城乡结合带农田土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及来源解析

为了解城乡结合带农田土壤PAHs的污染特征及分布规律,本文以南京市江宁区周岗镇为例,就该地区表层农田土壤中15种优控PAHs组分的含量、空间分布特征及来源进行了研究。结果表明:有14种PAHs普遍被检出（苊未检出）,以高环（4 ~ 6环）PAHs为主;PAHs总量范围在24.49 ~ 750.04 μg kg?1之间,平均为230.89 μg kg?1,有48.28%的土样受到了污染;与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,研究区PAHs含量处于中低水平;空间趋势面分析表明,14种PAHs在东西和南北方向上呈现出明显的规律增减性;从空间分布格局来看,研究区土壤中14种PAHs含量差异较大,整体呈现由东北向西南递减的趋势,且个别点位存在PAHs的富集现象,存在局部点源污染;采用主成分及多元线性回归分析污染来源,结果显示,研究区PAHs来源主要为煤、生物质燃烧,其次为汽油、柴油燃烧,贡献率分别为71%和29%,这与当地的工业发展水平关系密切。     

南京有机污染风险区农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况研究

采集南京地区不同有机污染风险区农田表层土壤,用超快速液相色谱仪检测样品中15种EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量。结果表明,被检农田土壤多环芳烃总量分布于306.0~1251.3μg kg~(-1)之间,均值682.0μg kg~(-1),四环以上高环多环芳烃占较大比例(80%)。根据欧洲土壤质量标准,所检土壤样本已达污染水平。不同风险污染区农田土壤PAHs的含量由高至低为:钢铁工业区、有机垃圾处理区、化工工业区及炼油工业区。钢铁工业区附近主要的污染物为荧蒽、芘、屈和苯并[a]蒽,分别占到污染物总量的16%、13%、10%和10%。采用荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)与茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘+苯并[g,h,i]苝)比值对各地污染物来源进行分析,结果发现调查区域的PAHs污染物以燃烧源为主,生物质燃料为主要污染物,部分地区同时有石油燃烧污染。     

城乡结合带农田土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及来源解析——以南京市周岗镇为例

为了解城乡结合带农田土壤PAHs的污染特征及分布规律,本文以南京市江宁区周岗镇为例,就该地区表层农田土壤中15种优控PAHs组分的含量、空间分布特征及来源进行了研究.结果 表明:有14种PAHs普遍被检出(苊未检出),以高环(4～6环)PAHs为主;PAHs总量范围在24.49 ～ 750.04 μg kg-1之间,平...     

深圳市土壤多环芳烃背景值及其源解析

【目的】精细化描述深圳市土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的背景值和空间分布情况。【方法】采用环境单元法和网格法,在深圳市不受或很少受人类活动影响的基本生态控制区内布设了450个土壤表层点位和50个典型剖面点位。通过多点增量采样法,最终采集500个表层土壤样品和100个剖面土壤样品。利用SPSS统计分析了表层土壤样品和剖面土壤样品的PAHs含量,探究了表层土壤PAHs的背景值与土壤理化性质的相关性,分析了表层土壤PAHs的来源。【结果】(1)深圳市自然背景下表层土壤PAHs浓度变化范围为1.1～1004.19μg kg^-1(95%分位值为30.82μg kg^-1,土壤干重)。表层土壤PAHs中5环的占比为29.58%,占比最高。其次为3环和6环,占比分别为22.70%和20.23%。(2)50个剖面点位上土壤表、中和底层的PAHs总量的95%分位值分别为21.38μg kg^-1、12.34μg kg^-1和15.15μg kg^-1,平均值分别为9.35μg kg^-1、...     

珠江三角洲典型城市蔬菜中多环芳烃分布特征

在东莞市采集77个蔬菜样品,采用气相色谱-质谱仪对其16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析.结果表明:东莞市蔬菜中16种PAHs含量在26.35 ～ 3748 μg/kg 之间,平均含量为656.3 μg/kg;蔬菜中PAHs含量以3环和4环PAHs为主,单个PAHs以荧蒽、芘和菲含量最高;不同种类蔬菜间PAHs含量差异很大,叶菜类较果菜类蔬菜中的PAHs含量高,主要取决于蔬菜种类间不同的生长结构特征;东莞市的蔬菜受到一定程度的PAHs污染.     

