中四环素的分布半衰期和消除半衰期分别为8 593,23 50h;土霉素的分布半衰期和消除半衰期分别为8 261,22 979h。216h后,鱼肉中四环素和土霉素均低于0 1mg/kg。     

氟苯尼考在日本囊对虾体内的药代动力学研究

为了给养殖日本囊对虾制定正确的用药方案、确定氟苯尼考的休药期提供科学依据,应用反相高效液相色谱法( RP - HPLC)研究了氟苯尼考在日本囊对虾体内的药物代谢动力学.试验结果表明,在水温23±0.5℃,盐度29.91的条件下,氟苯尼考在肝脏、肌肉和血淋巴的平均回收率为93.37％、91.79％、91.82％;试验数据经药代动力学软件3p97分析表明,日本囊对虾采用氟苯尼考单次腹部肌肉注射,其肌肉药一时数据符合二室模型,肝脏和血淋巴药一时数据符合一室模型.其中,氟苯尼考在肝脏、肌肉和血淋巴中的主要动力学参数分别为:浓度一时间曲线的曲线下面积AUC分别为10.31、50.77、14.33(μg/g)·h;药物的峰值浓度C(max)分别为13.03、10.46、8.031 μg/g;药物浓度处于峰值时的时间Tp分别为0.2044、0.2298、0.6544 h;吸收半衰期分别为0.6771、0.4746、0.4193 h;消除半衰期分别为3.766、16.16、4.917 h.建议在23 ±0.5℃的水温条件下,氟苯尼考对日本囊对虾的休药期不少于7d.     

氟苯尼考的药效学及其在水产动物中的代谢动力学研究进展

氟苯尼考具有很强的抗菌活性,对大多数革兰氏阳性菌及阴性菌都有作用,在水产养殖上有广泛应用。本文综述了氟苯尼考在水产动物中的药效学、药物动力学及残留消除规律的研究进展,以期为氟苯尼考在水产病害防治中的科学性和规范性应用提供思路,促进我国水产品的安全与水产养殖的可持续发展。     

氟苯尼考及氟苯尼考胺在鲤体内的残留

在水温(18±1)℃下,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法研究了氟苯尼考及其主要代谢物氟苯尼考胺在体质量(100±10)g鲤(Cyprinus carpio)体内的代谢及残留规律,以制定休药期。实验鱼间隔24h按15 mg.kg-1体质量的剂量口灌给药,连续给药3次,在给药后0.5h、1 h、2h、4h、8h、12h、24h、2d、3d、5d、7d、10d、15d、20d检测肌肉、皮肤内氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的含量。结果表明:氟苯尼考在鲤体内的代谢速度快,2~4 h出现峰值;肌肉中氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的残留浓度高于皮肤,肌肉和皮肤中氟苯尼考的含量均高于氟苯尼考胺,皮肤中的代谢速度较快。按欧盟标准相应的休药期不少于2d,按日本标准则不少于10 d。     

罗非鱼体内氟甲砜霉素的高效液相色谱测定方法研究

建立了罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)血浆、肌肉和肝脏内氟甲砜霉素的高效液相色谱测定方法(HPLC法)。采用内标法和峰高法定量,方法准确,重复性好,灵敏度较高。8、1和0.125μg·mL-13个浓度水平的加标回收率为89.16%-96.13%;对应的批内精密度和批间精密度分别为2.21%-6.55%和2.11%- 7.71%。方法检出限为0.03μg·mL-1。结果表明,此方法非常适合用于罗非鱼体内氟甲砜霉素的动力学和残留研究。     

MyoD,myogenin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in growing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

In the present study, immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis was used to characterize variations in muscle growth performance during muscle fibre recruitment and hypertrophy. As in fisheries, fish were classified into four age stages: alevin 35 days (0.65±0.08 g); juvenile 60 days (13.67±1.35 g); adult 90 days (73.18±4.70 g) and adult 190 days (349.76±34.62 g). The number of nuclei expressing MyoD and myogenin was similar in alevin, juvenile and adult 90 days; however, in adult 190 days, the number of nuclei expressing myogenin was higher than the number expressing MyoD. The number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐stained nuclei in each stage was higher than MyoD and myogenin staining with peaks in alevin and adult 90 days. These data suggest that growth per se stimulated cellular proliferation and nuclei accretion of Nile tilapia muscle fibres in alevin, juvenile and adult 90 days. Muscle fibre differentiation was more pronounced in adult 190 days.     

