加强领导 狠抓落实 确保蝗虫不起飞 不扩散 不成灾——刘坚副部长在全国治蝗工作暨表彰会议上的讲话(二○○一年五月十四日)

同志们： 　　针对今年东亚飞蝗将大发生的严峻形势，为了贯彻落实温家宝副总理等国务院领导关于蝗虫防治工作的重要批示精神，总结“九五”期间治蝗工作的成绩和经验，安排部署今年蝗虫防治工作，部里决定在天津市召开全国治蝗工作暨表彰会议。会议期间，全国农业技术推广服务中心通报了近年来国内外蝗虫发生形势及治蝗对策，有关省（区、市）汇报了去年蝗虫防治情况及今年发生趋势和治蝗准备情况，通报表彰了全国蝗虫防治先进集体和先进工作者。下面，我就今年蝗虫防治工作讲三点意见。 1回顾“九五”，认真总结蝗虫治理经验 　　受气候异…     

全国农区蝗虫防控工作会议在内蒙古自治区赤峰市召开

<正>5月20~21日,在2014年夏蝗防治的关键时期,全国农技中心(农业部蝗灾防治指挥部办公室)在内蒙古自治区赤峰市召开了全国农区蝗虫防控工作会议。与会代表分别听取了中国农业大学张龙教授和李林教授关于蝗虫绿色防控技术研究新进展、蝗虫防治指挥信息系统报告,内蒙古、山东、河北、河南、山西等5省(自治区)植保站在会上交流了今年蝗虫发生的形势、防控工作准备情况和绿色治蝗经验。     

防治飞蝗 改治并举

自1959年冀、鲁、豫、苏,皖五省治蝗会议提出“猛攻巧打,积极改造蝗区”的治蝗方针后,经过几年来贯彻执行,已起了很大的作用。各蝗区的党、政领导对治蝗工作十分重视,采取飞机与人工地面防治相结合的方法,蝗虫发生密度已显著下降,基本上控制了蝗害。几年来有些地区结合兴修水利,开垦荒地,植树造林,增建盐场等措施,改造了部分蝗虫发生基地。 但由于我国蝗区面积较大而分散,影响蝗虫发生的水、旱灾害还不能完全控制,彻底全面地改造蝗区非短期所能做到,因此,防治蝗虫仍是一个长期而艰巨的任务,必须认真贯彻执行“政治并举”     

邱式邦院士在中国蝗虫研究和防治实践中的贡献——纪念邱式邦院士诞辰110周年

本文回顾了邱式邦院士在我国蝗虫研究和防控实践中所做的主要工作.邱式邦院士提出的"预防为主、综合防治"的治蝗理念传承至今,促使我国开始走向现代化的科学治蝗道路,为保障我国粮食安全做出了突出的贡献.本文还介绍了现阶段我国蝗虫绿色防控技术体系以及防治策略.     

2008年蝗虫发生程度重于2007年农业部提前部署防控工作

当前我国蝗虫防治工作从南到北即将展开．各项准备工作迫在眉睫。4月30日,农业部召开全国蝗虫防治工作视频会．分析了蝗虫发生形势．全面部署了2008年蝗虫防控工作。农业部副部长危朝安强调．扎实推进蝗虫防治工作．对于促进2008年农牧业生产稳定发展意义重大,各级农业部门一定要从政治高度来认识治蝗工作,坚决防止失防失控的情况。     

范小建副部长强调:建立科学的防蝗治蝗长效机制

6月20～22日,农业部副部长、全国防蝗指挥部指挥长范小建赴天津北大港、河北沧州和山东东营检查督导夏蝗防治工作。范小建副部长深入蝗区实地调查夏季东亚飞蝗发生情况、蝗虫地面应急防治站和治蝗专用机场的运转和功能发挥情况;参观了改造蝗区植被、发展当地农业的生态治蝗现场;亲切慰问了战斗在一线的防蝗人员,要求务必做好“防蝗、防暑、防中毒”工作,确保生产安全;还走访基层植保人员和农民,了解了基层植保工作现状。在督导活动中,范副部长强调,为进一步做好当前及今后的防蝗治蝗工作,各地要注意抓好4个方面工作:一是进一步强化治蝗责任…     

李光博院士在蝗虫治理研究与实践中的贡献——纪念李光博院士诞辰100周年

本文回顾了李光博院士在20世纪50年代对中国蝗虫治理研究与实践中的重要工作,包括蝗区发生情况的实地调查、蝗虫识别、防治飞蝗和土蝗技术的研究与推广示范等。李光博院士总结并探讨了毒饵治理飞蝗的经验和问题,研究提出了“利用青鲜毒饵防治土蝗”的新技术,并提出了新的治蝗方针,对于控制蝗虫灾害和保障我国粮食安全做出了重要贡献。     