太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源

[目的]对太原小店污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源进行分析,为该区农田土壤环境质量评价及土壤污染防治对策的制定提供科学依据。[方法]采集太原小店污灌区15个表层土壤样品,利用GC/MS分析16种US EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对其来源和生态风险进行探讨。[结果]所有样品的16种PAHs均被检出,其检出率为100%。研究区农田土壤中总PAHs的浓度为0.315~7.661μg/g,平均值为3.568μg/g。在组成上,2,3环含量约占总量的64.2%,4环含量约占总量的14.2%,5,6环含量约占总量的21.6%,低环和中环PAHs含量所占的比例较高。根据特征比值法及调查结果判定,农田土壤中PAHs污染来源一方面与灌溉水质及灌溉历史有很大的关系,另一方面,主要通过燃煤或化石燃料产生的PAHs在大气干湿沉降和风力输送作用下进入到土壤环境中。[结论]与国内外其他地区的相关研究比较,小店污灌区农田土壤PAHs含量处于中高等污染水平。依据Maliszewska-Kordybach建议的分级标准评价,该区域所有采样点PAHs总量均超标;但基于我国《土壤环境质量标准(征求意见稿)(GB15618-2008)》提出的16种多PAHs污染物总量的农业用地标准值,该区域均未超出此标准。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究 Ⅴ.典型地区农业土壤中多环芳烃的污染状况及其源解析

对长江三角洲典型地区(无锡和台州)农业表层土壤(0~20cm)中15种美国环境保护署(USEPA)优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量和来源进行了研究。结果表明,无锡地区农业土壤中15种PAHs总量的含量范围为1058~9500μgkg-1,PAHs污染较重,主要来源于石油以及石油和草/木材/煤的燃烧,PAHs的组成以4~6环为主;台州地区农业土壤中PAHs的含量范围为128~604μgkg-1,PAHs污染较轻,主要来源于石油以及石油的燃烧,PAHs的组成以3~6环为主。     

土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其来源分析

利用气相色谱法分析了南充市10个不同功能区表层土壤中美国环保署规定的16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量和组分特征,运用同分异构体比率揭示了其污染来源。研究表明,该区土壤中PAHs的含量在9.1～2269.1μg·kg-1之间,而且工业区的残留量大于农业区和居民区的残留量。按PAHs的环数来分,在工业污染区PAHs的含量总的趋势是四环〉二环〉三环〉五环〉六环;农业和居民区二环〉三环〉五环〉四环〉六环。该污染状况与国内外相关研究比较,处于中等污染水平。煤、木材和化石的燃烧是该地区土壤中PAHs污染的主要来源,苯并（a）蒽和菲是主要的超标化合物。     

上海市主要道路绿地土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征

以上海市延安高架、中环和外环3条主要道路的交通繁忙地带绿地土壤为研究对象,调查研究了其多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布状况.结果表明,3条道路绿地土壤中∑16PAHs的含量在538 ～ 2.19×104 μg/kg之间,与国外Maliszewska-Kordybach建立的标准相比,3条道路绿地土壤均受到PAHs的污染,尤其是4 ～ 6环PAHs,其含量占∑16PAHs的90%,分析认为有机质是影响其分布的重要因素之一.3条道路污染程度有所不同,大小顺序为:外环＞延安高架＞中环,这主要与道路建成年限和允许的通车车辆类型有关,通车年限越长,大型卡车越多,土壤所受PAHs污染的程度越严重.     

火干扰后土壤多环芳烃时空分布特征

采集马尾松次生林的灰烬、0~3 cm和3~10 cm深度的土壤样品,研究了火干扰后多环芳烃的时空分布特征。结果表明:火干扰样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ土壤的多环芳烃总浓度介于757.8~1718 ng g-1,平均浓度为74.2 ng g-1,是对照样地的10倍以上。火后1个月土壤多环芳烃成分以萘、荧蒽、芘、蒽、芴、菲、苊烯为主,火后6个月以菲、荧蒽、芘为主,火后12个月也以菲、荧蒽、芘为主;样地Ⅳ和Ⅴ0~3 cm土层各多环芳烃含量是3~10 cm土层的3~4倍,轻多环芳烃(含2~4环)的含量比重多环芳烃(含5~6环)高;火干扰后6和12个月,土壤多环芳烃总浓度下降显著(P0.05),含2~环的多环芳烃含量下降,含4~6环的多环芳烃比例增加;灰烬中轻多环芳烃含量比较高、重多环芳烃含量较少,灰烬中多环芳烃含量高于相应的土壤样本;多环芳烃总量和含2环或3环多环芳烃与土壤有机质及其他化学性质指标显著相关。     