罗非鱼抗逆性研究

研究了奥尼罗非鱼和吉富罗非鱼对低温和重金属的抗逆性。抗冻性实验结果表明,奥尼罗非鱼的抗冻性优于吉富罗非鱼。抗冻性较好的奥尼罗非鱼对重金属的抗逆性研究结果表明,在相同浓度的不同重金属作用下,奥尼罗非鱼幼苗对受试3种重金属离子(Pb2+、Cr6+、Cu2+)的抗逆性均随着作用时间的延长而下降。在相同条件下,对受试3种重金属离子的抗逆性:Cr6+Cu2+Pb2+。     

氟苯尼考对杂色鲍脓疱病的实验药效研究

室内通过浸浴、创伤或注射方式对杂色鲍幼鲍以病原菌MyroidesodoratusNPB03菌株人工感染脓疱病,探讨新型抗菌药物氟苯尼考(florfenicol)在不同浓度下药浴对脓疱病的治疗效果。结果显示健康杂色鲍浸浴方式不能感染,而腹足创伤感染较注射方式引起明显的脓疱病症状,对创伤感染用氟苯尼考6μg·mL-1浓度药浴可明显降低死亡率,但对注射感染需10μg·mL-1浓度才可有效控制感染所致的死亡,结果表明对已被病原细菌感染的鲍应施用较高浓度的药物处理才有效。     

罗非鱼主要生长性状的杂种优势分析

采用完全双列杂交配组方法和加性显性遗传分析模型,在水泥池和网箱2种不同放养环境中,计算了罗非鱼生长相关性状杂种优势。结果表明:(1)杂交F1代相对于F2代在各生长性状上均表现出更强的杂种优势。各性状的优势程度也有所不同,F1代群体平均优势在15·1%~30·6%之间,F2代则有所降低,在7·6%~15·3%之间。结果说明,罗非鱼各生长性状在F1代均表现出超中亲优势,但在F2代则表现出负向群体超亲优势。(2)各生长性状的基因型效应与杂种优势都存在明显的环境差异,表现为在网箱内高密度的养殖环境中存在较强的杂种优势,而在水泥池环境中杂种优势效应则相对较弱,表明在对罗非鱼的杂种优势利用中应当充分考虑环境因素的影响。     

Inhibition of post-mortem muscle softening following in situ perfusion of protease inhibitors in tilapia

ABSTRACT:     A method of introducing protease inhibitors into fish muscle through the bulbus arteriosus was developed using an in situ perfusion technique. Perfusion efficiency was initially tested using eosin and [³⁵S]-methionine. Visible fluorescence was observed in the gill, liver, intestine and dorsal muscle of the eosin-treated tilapia, and the occurrence of eosin in the blood vessels of the dorsal muscle was confirmed under a fluorescence stereoscopic microscope with ultraviolet light. The radioactivity of [³⁵S]-methionine was taken into the dorsal muscle and liver at a concentration of 7.8 Bq/g and 70.2 Bq/g, respectively, after perfusion with 1000 Bq/mL solution. Using the perfusion technique with four kinds of protease inhibitors dissolved in physiological saline, the type of proteases implicated in the post-mortem muscle softening in tilapia (867 ± 195 g, n  = 10/protease inhibitor) was investigated. After the perfusion of leupeptin (serine and cysteine protease inhibitor), benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-fmk; caspase inhibitor), chymostatin (serine protease inhibitor) and ο -phenanthroline (metalloprotease inhibitor), the breaking strength of the perfused muscle was measured as a parameter of the meat toughness and compared with that of the control fish, which were perfused with physiological saline only. The reduction of breaking strength during storage was inhibited by the perfusion of leupeptin and Z-VAD-fmk.     

Evaluation of Nile tilapia pond management strategies in Egypt

Five pond management strategies for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. production were evaluated in 0.1‐ha earthen ponds in Egypt during a 145‐day production cycle. Pond management strategies developed by the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support Programme (PD/A CRSP) were compared with a traditional and a modified Egyptian pond management strategy. Young‐of‐year Nile (mixed‐sex or sex‐reversed) tilapia were stocked into ponds at 20 000 fish ha^?1. Sex‐reversed tilapia were stocked into chemical fertilization, organic fertilization plus formulated feed and feed only treatment ponds, whereas mixed‐sex tilapia were stocked into organic fertilization plus formulated feed and chemical plus organic fertilization plus formulated feed treatment ponds. Nile tilapia yields ranged from 1274 to 2929 kg ha^?1. Nile tilapia yields in organic fertilization plus formulated feed treatments were significantly greater than the yield from chemical fertilization ponds. PD/A CRSP pond management strategies did not produce significantly greater Nile tilapia yields than the traditional Egyptian system, but a larger percentage of harvested tilapia in the organic fertilization plus feed treatments were classified in the first and second class size categories compared with the traditional Egyptian system. Organic fertilization plus formulated feed pond management strategies had the highest net returns, average rate of return on capital and the highest margin between average price and break‐even prices to cover total variable costs or total costs.