2019年中哈边境蝗虫联合调查工作顺利完成

<正>本刊讯根据2019年中哈合作治蝗工作计划,10月22—29日,由全国农业技术推广服务中心(农业农村部蝗虫防治指挥部办公室)组团,来自新疆自治区治蝗灭鼠指挥部办公室、植物保护站,伊犁哈萨克自治州治蝗办、塔城地区额敏县自然资源局的8名成员组成工作组,分赴哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州和东哈萨克斯坦州与我国接壤的边境地区,     

中哈治蝗合作成效显著

<正>我国农业部与哈萨克斯坦国农业部于2002年12月签署《关于防治蝗虫及其他农作物病虫害合作协议》,从2003年开始开展治蝗合作,中方的治蝗合     

牧鸡对草原蝗虫防控能力与经济效益研究

牧鸡治蝗是控制草原蝗虫的生物防治手段之一, 但在实施过程中缺乏理论依据。本文在新疆哈密地区, 采用样框法测定了不同时间、与防治中心点不同距离上蝗虫种群密度及防治效果。结果表明, 随着放牧时间延长, 草原蝗虫种群数量呈现逐渐降低趋势, 控制效果逐渐增加, 30 d后, 防效都达90%以上。但是, 距离鸡舍的远近不同, 蝗虫种群的变化趋势存在差异; 随着距离的增加, 蝗虫种群数量随时间延长而减少的趋势逐渐变缓。综合考虑防治效果和防治面积因素, 1个放牧单元（1 600只牧鸡）治蝗的最优控制半径为1.5 km, 合理轮牧天数为15 d, 蝗虫的防治效果能达到85%以上。合理的牧鸡技术能够很好地控制蝗害的发生, 获得良好的经济效益。这一研究为合理开展草原牧鸡治蝗工作, 提高对草原蝗虫的防治效果提供了重要的数据支撑。     

Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.

Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish.     

Intestinal uptake,metabolism, and transport of naphthol: In vitro capacity,requirements, and inhibition

The metabolism and transport of [¹⁴C]-naphthol were investigated in sacs of rat small intestine to better understand metabolism of the pesticide carbaryl (which contains naphthol) in the intestine. The capacity to synthesize polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites was approximately saturated at 50 μM naphthol. The metabolic capacity of the cranial small intestine was about two times the capacity of the caudal. Anaerobic incubation severely suppressed naphthol metabolism. Sodiumfree medium suppressed metabolism only slightly but altered transport of water and of the polar ¹⁴C-labeled metabolites to serosal and mucosal fluids; the effect on metabolite transport cannot be explained by the effects of sodium on water movements, however. Calcium-free medium did not affect metabolism or metabolite transport; 2,4-dinitrophenol, and possibly phlorizin, but not ouabain, suppressed naphthol metabolism in specific regions of the intestine. Each of the three inhibitors altered metabolite transport. It is concluded that the capacity to conjugate naphthol in the small intestine is greater in the cranial than caudal regions; the quantity of naphthol taken up from the medium is proportional to the rate of formation of the polar metabolite, naphthyl glucuronide; addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, phlorizin, or ouabain, or deletion of sodium, perturbed the transport of the polar metabolite, but the perturbance could not be explained by the effect on rate or direction of fluid transfer and indicated an effect on cellular permeability or on transport mechanisms; the effect of the three inhibitors and possibly of elevated naphthol concentrations (to 520 μM) in the medium on metabolite transport may be by a sodium interaction; the latter suggests that naphthol may be toxic to the intestine at concentrations approaching 100 to 1000 μM.     

Insecticidal activity of N,N-diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,n-di-isopropyl-, and n,n-di-isobutylalkanamides against mosquito larvae

N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C₈ to C₂₁ were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied.     

Population dynamics of Rhizoctonia,Oculimacula, and Microdochium species in soil,roots, and stems of English wheat crops

This study aimed to elucidate the population dynamics of Rhizoctonia, Oculimacula, and Microdochium species, causing the stem base disease complex of sharp eyespot, eyespot, and brown foot rot in cereals. Pathogen DNA in soil, roots, and stem fractions, and disease expression were quantified in 102 English wheat fields in two seasons. Weather data for each site was collected to determine patterns that correlate with assessed diseases. Oculimacula spp. (66%) and R. solani AG 2-1 (63%) were most frequently detected in soil, followed by R. cerealis (54%) and Microdochium spp. (33%). Oculimacula spp. (89%) and R. cerealis (56%) predominated on roots and soil but were not associated with root rot symptoms, suggesting that these species used soil and roots for survival and as inoculum source. M. nivale was more frequently detected than M. majus on stems up to GS 21–30 and co-occurred on plant samples with O. acuformis. O. yallundae had higher DNA concentration than O. acuformis at the lower 5 cm basal region at GS 37–45. R. cerealis predominated in the upper 15 cm above the base beyond stem extension. Brown foot rot by Microdochium spp. was favoured by cool and wet autumns/winters and dominated in English wheat. Eyespot and sharp eyespot disease index by Oculimacula spp. and R. cerealis, respectively, correlated with wet/humid springs and summers. Results suggested that stem base pathogens generally coexisted; however, their abundance in time and space was influenced by favourable weather patterns and host development, with niche differentiation after stem extension.     