长江三角洲地区污泥中多环芳烃的污染研究

To ascertain the contaminated conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in sludge and to evaluate the risk of application of this sludge for agricultural purposes, 44 sludge samples obtained from 15 cities in the Yangtze River Delta area of China were investigated using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） after ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cleanup. PAHs＇ contents ranged from 0.0167 to 15.4860 mg kg^-1 （dry weight, DW） and averaged 1.376 mg kg^-1, with most samples containing 〈 1.5 mg kg^-1. Pyrene （PY）, fluoranthene （FL）, benzo[b]fluoranthene （BbF）, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene （IND）, benzo[a]pyrene （B[a]P）, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene （BghiP） were the most dominant compounds, ranging from 0.1582 to 0.2518 mg kg^-1. Single PAH, such as naphthalene （NAP, 2-benzene rings）, phenanthrene （PA, 3-benzene rings）, PY （4-benzene rings）, and FL （3-benzene rings）, had high detection rates （76.1%-93.5%）. The distribution patterns of PAHs were found to vary with the sludge samples; however, the patterns showed that a few compounds with 2- and 3-benzene rings were commonly found in the samples, whereas those with 4-, 5-, and 6-benzene rings were usually less commonly found. All the 44 sludge samples were within the B[a]P concentration limit for sludge applied to agricultural land in China （〈 3.0 rag kg^-1）. The probable sources of PAH contamination in the sludge samples were petroleum, petroleum products, and combustion of liquid and solid fuel. The concentrations and distributions of the 16 PAHs in sludge were related to sludge type, source, and treatment technology, together with the physicochemical properties.     

珠江三角洲典型地区表层农田土壤中多氯联苯残留状况

采集了珠江三角洲典型区域384个表层农田土壤样品,分析了其中常见6种土壤多氯联苯(PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB138、PCB 153与PCB180)的残留状况.研究结果表明:6种多氯联苯总量(Σ6PCBs)的检出率为78.13％,其平均值为0.42 μg/kg. PCB138的检出率与含量高于其他5种PCBs;土壤中6种多氯联苯的残留状况存在很大的差异;PCB101的检出率最低,仅为10.16％,但其平均值(0.11 μg/kg)较高,主要源于某点位PCB101高达32.44 μg/kg,土壤受到了严重污染.线性相关关系分析结果表明:土壤有机质、黏粒含量则与PCB52存在显著正相关关系.总体而言,低氯代的PCBs含量与土壤理化性质具有一定的相关性,高氯代的PCBs呈现典型的点位污染且在点位土壤中其含量显著高于低氯代同系物.     

Identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils: distinguishing point and non-point sources using an extended PAH spectrum and <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes

Background, aim, and scope  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. They are formed during pyrogenic and diagenetic processes and are components of petrogenic materials such as oils and coals. To identify PAH sources, several studies have employed forensic methods, which may be costly to execute. Although a large number of possible forensic methods are available (e.g., total ion chromatograms, PAH ratios, PAH alkyl homologue series, isoalkanes and isoprenoids, steranes and terpanes, stable isotope ratios, n-alkanes), one has to decide which method is the appropriate cost effective screening approach. In this study, three approaches were tested and compared by measuring (1) an extended PAH spectrum (i.e., 45 instead of the common 16 EPA-PAHs), (2) PAH ratios and (3) n-alkanes to determine if point sources are distinguishable from non-point sources, and if an individual source can be distinguished from a multiple source contaminated site in the study area. In addition, the study evaluated whether these methods are sufficient for source identification of selected samples, and if they constitute a sound strategy for source identification prior to the selection of more cost intensive methods. Materials and methods  Eighteen samples with previously characterized PAH point sources (previously characterized point sources in the Mosel and Saar region) were analyzed. Additionally, three river bank soils of Mosel and Saar rivers with known non-point PAH sources were investigated. The point sources were two gasworks, a tar impregnation facility, a creosoted timber, an acid tar, a tank farm, and a diesel contaminated site. Non-point sources were hard coal particles and atmospheric inputs in river bank soils. All samples were extracted with hexane and acetone, analyzed with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer for PAH distribution patterns and ratios. n-Alkanes were measured by a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Results  Samples collected from point sources and non-point sources were analyzed by the use of three forensic methods, i.e., PAH patterns of an extended PAH spectrum, PAH ratios and n-alkanes. Identification by PAH patterns alone was insufficient for the non-point sources and some point sources, since the n-alkanes must be measured, as well. The use of PAH ratios with only 16 EPA-PAHs is less indicative in determining multiple sources because source assignments (or categories) change depending on the ratio used. Discussion  This study showed that by employing an extended PAH spectrum it is possible to fingerprint and distinguish sources. The use of alkylated PAHs is essential for identifying petrogenic sources. It is insufficient to rely exclusively on either the common 16 EPA-PAHs or the ratios to the parent PAHs when identifying non-point sources. Source identification using PAH ratios is only reliable if both parent and alkylated PAHs are measured. n-Alkane analyses provide more detailed information about petrogenic sources by verifying the presence of oils, diesel, gasoline, or coal in non-point sources. Conclusions  The three methods tested were deemed sufficient to distinguish between point and non-point PAH sources in the samples investigated. The use of an extended PAH spectrum provides the first step toward identifying possible sources. It simplifies the decision whether additional forensic methods should be necessary for more detailed source identification. Recommendations and perspectives  The determination of PAH alkyl homologue series, biomarkers, and isotopes is often advised (Kaplan et al., Environ Forensics 2:231–248, 2001; Oros and Simoneit, Fuel 79:515–536, 2000; Wang and Fingas, Mar Pollut Bull 47:423–452, 2003). The methods involved are complex and often expensive. We recommend a relatively uncomplicated and cost-effective method (i.e., extended PAH spectrum) before further and more expensive forensic investigations are to be conducted. Additional research with an extended sample set should be carried out to validate these findings for other sources and sites. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

多环芳烃在土壤中的环境行为研究进展

综述了土壤环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)来源及其进入环境后的行为和归宿,并提出多环芳烃污染土壤的修复对策。     

长江三角洲某电子垃圾拆解区土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征

运用网格法(1.0 km × 1.0 km)采集了长江三角洲某典型电子垃圾拆卸区38个土壤样品,分析了该地区17种土壤多氯联苯(PCBs)的总体残留特征.结果表明:研究区土壤PCBs污染以点源污染为主,其∑17PCBs的检出率为65.8%,检出范围在ND(未检出) ～ 152.8 μg/kg之间,平均含量为19.9 μg/kg ± 32.5 μg/kg,土壤PCBs的残留程度存在很大的差异,局部点位受到了严重污染.土壤中17种同系物又以3 ～ 5氯代化合物为主,三者占同系物总量的98.5%,其中PCB28、PCB77、PCB118含量高于其他同系物,分别为4.43、5.29 和 10.1 μg/kg.不同土地利用方式土壤残留量顺序为果园＞水田＞荒地＞林灌＞菜地.因此,该地区土壤PCBs污染问题不容忽视,应从源头控制,并加强修复管理,保障当地土壤的安全可持续利用.     

几种豆科、禾本科植物对多环芳烃复合污染土壤的修复

通过盆栽试验,研究了几种豆科植物与禾本科植物对多环芳烃(PAHs)复合污染土壤的修复作用。结果显示,90天后8种植物对土壤中PAHs均有不同程度降解效果,其中紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草对土壤PAHs的去除率分别达48.4%、46.8%,且对3环PAHs去除较为彻底,对4环及4环以上的PAHs去除效果较差。8种供试植物对PAHs均有一定的吸收、富集与转运的能力,紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草对土壤PAHs的生物富集系数分别为0.096、0.085,其提取修复效率为0.017%和0.013%。可见,紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草具有较好的根际修复潜力。     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in floodplain soils of the Mosel and Saar River

