Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil

Propargyl bromide is being investigated for its potential as a soil fumigant. Characterization of the fate of propargyl bromide in soil is important in determining both efficacy and the threat of environmental contamination. These experiments investigated some of the factors affecting the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil and quantified some of the products formed as a result of propargyl bromide degradation in four soils of differing composition and at three initial propargyl bromide concentrations. In all soils at all initial propargyl bromide concentrations, equimolar formation of Br- was observed during propargyl bromide degradation, but little propargyl alcohol (product of hydrolysis) was formed. The apparent first-order degradation coefficient (k) increased with decreasing initial propargyl bromide concentration in all soils, but the mass degraded per unit time increased with increasing propargyl bromide concentration. The rate of propargyl bromide degradation increased with increasing soil organic matter content, and the k value was correlated to the organic carbon content of the soil (correlation coefficient > 0.97 for all concentrations). Repeated application of propargyl bromide did not increase the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil. Addition of Br- did not affect the rate of propargyl bromide transformation in soil, so accumulation of Br- in the soil is not expected to impede propargyl bromide degradation.     

尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的快速分子检测

 由尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.)引起的大豆枯萎病是危害大豆生产的主要土传病害^［1］。该菌在土壤和病残体上均可长期生存造成危害。快速准确地在发病初期植株和带病土壤中进行鉴定和检测对防治该病害至关重要。     

非致病性尖孢镰刀菌及其在生物防治中的应用

综述了尖孢镰刀菌的非致病性菌株作为尖孢镰刀菌致病菌生防因子的研究现状并对非致病性菌株的作用模式作了归纳总结,阐述了非致病性尖孢镰刀菌在生物防治中的应用价值及前景。     

拮抗尖孢镰刀茵的木霉菌筛选方法评估

利用11株不同木霉菌株分别比较对峙培养法、病原菌存活率测定法、生防菌分泌物降解病原菌测定法、浸种抑菌萌发试验法及种苗接种活体筛选法对抑制黄瓜枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌Fusariumoxysporum的拮抗木霉菌的筛选效率。试验表明不同的筛选方法获得拮抗木霉菌菌株的结果差异较大,其中病原菌存活率测定法与种苗活体接种筛选法结果一致性较高,可推荐作为生防木霉菌株初筛的有效方法。     

不同土壤湿度条件下绿色木霉对尖孢镰刀菌数量的影响

采用平板菌落计数法研究在不同土壤湿度条件下绿色木霉在土壤中的定殖动态及对尖孢镰刀菌数量的影响。结果显示：在3个土壤湿度条件下, 接种木霉后前4周均能显著降低镰刀菌的数量; 与对照2(CK-H06)相比, 处理(B2-H06)中木霉的孢子含量没有显著性变化。第1、2周, 对照1(CK-B2)与处理(B2-H06)的镰刀菌含量与土壤湿度呈显著性正相关; 在第5周, 处理(B2-H06)的镰刀菌和木霉菌含量与土壤湿度呈显著性负相关。     

Fusarium oxysporum Foxy 2 shows potential to control both Striga hermonthica and S. asiatica

Under glasshouse conditions, the ability of Fusarium oxysporum isolate Foxy 2, a fungal pathogen isolated from Striga hermonthica, to control S. asiatica and S. gesnerioides, was investigated on potted plants. In the experiment, the target weed of the fungus, S. hermonthica, was included as a standard. In the present study, S. asiatica was the only species that, besides S. hermonthica showed high susceptibility to Foxy 2. This susceptibility was demonstrated by almost complete prevention of emergence of the parasite. In contrast, S. gesnerioides did not show any susceptibility at all. The susceptibility of two Striga species to the fungus provides an opportunity for simultaneous control of both parasites in those regions where they are co‐existing (e.g. Tanzania and Kenya).     