DDT and BHC residues in some body tissues of goats, buffalo, and chickens, Lucknow, India

Muscle, liver, brain, and abdominal body fat samples of goats, buffalo, and chickens, all common meat sources in India, were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) for residues of DDT and benzene hexachloride (BHC). A few samples of goat and buffalo bone marrow were also included. Relatively high residue levels were found in body fat and bone marrow compared with other tissues. DDT and BHC residue levels were highest in chicken body fat, averaging 4.157 ppm sigma DDT and 3.879 ppm BHC. DDT content was much higher in goat and buffalo bone marrow than in the corresponding body fat. DDT levels in brain samples were highest (0.138 ppm) in buffalo. p,p'-TDE levels were higher than p,p'-DDE levels in buffalo; overall DDT levels were lowest in goats. BHC residues were generally low in buffalo; alpha-BHC accounted for most BHC residues in brain tissues. Greater accumulations of DDT and BHC were found in leg muscles than in breast muscles of chickens.     

啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上的膳食摄入风险评估

为明确啶酰菌胺在南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜上使用可能产生的膳食摄入风险,通过进行规范田间残留试验,检测了南瓜、芦笋、山楂、芒果和木瓜中啶酰菌胺的最终残留量,结合国内和国际两种膳食消费量数据,评估了啶酰菌胺的长期膳食摄入风险,并就两种方法的评估结果进行了比较分析。样品采用QuEChERS方法前处理,液相色谱-串联质谱 (LC-MS/MS) 定量分析。结果表明:南瓜在0.01、0.1和3 mg/kg,芦笋在0.01、0.1和20 mg/kg,山楂在0.01、0.1和60 mg/kg,芒果在0.01、0.1和4 mg/kg,木瓜在0.01、0.1和10 mg/kg添加水平下,啶酰菌胺在空白样品中的平均回收率为79%~101%,相对标准偏差为2%~14%。采用 “中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告” 的膳食消费数据,计算得啶酰菌胺针对普通人群的国家估算每日摄入量 (NEDI) 为0.707 5 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为28.1%;采用世界卫生组织 (WHO) 提供的每种农产品的单独膳食量进行计算,啶酰菌胺的每日摄入量为0.128 2 mg/(kg bw),风险商 (RQ) 为5.1%。两种方法的评估结果均表明啶酰菌胺对一般人群的健康不会产生不可接受的风险,然而,采用不同膳食消费数据进行计算会导致风险评估结果存在较大差异,其原因主要是由于中国所采用的膳食消费数据是作物分类基础上的数据,而不是具体某种农产品的单独消费量,因而易导致中国的膳食摄入风险评估结果过于保守。因此建议相关部门进一步完善居民的营养与健康状况调查监测工作,提供具体到每一种农产品的膳食消费数据,以便于科学评价农药对人体健康的风险。     

施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。     

Comparison of trifluralin,oryzalin, pronamide,propham, and colchicine treatments on microtubules

The mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N⁴,N⁴-dipropylsulfanilamide), pronamide(N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl) 3,5-dichlorobenzamide), and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) on purified microtubules from pig brains and on the ultrastructure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Mediterranean,” C. I. 5303) and corn (Zea mays L. “yellow dent, U. S. 13”) roots was compared with that known for colchicine. Colchicine disrupts the in vivo cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. Like colchicine, the herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide caused the loss of both cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. The rate of microtubule disappearance depended on the type of herbicide and length of exposure of roots to the herbicide. Unlike colchicine, cortical microtubules were present in propham-treated roots but they were disoriented within the cell.In vitro polymerization studies with pig brain microtubules (Sus scrofa) showed that the herbicides failed to inhibit the assembly of purified microtubular protein into microtubules and that radioactively labeled herbicides did not bind to the microtubular protein. Colchicine inhibited the polymerization of microtubular protein and readily bound to the microtubular subunits. These results indicate that the mode of action of the herbicides is not similar to that of colchicine and that the loss of microtubules from root tip cells treated with trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide may be caused by these herbicides interfering with synthesis of microtubular protein or metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum membranes involved in microtubule assembly. The mode of action of propham appears to be on the microtubular organizing centers rather than on microtubules per se.     

Action of some herbicides on growth,respiration, plasmalemma integrity,and proton extrusion of Acer pseudoplatanus cells: II. Amides,diphenyl ethers,nitriles, phenols,triazines, and uracils

The activity of 15 herbicides from different families was assayed on nonphotosynthetic Acer pseudoplatanus cells, in batch suspension culture. They inhibited growth, stimulated the oxygen consumption by cells, and changed the pH evolution of the culture medium. Amides did not seem to disturb the membrane properties. Some diphenyl ethers and phenols directly modified the proton compartmentation of cells whereas some other diphenyl ethers, nitriles, triazines, and uracils altered permeabilities to potassium and leucine. Changes in membrane permeabilities to protons and medium constituents were discussed.