Background, Aim and Scope  Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gained serious attention in the scientific community due to their persistence and toxic potential in the environment. PAHs may pose a risk to ecosystem health. Along the Mosel River/Germany, a tributary of the river Rhine, PAHs were found at significantly high concentrations (> 20 mg kg⁻¹, German national guideline value Z2, LAGA 1998). These high concentrations were detected during the construction of a storm water retention basin, in which the contaminated soils had to be removed and treated as hazardous waste. This resulted in higher construction costs for implementing flood prevention measures, but did not address the origin of these PAHs and its distribution along Mosel River. Hence, for future flood prevention projects, it is necessary to estimate the extent of PAH contamination along the Mosel River. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of PAH contamination in soils collected along Mosel and Saar River, and to obtain a first insight into the origin of the PAH contamination in this region. Materials and Methods  In total twenty seven sample sites were investigated. Forty two single samples were collected along a 167 km distance of Mosel River and six samples were collected along a 20 km distance of Saar River. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 2 m with a stainless steel corer (▫ 8 cm). Each 2 m sample was further separated into two sub-samples (0–1 m and 1–2 m). The sixteen EPA PAHs and three additional PAHs (1methylnaphthalene, 2methylnaphthalene and perylene) were analysed with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For soil characterisation, total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed. Results  Grain size for all soil samples was classified as a mixture of sand and silt. XRD analysis showed that all samples were dominated by quartz. Some clay minerals, such as illite and montmorillonite and feldspars, i.e. anorthoclase and orthoclase, were found in minor quantities. TOC ranged from 0.1% to 13%. Microscope analysis showed black coal particles in the majority of the soils collected from the Saar River and part of the Mosel River (downstream of the confluence of Saar and Mosel River). The black particles were not found further upstream along Mosel River. The sum of nineteen PAHs in the soil samples was up to 81 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw). Most soil samples showed a relationship between the presence of coal particles and PAH concentrations. Discussion  Elevated PAH concentrations were found in all soil samples collected from Saar River and downstream Mosel River. Due to former coal mining activities in the Saarland, Germany, there is a strong evidence that the majority of the PAH contamination in the soils downstream Mosel River are linked to these mining activities. Upstream Mosel River coal particles were hardly found although PAH concentrations were high. Therefore another PAH source has to be responsible for these concentrations. PAH distribution patterns indicate a pyrogenic PAH input upstream Mosel River and a mixed input (petrogenic and pyrogenic) downstream Mosel River. Conclusions  Due to PAH distribution patterns, the contamination along the upstream of the Mosel River is probably linked to atmospheric depositions and other sources not linked to coal mining activities. Downstream Mosel River the PAH distribution patterns reflect former coal mining activities. We could corroborate for the first time that coal mining resulted in a serious problem of an extensive PAH contamination at Saar and Mosel River floodplain soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  Coal mining activities have a strong impact on the neighbouring regions (Johnson and Bustin 2006, Short et al. 1999, Stout et al. 2002). It is known that coals exhibit relative high PAH concentrations, especially in the low molecular weight PAHs (Chapman et al. 1996, Radke et al. 1990). However, PAHs in coals are hardly bioavailable (Chapman et al. 1996) and hence may have less adverse effects on exposed biota. They can act as sink for other hydrophobic contaminants. For the assessment of the environmental impact, a detailed study of the sorption and desorption behaviour of PAHs linked to coal particles should be carried out. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Ralph Portier (rportie@lsu.edu)     

南京沿江典型蔬菜生产系统土壤重金属异常的源解析

以南京沿江典型蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,通过测定并分析表层土壤、剖面土壤、肥料及大气降尘中重金属含量,揭示了土壤重金属异常的空间变异特征以及土壤重金属的来源。结果表明,(1)研究区表层土壤镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和铬(Cr)平均含量均高于南京市土壤背景值,部分样点土壤Cd含量超过了国家土壤环境质量标准的二级标准,在土壤中呈现较高的累积;(2)除Cr以外,其他表层土壤重金属均呈现东南偏高西北偏低的空间分布特征,与土壤有机质的空间分布规律一致;(3)土壤重金属累积和分布状况与研究区的地形、周边工农业布局以及风向有关;(4)除土壤重金属累积的自然背景原因以外,农业施肥和大气沉降对土壤重金属的累积具有非常重要的贡献。     

生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复多环芳烃污染土壤的初探

通过温室盆栽实验,单独或联合接种多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB)和添加生物表面活性剂-鼠李糖脂(RH),研究了生物表面活性剂强化微生物修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果。结果表明,添加RH和接种DB能明显促进土壤中PAHs总量和各组分PAHs的降解。经过90 d培养后,添加RH、DB和RH+DB处理的PAHs的降解率分别为21.3%、32.6%、36.0%,较对照分别提高了333.0%、563.3%、633.0%。此外,随着苯环数的增加,土壤中15种PAHs平均降解率逐渐降低。同时也发现DB、RH+DB处理土壤中脱氢酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量显著高于CK、RH处理,但是CK与RH处理没有显著差异,说明DB、RH在促进土壤中PAHs的降解方面有不同的机制。