外界生物因素对朱哀皿鸟种群数量的影响

朱哀皿鸟是世界上最为稀少的一个禽类物种,为留鸟,为中国Ⅰ级保护动物,已被列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录。天敌、生存环境、疾病及人类活动等因素严重影响其生存和种群数量。本文通过对上述外界因素的分析,提出应保护和恢复朱哀皿鸟栖息地,加强朱哀皿鸟疾病研究,扩大人工种群规模,逐步野放更多的人工孵化鸟,补充野外种群并扩展新的保护区。     

朱鹮人工种群自然繁育研究

朱鹮为极濒危级鸟类，自1989年北京动物园人工孵化出第一只雏鸟开始，科学工作经过不断研究，使得朱鹮人工饲养繁殖技术日臻完善。尤其是陕西朱鹮救护饲养中心，自1990年建立朱鹮人工种群后，种群数量平均每年以40％的速度递增，截止2002年8月，种群数量已达到196只。     

陕西省宁陕朱鹮再引入种群之现状

再引入工程就是通过向野外释放笼养个体尝试建立濒危物种可自我维持的野生种群。我们报道了2008～2011年陕西宁陕县朱鹦再引入种群存活现状。从2007年5月～2011年10月,共有56只笼养朱鹦个体(27♀,29♂)被相继释放到野外。目前已形成10个繁殖配对,并成功出飞幼鸟33只。平均窝卵数3.14±1.06,每窝平均育成幼鸟1.57±1.03。我们认为饥饿和王锦蛇的捕食是朱鹦幼体、成体死亡的主要原因。最后提出了再引入过程存在的问题和相应的保护建议。     

外界因素对仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌生长的影响

为了更好地预防和控制仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌病,通过更有效的措施杀灭仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌,本试验通过采用不同的物理因素(温度、pH、渗透压和培养时间)、化学因素(乙醇、甲醛、新洁尔灭和复合碘)和抗生素(链霉素、庆大霉素、头孢曲松和头孢噻呋),对仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌进行生长影响试验。通过获得不同外界因素对仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌生长影响的试验数据,分析各种外界因素对仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌生长的影响,为有效控制仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌病提供理论依据。     

朱鹮

The Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon,Plates Ⅰ and Ⅱ)(Ciconiiformes: Threskiomithidae)is a mediumsized wading bird,ranging in length from 57.5 to 84.0 cm,with a longish neck and legs,a red featherless face with a crested white head.Its most distinctive morphological character is the long,slender and decurved bill,perfectly adapted for probing in water and mud,or even in cracks on dry ground.The nonbreeding adult is white,with orange cinnamon tones in the tail and flight-feathers.The long bill is black with a red tip.Its red legs do not extend beyond the tail in flight(Hoyo et al.,1992).     

朱鹮种群现状及自然迁移规律

从就地保护、易地保护、再引入三方面,系统总结了1981～2008年间朱鹮拯救与保护工作取得的主要成就,并对野生朱鹮种群自然迁移规律进行了系统研究,提出了野生朱鹮种群自然迁移与季节变化密切相关,并针对迁移后的种群保护工作出现的新问题,提出了建议和保护对策。     

生物与非生物因素对共生固氮的影响

豆科植物根系分泌物、结瘤因子、根瘤菌与其他具有竞争性的土壤微生物等生物因子,以及土壤水分、酸碱性和矿质营养等非生物因子均是影响根瘤菌-豆科植物共生固氮体系结构和功能的重要因素,其中生物因素的影响更为复杂和深远,在共生体的构建中起主导作用,深入地研究这些因素对根瘤菌-豆科植物侵染结瘤能力和固氮效率的影响,对促进环境保护和农业可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。从生物与非生物因素两方面着手,主要介绍了宿主植物、根瘤菌及环境因子对根瘤菌-豆科植物共生固氮的影响,并浅析了目前国内外在该方面研究中存在的一些主要问题及发展趋势。     

外界气候变化对牛羊疾病的影响

外界气候条件的变化对于牛羊疾病的发生有着密不可分的关系,家畜疾病的发生于传染性疾病的发生和消亡都与外界气候的变化有着关系.本文主要概述了外界气候变化对牛羊疾病的直接影响与间接影响,提出了相应的措施与建议.     