3种瓜类枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum的分子检测

 Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most important phytopathogens and cause Fusarium wilt disease in cucumber, watermelon and melon, etc.In this study, a pair of species-specific primers Fc-1 and Fc-2 was synthesized based on differences in internal transcribed spacer sequences of Fusarium genus.With the primers, a specific 315 bp PCR product was amplified from five F.oxysporum isolates isolated from cucumber, watermelon and melon, infected cucumber and watermelon tissues, while no product was obtained from other fourteen fungi, healthy cucumber and watermelon tissues.The detection sensitivity is 100 fg for genomic DNA of F.oxysporum and 1 000 spores/g soil for the soil pathogens.In contrast, the nested PCR with two pairs of primers(ITS1/ITS4 and Fc-1/Fc-2) increased the sensitivity by 100-fold.In addition, one-step PCR could also detect F.oxysporum in symptomless cucumber root of 7 dpi(days post inoculation) and in infected cucumber and watermelon tissues at the early stage of disease development.Therefore, the developed PCR-based method enabled rapid, sensitive and reliable detection of F.oxysporum.It also provides the detection method for early monitoring and diagnosis of the pathogen as well as the plant disease management guidance.     

Granular formulation of Fusarium oxysporum for biological control of faba bean and tomato Orobanche

BACKGROUND: Orobanche spp. represent a serious threat to a wide range of crops. They are difficult targets for herbicides, and biological control could provide a possible solution. This work therefore aimed to formulate mycoherbicides of Fusarium with adequate shelf life and virulence against Orobanche but safe to faba bean and tomato. RESULTS: Only two isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. (Foxy I and Foxy II) obtained from diseased Orobanche shoots were found to be pathogenic to Orobanche crenata Forsk. and Orobanche ramosa L. Conidial suspension of both isolates significantly decreased germination, attachments and tubercles of Orobanche. Microconidia and chlamydospores of both isolates were formulated as mycoherbicides encapsulated in a wheat flour–kaolin matrix (four different formulations). All formulations greatly diminished Orobanche emerged shoots, total shoot number, shoot height, attachment of emerged shoots, the germinated seeds that succeeded in emerging above the soil surface and dry weight. Meanwhile, disease incidence and disease severity of emerged shoots were enhanced. The shelf life was adequate, particularly for coarse, freshly prepared, low‐temperature‐stored, microconidia‐rich formulations. The induced growth reduction of Orobanche‐infected host plants seemed to be nullified by formulations, particularly at the highest dose. CONCLUSION: These formulations seemed to destroy Orobanche but appeared harmless to host plants. Hence, they could be efficiently used as mycoherbicides for biological control of Orobanche in faba bean and tomato. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

香蕉枯萎病生防菌对杀虫剂的适应性研究

将4株香蕉枯萎病生防细菌bio ZK11、bio HN2、bio HN10和bio F4分别与杀虫剂噻唑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷混合,测定其混合液对香蕉枯萎病病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用以及杀虫剂对生防菌生长繁殖的影响。结果显示,噻唑磷对生防菌bio ZK11的抑菌作用没有影响,而毒死蜱和辛硫磷增强bio ZK11的抑菌作用;噻唑磷和毒死蜱增强bio HN2的抑菌作用,辛硫磷则对bio HN2的抑菌作用没有影响;噻唑磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷增强了生防菌bio HN10的抑菌作用;噻唑磷、毒死蜱和辛硫磷对生防菌bio F4的抑菌作用没有影响。辛硫磷对生防菌bio HN2的菌落生长有一定的影响,对另外3种生防菌没有影响;噻唑磷对4种生防菌菌落大小都没有影响;毒死蜱对香蕉枯萎病生防菌bio HN10的菌落大小没有影响,但使生防菌bio ZK11、bio HN2和bio F4的菌落变小。3种杀虫剂除了对生防菌bio F4的生长量没有显著影响,对其他3种拮抗菌的生长都有一定的影响。     

抗感枯萎病黄瓜品种的病理组织结构学研究

选取不同抗性黄瓜品种中农13(抗)和中农6号(感)为试材,采用蘸根法接种,利用电镜技术和石蜡切片方法观察了病菌侵染前后根茎组织结构的变化。结果表明,抗病品种有环纹和网纹两种导管类型,有较厚的角质层,感病品种有环纹导管一种类型,无角质层。抗病品种在接种后细胞壁加厚、导管腔内出现褐色物、胞壁覆盖物以及侵填体。感病品种仅出现胞壁加厚和胼胝体。对于病原菌侵染,抗感品种具有不同程度的反应,抗病品种反应程度早于且强于感病品种。     

