5种有机磷农药在香蕉地土壤中的残留消解动态

采用气相色谱法及田间试验法,研究敌敌畏、乐果、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、丙溴磷在香蕉地土壤中的残留消解动态。结果表明:5种农药在香蕉地土壤中的原始沉积量敌敌畏﹥乐果﹥丙溴磷﹥毒死蜱﹥辛硫磷,同一农药的原始沉积量与施药剂量密切相关;在香蕉地土壤中的残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程(Ct=C0ekt),敌敌畏推荐剂量C=2.097 9e-0.4128t,加倍剂量C=4.161 8e-0.413t,半衰期(T1/2)为1.6~1.7 d,消解99%所需要的时间(T0.99)为11.2 d;乐果推荐剂量C=2.247 8e-0.2757t,加倍剂量C=3.332 7e-0.2711t,T1/2为2.5~2.6 d,T0.99为16.7~17.0 d;丙溴磷推荐剂量C=2.3673e-0.1815t,加倍剂量C=4.1814e-0.1715t,T1/2为3.8~4.0 d,T0.99为25.4~26.9 d;辛硫磷推荐剂量C=0.890 9e-0.240 5t,加倍剂量C=1.786 8e-0.235 5t,T1/2为2.9 d,T0.99为19.2~19.6 d;毒死蜱推荐剂量C=1.866 4e-0.1204t,加倍剂量C=3.459 8e-0.1113t,T1/2为5.8~6.2 d,T0.99为38.3~41.4 d。     

马拉硫磷在香蕉、土壤上的残留动态及安全性评价

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究马拉硫磷在香蕉和土壤中的残留降解动态。结果表明:马拉硫磷在香蕉上的原始沉积量与施用剂量密切相关,加倍剂量的原始沉积量比推荐剂量的高出80.2%,两种处理的降解速率均非常迅速,施用后7 d残留量均0.005 mg/kg。马拉硫磷在香蕉园土壤上的降解规律符合一级动力学关系,降解动态方程为C=0.096 3·e-0.118 4 t,半衰期(T1/2)为5.5 d,降解99%所需要的时间(T0.99)为35.9 d。距第2次施药后61~65 d,最终在香蕉及土壤上均未检出马拉硫磷残留(检出限为0.005 mg/kg)。在福建蕉区上科学、合理施用马拉硫磷,最终产品质量可符合GB 2763-2012、NY/T 750-2011中规定的MRL要求,同时最终对蕉园土壤环境不会造成长期污染。     

氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留分析及膳食风险评估

建立了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,在云南进行了规范残留试验,研究了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留消解行为并进行了长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明：在0.01~1 mg/kg添加范围内,氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的平均回收率分别为75%~115%和78%~106%,相对标准偏差分别为1.0%~5.0%和1.0%~5.3%,方法最低检出浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在云南香蕉中的半衰期分别为16.9、20.4 d。施药后21、28、35 d收获的香蕉中,氟唑菌酰羟胺残留量均低于0.01 mg/kg,苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的最高残留量为0.048 mg/kg。风险评估结果表明,香蕉中氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑残留长期膳食摄入风险较低,处于安全水平。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好;残留消解试验及膳食风险评估为氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的合理安全使用提供科学依据。     

溴虫腈在菜用大豆上残留动态及安全使用技术

采用气相色谱（GC-ECD）及田间试验方法,研究了溴虫腈在菜用大豆中的残留消解动态和安全使用技术。结果表明,溴虫腈在菜用大豆上的原始残留沉积量因不同施药处理而有所差异。其残留消解动态符合一级动力学关系,相关系数（︱r︱）=0.9438-0.9847（P〈0.01）;早季的消解系数（︱k︱）=0.13555±0.001955,半衰期（T1/2）为5.0-5.2 d,消解99%所需要的时间（T0.99）为33.5-34.5 d;晚季的︱k︱=0.12748±0.00268,T1/2为5.3-5.6 d,T0.99为35.4-36.9 d。按常规施药方法,在菜用大豆上施用溴虫腈（112.50 g·hm^-2）,在施药1次后17 d,早季豆的农药最终残留量为0.448 mg·kg^-1,晚季豆的农药最终残留量为0.519 mg·kg^-1;连续施药2次（间隔7 d）后22 d,早季豆的农药最终残留量为0.459 mg·kg^-1,晚季豆的农药最终残留量为0.536 mg·kg^-1,产品质量安全水平均符合美国规定的最高残留限量标准。     