蝗虫微孢子虫防治青藏高原蝗虫对主要天敌种群数量的影响

以蝗虫微孢子虫为主的治理蝗虫的配套技术，在青藏高原蝗害治理中发挥了重要作用，能有效地控制蝗虫灾害，不污染环境，对自然天敌没有杀伤作用，保护了草地生态系统的生物多样性．特别是蝗虫自然天敌的生物多样性；而运用化学农药治理蝗虫，天敌被大量杀伤，破坏了草原生态系统的生物多样性，蝗灾发生的频率增加。     

朱鹮沙门菌感染的诊断

对陕西省珍稀动物抢救饲养研究中心送检的2只病死朱鹮进行病理剖检和实验室诊断。剖检可见肝脏肿大,有出血斑,腺胃有大小不一溃疡灶,溃疡灶可见暗黑色线状虫体,十二指肠和泄殖腔有不同程度出血;经病原分离鉴定为沙门菌感染,通过药敏试验选择敏感药物进行治疗,取得了良好效果。     

A proteomic analysis of Nipponia nippon (ID#162)

We investigated the proteome of a female Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon, ID#162) that died on March 10, 2010 at the Sado Japanese Crested Ibis Conservation Center. Protein preparations from the brain, trachea, liver, heart, lung, proventriculus, muscular stomach, small intestine, duodenum, ovary and neck muscle were subjected to in‐solution shotgun mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analyses using an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer. A search of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gallus gallus databases revealed 4253 GI (GenInfo Identifier) numbers with the sum of the same 11 tissues examined in the Crested Ibis. To interpret the obtained proteomics data, it was verified in detail with the data obtained from the brain of the Crested Ibis. It has been reported that drebrin A is specifically expressed in adult chicken brain. In the shotgun proteomic analyses of the Crested Ibis, we identified drebrin A as a brain‐specific protein. Furthermore, Western blotting analysis of the protein preparations from 10 tissues of the Crested Ibis and 150‐day‐old hens using anti‐drebrin antibodies showed intensive expression of approximately 110 kDa polypeptides of drebrin in both brains. We believe firmly that the present data will contribute to initial and fundamental steps toward understanding the Crested Ibis proteome.     

一例朱鹮雏鸟皮下气肿的诊治

动物皮下气肿成因复杂,鸟类(禽类)的皮下气肿常见于体内气囊破裂所致。德清县珍稀动物繁育研究中心2012年首次出现了1例人工饲养的朱鹮雏鸟在15日龄时发生皮下气肿。该气肿位于右侧大腿处,内部充气,气泡内未见其他病变。根据其临床症状,推测可能是由于患雏与其他雏鸟嬉戏打斗过度的充气,或受到撞击等原因使气囊破裂。诊断为右侧腹或后胸气囊破裂,引发皮下气肿。鉴于临床上穿刺排气效果不显著,以及开创排气易引起细菌感染等因素,本病例采用了自然恢复的治疗方式,将患雏转入安静环境,避免外界干扰,加强防护,减少剧烈运动,实行隔离饲养等措施,15日后气肿变小,25日后气肿消失。该病例的诊治及病因的推测,为珍稀鸟类临床上该病的防治提供了方法。     

Prevalence of a septicemia disease in the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) in China

This study investigated six cases of septicemia in young crested ibises (Nipponia nippon). These birds all died with similar clinical signs, including sudden death, anorexia, diarrhea, and lameness. Immediately after death, the birds were necropsied; a blood sample was taken from heart and tissues were sampled from liver, lung, spleen, peritoneal mucus, and feces for bacteriologic examination. Anatomic observation showed that the main findings common to the sick birds were arthrocele, associated with congestion in the femur, tibiotarsus, and ventral side; swelling in the liver; hemorrhagic pericarditis; miliary tubercles in lung; and fibrous tubercles in the synovial capsule of the knee joint with suppurative abscesses. Through bacterial examination, the colonial type of Escherichia coli strain was represented prominently in cultures of the feces, heart blood, liver, lung, spleen, suppurative mucus of the synovial capsule, and peritoneal exudate. These symptoms suggested that the death of a number of endangered crested ibis within a short period was evidence of septicemia. The bacterial inoculation tests were also conducted using domestic pigeon, native chicken, and mice for the presence of and infection with E coli. The study provided indications of the possible role of E. coli strains as bird pathogens and a potential risk in endangered species. Further work is needed to characterize E. coli strains and the toxin production in this bird. This disease occurrence also adds a note of caution to the continued efforts and interest in the reintroduction of the ibis back into its former wild ranges to ensure that formerly captive individuals do not transmit disease to the wild populations of its own or other sympatric species.     