蓖麻枯萎病菌高效生防菌株LX1的筛选与鉴定

为筛选对蓖麻枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporum Schl.具有抑制活性的生防菌株,本研究利用利福平选择性培养法,从花生根际土壤中筛选了一株对蓖麻枯萎病菌具有显著抑制活性的菌株 LX1。菌株 LX1在对峙培养中出现了明显的抑菌圈,孢子萌发试验显示孢子萌发抑制率为55%～78%,普通光学显微镜观察显示,菌株LX1可显著抑制F. oxysporum菌丝生长,明显造成菌丝分支增加,部分菌丝顶端和中央膨大,随着时间的延长,畸变结构和程度加剧。通过对菌株LX1的形态特征、染色反应、培养性状、生理生化测试以及16S rDNA分析,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌。本研究结果为菌株LX1应用于蓖麻枯萎病菌的生物防治及生物制剂的开发提供了依据。     

禾长蠕孢菌和尖角突脐孢菌防治稗草的研究

 病原真菌禾长蠕孢菌稗草专化型(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh f.sp.echinochloae,HGE)和尖角突脐孢菌(Exserohilum monoceras,EM)在稗汁葡萄糖中的发酵滤液对稗草种子的发芽有明显的抑制效果,发芽抑制率分别为30.9%和13.5%.HGE菌在改良Fries、稗汁葡萄糖,EM菌在改良Fries中的发酵滤液对稗草根和芽的生长有明显抑制作用.HGE菌发酵滤液与其孢子混合使用比单独使用对稗草的防效明显提高,稗草感病株率、致死率分别达86.3%和69.5%,病情指数为78.7;发酵滤液与孢子结合(先后喷雾)使用后稗草的感病株率、致死率分别为83.9%和67.9%,病情指数为72.8.HGE与弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)孢子混合喷雾接种对稗草防效明显高于2种菌孢子单独使用.     

Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum and related species pathogenic on tomato in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries

In order to characterize the pathogen(s) responsible for the outbreak of fusarium diseases in Algeria, 48 Fusarium spp. isolates were collected from diseased tomato in Algeria and compared with 58 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum originating from seven other Mediterranean countries and 24 reference strains. Partial sequences of the translation elongation factor EF‐1α gene enabled identification of 27 isolates as F. oxysporum, 18 as F. commune and three as F. redolens among the Algerian isolates. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic on tomato, with disease incidence greater at 28°C than at 24°C. All isolates were characterized using intergenic spacer (IGS) DNA typing, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and PCR detection of the SIX1 (secreted in xylem 1) gene specific to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). No DNA polymorphisms were detected in the isolates of F. redolens or F. commune. In contrast, the 27 Algerian isolates of F. oxysporum were shown to comprise nine IGS types and 13 VCGs, including several potentially new VCGs. As none of the isolates was scored as SIX1+, the 27 isolates could be assigned to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐lycopersici (FORL). Isolates from Tunisia were also highly diverse but genetically distinct from the Algerian isolates. Several Tunisian isolates were identified as FOL by a PCR that detected the presence of SIX1. The results show that isolates from European countries were less diverse than those from Tunisia. Given the difference between Algerian populations and populations in other Mediterranean countries, newly emergent pathogenic forms could have evolved from local non‐pathogenic populations in Algeria.     

一种评价甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力的方法

为建立甘蓝枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.conglutinans)转化子致病力评价方法,从接种方法、甘蓝品种、苗龄、病原菌接种体浓度等几方面探索,建立了一种评价甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力差异的体系。结果表明:蘸根法和伤根法均适于甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力的评价,其中伤根法更优;其他适合甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力评价的因素有:甘蓝品种为‘中甘21’,苗龄为三叶期,甘蓝枯萎病菌孢子悬浮液浓度为孢子含量1×106个/mL。该致病力评价方法的建立为甘蓝枯萎病菌转化子致病力衰弱或增强突变体的筛选提供了方法支持,也为下一步尖孢镰刀菌致病机理的解析奠定了基础。     

尖镰孢胁迫下黄瓜茎部蛋白质差异表达分析

为揭示尖镰孢胁迫下黄瓜茎部蛋白质差异,以黄瓜枯萎病高抗品系‘D0327’和感病品系‘649’为试验材料,分别接种2个毒力不同的尖镰孢C9和S1菌株后提取黄瓜茎部蛋白,运用双向电泳技术研究了尖镰孢侵染后茎部蛋白质组的变化。结果表明,2个尖镰孢菌胁迫下,抗感材料茎部蛋白表达发生了变化。茎部蛋白质双向电泳图谱与对照图谱进行比较分析,成功鉴定出8个差异蛋白点。强毒力菌株C9胁迫下,感病品系中鉴定出3个差异蛋白,分别是烯醇化酶及亚基、肌动蛋白和放氧增强蛋白,抗病品系中差异蛋白为烯醇化酶及亚基、磷酸丙糖异构酶和核苷酸二磷酸激酶。弱毒力菌株S1胁迫下,感病品系中差异蛋白为Csf-2蛋白,抗病品系中差异蛋白为放氧增强蛋白。这些蛋白分别参与能量代谢、光合作用和胁迫反应。     