不同套袋方式下戊唑醇在香蕉上的最终残留研究

对比了香蕉果穗不套袋、断蕾后套袋、全程套袋三种不同套袋方式下戊唑醇在香蕉全果和果肉中的残留情况。按推荐施药剂量和推荐施药剂量1.5倍施用3次和4次250 g/L戊唑醇水乳剂,末次试药距收获期42 d时,不套袋处理的最终残留量均高于戊唑醇在香蕉上的最大残留限量0.05 mg/kg,断蕾后套袋的最终残留量均低于0.05 mg/kg,全程套袋的最终残留量均低于最低检测浓度0.025 mg/kg。香蕉套袋可以有效阻挡农药在蕉果上的附着,从而降低戊唑醇在香蕉上的残留量。     

百菌清在菜用大豆上残留动态及安全使用技术研究

对百菌清在菜用大豆上的残留消解动态进行田间试验,以及对其安全使用技术的进行示范试验。结果表明,百菌清在菜用大豆上残留消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,相关系数（｜r｜）=0．9837～0．9851（P〈0．01）,原始残留沉积量较高,消解速度快,消解系数（｜k｜）=0．32155±0．00215,半衰期（DT50）为2．1～2．2d,消解99％所需要的时间（T99）为4．2～14．4d。安全使用技术示范试验结果显示,按百菌清常规使用剂量及施药方法,施用1次或间隔7d连续施用2次,在末次施药后8d残留量〈5．0mg／kg,18d和20d的残留量均〈0．1mg／kg。对照GB2763—2005及日本、美国的MRL,其产品符合于我国或日本、美国和欧盟等国家或地区规定的质量安全要求。     

咪鲜胺在香蕉防腐保鲜储藏中的残留消解动态分析

气相色谱分析45％咪鲜胺香蕉常温储藏和冷库储藏下的消解动态规律和最终残留.采用咪鲜胺药液浸泡法处理刚采摘的香蕉.经检测咪鲜胺在香蕉中的消解动态符合负指数方程,半衰期:常温下是10.06～10.33 d,在冷库条件下19.64～21.80 d.室温储藏28 d后,咪鲜胺的分解率达86.22％以上,冷库条件下70 d达90％以上.最终残留量,以高剂量900 mg/kg浸果一次,储藏天数7～21 d,常温条件和冷库条件下果肉中的残留未检出,全果中的残留常温下是0.925～3.345 mg/kg,冷库条件下是2.789～4.182 mg/kg.常温储藏较低温储藏降解速度显著加快,其残留代谢物主要集中于果皮,而果肉部分残留极少.按GB 2763-2005,咪鲜胺在香蕉上的MRL值为5 mg/kg,45％咪鲜胺乳油在香蕉贮藏时采用500～1 000倍浸果,浸果1min,且浸果1次,贮藏保鲜7d以上,是安全的.     

溴菌腈在香蕉和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)测定了溴菌腈在香蕉和土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。香蕉和土壤样品用乙腈提取,液液分配净化,GC-ECD检测,外标法定量。溴菌腈在香蕉和土壤中的半衰期在2009年和2010年分别为1.8 d和1.9 d,施药后14 d,溴菌腈在香蕉和土壤中的消解率均达到90%以上;溴菌腈在香蕉全果和土壤中的最终残留量均低于0.07 mg/kg。结果表明：溴菌腈在香蕉和土壤中的半衰期短,消解速度快。     

香蕉和土壤中吡唑醚菌酯的残留分析

建立吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉全蕉、蕉肉及土壤中的残留分析方法,测定吡唑醚菌酯在云南、海南两地香蕉及土壤中的残留动态及最终残留。结果表明：在0.01~0.1 mg/kg添加范围内,吡唑醚菌酯在香蕉果、肉、土中的平均回收率为82％~104％,变异系数为1.3％~3.6％;方法最小检出量为1×10-10 g,最低检出浓度为0.01 mg/kg。吡唑醚菌酯在云南和海南两地香蕉中的半衰期分别为17.2、16.7 d,在土壤中的半衰期分别为19.9、17.9 d。施药后35、42、49 d收获的香蕉中吡唑醚菌酯残留量均低于0.02 mg/kg。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好。     

毒死蜱在大豆和土壤中的消解动态与最终残留研究

为阐明毒死蜱在防治大豆食心虫过程中的残留消解特性，评估其使用安全风险，本研究利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)分析了毒死蜱在大豆植株、全豆或大豆籽粒和土壤中的消解动态与最终残留。结果表明：在2 250 g·hm^-2×1次和1 500 g·hm^-2×2次的试验剂量条件下，毒死蜱在大豆植株中的原始沉积量达17.24～19.69 mg·kg^-1,残留消解曲线分别为C_t=17.403 0e^-0.165t和C_t=12.039 0e^{-0.122 t},半衰期分别为3.5和2.7 d。毒死蜱在全豆中原始沉积量较低，为1.78～2.98 mg·kg^-1,药后1～3 d消解平缓，5～10 d消解较快，10 d后又趋于平缓，2 250 g·hm^-2×1次、1 500 g·hm^-2×2次试验剂量条件下的残留消解曲线分别为C_t=2.136 3e^...     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.