Population pharmacokinetics of methadone hydrochloride after a single intramuscular administration in adult Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon)

ObjectiveTo assess the population pharmacokinetics of methadone in deer.Study designProspective non-randomized experimental trial.AnimalsTwelve healthy adult sika deer (nine males and three females).MethodsDeer received intramuscular administration of racemic methadone hydrochloride at 0.5 mg kg⁻¹ or 1 mg kg⁻¹. Plasma methadone and its metabolite 2-Ethylidene-1,5-Dimethyl-3,3-Diphenyl-Pyrolidine (EDDP) concentrations were determined by validated liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry methods, at times 0, 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Population pharmacokinetics analysis was undertaken using a non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM).ResultsA two-compartment linear disposition model best described observed time-concentration profiles of methadone and EDDP. Population parameter estimates of methadone were elimination clearance (17.3 L hour⁻¹), metabolic clearance (34.6 L hour⁻¹), volume of distribution of compartment 1 (216.0 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 2 (384.0 L). Population parameter estimates of EDDP were elimination clearance (121.0 L hour⁻¹), volume of distribution of compartment 3 (1.08 L) and volume of distribution of compartment 4 (499.5 L). The total clearance and total volume of distribution of methadone and EDDP were 51.9 L hour⁻¹, 121.0 L hour ⁻¹, 600.0 L and 500.6 L, respectively. The methadone terminal elimination half-life was 8.19 hours. No adverse effects were observed after methadone administration.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceFollowing intramuscular injection, methadone was characterized by a large total volume of distribution, high systemic clearance and intermediate terminal half-life in sika deer.     

养殖环境生物应激因素对鸡免疫功能和生产性能的影响

为了认识不同养殖环境对肉鸡免疫功能和生产性能的影响,本实验选用1日龄健康AA(Arbor Acres)肉鸡320只,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组设4个重复。在不同的鸡舍环境卫生管理条件下,定期测定环境参数气载需氧菌、气载真菌和气载内毒素的浓度,与此同时再对鸡只的新城疫抗体水平、免疫器官指数、生产性能、胴体性状和外观步态进行测定。结果表明,鸡舍环境质量差,使微生物气溶胶含量增高,对鸡的免疫功能和生产性能均有一定程度的负面影响。所以,保持良好的饲养环境清洁卫生条件,是健康养殖的重要措施之一。     

武汉地区梨木虱生物学特性及其种群动态变化研究

近年来,梨木虱在湖北省各梨产区大面积发生,危害梨树芽、叶片、嫩梢和果实,严重影响了梨树的产量及果品质量。本文报道了梨木虱危害症状、梨木虱卵、幼虫、成虫的形态特征,系统研究了武汉地区梨木虱成虫种群和幼虫种群动态变化。结果表明：梨木虱在武汉地区1年发生5代,越冬代羽化高峰期为3月29日,第一代梨木虱羽化高峰期为5月7日,第二代梨木虱羽化高峰在5月28日,第三代梨木虱羽化高峰期为7月9日,第四代梨木虱羽化高峰期为9月4日,第五代梨木虱羽化高峰期为10月19日;第1代、第2代和第3代幼虫危害梨树叶片,而第4代和第5代不危害梨树叶片,而是取食梨园中的幼嫩的杂草。本研究为梨木虱的测报技术和综合防治技术提供了理论依据。     

Population Statistics and Biological Traits of Endangered Kiso Horse

The objective of this study was to clarify the current status of endangered Kiso horse, population statistics and biological traits, in order to take a step for the conservation by scientific approach. We surveyed 125 Kiso horses (86.2% of the whole breed), analyzed the construction of the population, and calculated the coefficient of inbreeding and effective population size. Moreover, we confirmed coat color variations and the traditional traits of the Kiso horse, and measured their height at the withers and chest circumference to clarify their physical characteristics. The population pyramid of the horses was stationary or contractive, suggesting a reduction of the population in the near future. The effective population size of the horse (47.9) suggested that the diversity was much less than their census size, and the high coefficient of inbreeding, 0.11 ± 0.07 on average, suggested that the horses were surely inbred. The horses had only 4 coat colors; bay, dark bay, buckskin dun, and chestnut, and 116 horses (92.8%) were bayish color, suggesting the fixation in their coat color. Moreover, the majority of them had dorsal stripe (83 horses; 66.4%), and the average heights at withers(131.9 ± 4.4 cm) and chest circumference (167.1 ± 10.1 cm) were not significantly different between males and females.