绿色木霉TR-8菌株对尖镰孢的拮抗机制

对绿色木霉TR-8菌株抑制尖镰孢的拮抗机制进行了研究。平板对峙培养结果表明，绿色木霉生长快于尖镰孢FO-G1，接触后FO-G1生长停止，TR-8继续生长，覆盖FO-G1的菌落并大量产孢，但不形成抑菌圈。观察了TR-8对FO-G1的重寄生现象，TR-8菌丝首先向FO-G1趋性生长，然后紧贴FO-G1菌丝平行生长或穿入菌丝生长，最后FO-G1菌丝瓦解。在扫描电镜下可以看到FO-G1菌丝原生质凝结，菌丝上有孔洞出现。发酵7d，TR-8发酵液中β-1，3-葡聚糖酶的活性为20．15U／ml，几丁质酶的活性为11．67U。发酵原液对FO-G1菌丝生长和孢子萌发均无抑制作用，但TR-8的挥发性分泌物对病菌孢子萌发具有一定的抑制作用。含有TR-8分泌物的培养基对病菌孢子萌发有很强的抑制作用，抑制率高达75．06％。     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

接种根瘤菌及尖孢镰刀菌对大豆防御酶活性的影响

用尖孢镰刀菌接种盛花期（播种60 d）的结瘤大豆,接种0、24、48、72、96、120、144 h后测定叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶4种防御酶的活性变化并进行分析。结果表明,接种尖孢镰刀菌后接种根瘤菌的大豆植株防御酶活性均高于未接种根瘤菌的大豆植株和空白对照,表明大豆接种根瘤菌对尖孢镰刀菌具有一定的防御能力,同时可提高其叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶4种防御酶的活性。     

甜瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum）专化型的初步研究

本研究获得的甜瓜枯萎病病株9株分离物（南通市6株,新疆3株）,经PDA培养性状发现,其在菌落颜色、质地和生长速率方面存在差异,大型分生孢子的大小为(19.54～41.11)μm×(4.90～8.16)μm,与西瓜枯萎病菌的大型分生孢子有较大差异。胚根法成株期致病性测定结果发现,本研究的甜瓜枯萎病菌分离物在不同鉴别寄主和鉴别品种上致病性存在专化型和生理小种方面的差异,但分离物中不存在西瓜枯萎病菌。利用核糖体转录间隔区保守序列设计引物,PCR检测也证明本研究甜瓜枯萎病菌不同分离物中不存在西瓜枯萎病菌。     

Disease complex in coffee involving Meloidogyne arabicida and Fusarium oxysporum

Coffee corky-root disease, also called corchosis, was first detected in 1974 in a small area of Costa Rica where the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arabicida is the dominant species. An epidemiological study revealed a constant association between Meloidogyne spp. and Fusarium sp. in cases of corky root. No corky root appears to have been reported in association with Meloidogyne exigua , which is the prevalent root-knot nematode on coffee in Costa Rica. Fusarium spp. are often cited as components of disease complexes in association with nematodes. Combined inoculations using M. arabicida or M. exigua with Fusarium oxysporum under controlled conditions showed that only the combination with M. arabicida produced corky-root symptoms on Coffea arabica cvs Caturra or Catuai. Fusarium oxysporum alone was nonpathogenic. Meloidogyne exigua or M. arabicida alone caused galls and reduction in shoot height, but no corky-root symptoms. When cultivars susceptible and resistant to M. arabicida were studied under field conditions for 5 years, all the susceptible cultivars exhibited corky-root symptoms on 40–80% of their root systems. Cultivars that were resistant to M. arabicida but not to M. exigua showed no corky root. These observations lead to the conclusion that corky-root disease has a complex etiology, and emphasize the dominant role of M. arabicida as a predisposing agent to subsequent invasion by F. oxysporum . Consequently, genetic resistance to M. arabicida appears to provide an effective strategy against the disease.