孔雀石绿及其代谢物在斑点叉尾体内及养殖环境中的消解规律

研究了以全池泼洒的投药方式,孔雀石绿(MG)(池塘中MG的理论浓度为1 mg/L)及其主要代谢物隐性孔雀石绿(LMG)在斑点叉尾(Ietalurus punetaus)肌肉和皮肤以及养殖水体和底泥中的残留消除规律。采用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)分析MG及其代谢物LMG在斑点叉尾体内及环境中的浓度水平。结果显示:肌肉、皮肤中MG于用药后第1天最高浓度分别为:(42.77±5.26)μg/kg和(6.36±0.11)μg/kg,消除半衰期T1/2分别为57.76 d、31.51 d;皮肤和肌肉中LMG分别在用药后第3天和第1天达到最高(502.27±20.43)μg/kg和(125.26±12.76)μg/kg,消除半衰期T1/2分别为33.01 d、38.51 d。这表明MG在斑点叉尾体内会迅速转化为LMG,且LMG残留在皮肤中的浓度大于肌肉中的浓度。养殖环境底泥中同时存在MG和LMG,以LMG为主,并且LMG呈现蓄积的趋势,在第360天出现最高浓度(5.92±1.23)μg/kg;水体中MG最高浓度出现在第1天,为(46.44±7.39)μg/L,随后急剧降至1μg/L左右,水体中几乎不存在LMG。     

敌百虫和硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁合剂对斑点叉尾鮰苗种的急性毒性试验

在常温静水条件下，用敌百虫和硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁(5：2)合剂对斑点叉尾鮰苗种进行急性毒性试验。结果表明：在水温23～25度条件下，敌百虫和硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁合剂对斑点叉尾鮰苗种的半致死浓度(96TLm)分别为3．846mg／L、4．446mg／L，安全浓度(SC)分别为0．3846mg／L、0．4446mg／L。建议在斑点叉尾鮰的养殖生产中要谨慎使用敌百虫和硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁(5：2)合剂。     

不同水温下强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内的残留消除规律

研究不同水温(18±1)℃和(28±1)℃下,强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内的残留消除规律.以20 mg/kg鱼体重连续口灌斑点叉尾(鱼回)5 d,于停药后第1、3、5、7、9、12、15、24、30、40天分别将斑点叉尾(鱼回)处死后取肌肉(加皮)、肝脏、肾脏3种组织,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定斑点叉尾(鱼回)组织中强力霉素.结果表明,强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内的消除速度与水温有密切关系,不同水温下相同组织,相同水温下不同组织中强力霉素的消除速率不同(P＜0.05).高水温时强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内消除快,表明水温对斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内的药物代谢有明显的影响,强力霉素残留的消除速度随水温降低而减慢;与其他组织相比,强力霉素在肝脏中的消除最慢.因此,若将肝脏作为强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内残留的靶组织计算休药期,在(18±1)℃和(28±1)℃时,按欧盟和中国规定的动物组织中强力霉素在肝脏中最高残留限量300μg/kg计算,从食品安全角度来分析,建议休药期分别为55 d和30 d.若按强力霉素在可食组织肌肉(加皮)中最高残留限量300 μg/kg计算休药期,建议休药期分别为22d和19 d.本研究旨为不同水温条件下制定强力霉素在斑点叉尾(鱼回)体内的残留限量和休药期提供理论依据.     

不同水温下强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留消除规律

研究不同水温(18 ± 1) ℃和(28 ± 1) ℃下,强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留消除规律。以20 mg/kg鱼体重连续口灌斑点叉尾鮰5 d,于停药后第1、3、5、7、9、12、15、24、30、40 天分别将斑点叉尾鮰处死后取肌肉(加皮)、肝脏、肾脏3种组织,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定斑点叉尾鮰组织中强力霉素。结果表明,强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的消除速度与水温有密切关系,不同水温下相同组织,相同水温下不同组织中强力霉素的消除速率不同(P<0.05)。高水温时强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内消除快,表明水温对斑点叉尾鮰体内的药物代谢有明显的影响,强力霉素残留的消除速度随水温降低而减慢;与其他组织相比,强力霉素在肝脏中的消除最慢。因此,若将肝脏作为强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内残留的靶组织计算休药期,在(18 ± 1) ℃和(28 ± 1) ℃时,按欧盟和中国规定的动物组织中强力霉素在肝脏中最高残留限量300 μg/kg计算,从食品安全角度来分析,建议休药期分别为55 d和30 d。若按强力霉素在可食组织肌肉(加皮)中最高残留限量300 μg/kg计算休药期,建议休药期分别为22 d和19 d。本研究旨为不同水温条件下制定强力霉素在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留限量和休药期提供理论依据。     

三氯异氰尿酸对斑点叉尾鮰的毒性试验

在室内常温静水条件下,采用三氯异氰尿酸(6个梯度)对斑点叉尾(?)进行急性毒性试验。结果显示:24、48、72、96小时半致死浓度分别为9.6、8.7、7.2、6.2 mg/L,安全浓度0.62 mg/L。     

喹烯酮在建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留消除规律

研究了饲养条件下喹烯酮及其代谢物脱二氧喹烯酮在建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jia) 和斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus) 体内的残留消除规律。以含喹烯酮75 mg/kg的饲料,在池塘中饲喂60 d,于停饲后1、2、3、5、7、9、12、15 d分别将建鲤 (Cyprinus carpio var.jia) 和斑点叉尾鮰 (Ictalurus punctatus) 处死后取肌肉组织。组织样品用乙腈提取,正己烷脱脂等前处理过程。在320 nm 波长处检测,流动相为乙腈：甲醇：水（5：2：3,v/v/v）,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果表明,喹烯酮平均回收率为75.4 %～80.5 % ;脱二氧喹烯酮平均回收率为74.5 %～79.1 %,喹烯酮和脱二氧喹烯酮的检测限分别为7.35 µg/kg,16.23 µg/kg。在饲喂结束后1～15 d采集的建鲤和斑点叉尾鮰肌肉样品中均未检测到喹烯酮及其代谢物脱二氧喹烯酮。因停药1 d后鱼体肌肉中喹烯酮及其代谢物浓度均低于计算所得的安全浓度,故喹烯酮用在水产养殖上是非常安全的。本试验为喹烯酮在水产养殖中的安全应用提供了理论资料。     

氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺在斑点叉尾鮰体内的残留消除规律

研究不同水温(18℃和28℃)下,氟苯尼考(Florfenicol,FF)及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺(Florfenicol Amine,FFA)在斑点叉尾体内残留消除规律。以含氟苯尼考4 g/kg的饲料按10 mg/kg鱼体质量连续强饲斑点叉尾(Ictalurus puncta-tus)3 d,于停药后第1天2、天3、天5、天7、天9、天分别将斑点叉尾处死后取肌肉、肝脏、皮肤、肾脏4种组织。采用反相高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定斑点叉尾组织中氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺。结果表明,不同水温下相同组织,相同水温下不同组织中氟苯尼考及其代谢物氟苯尼考胺的消除速率快慢不一(差异显著P<0.05)。氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺之和作为标示残留物的指示值,高水温时标示残留物(总量)在斑点叉尾体内消除的更快。与其他组织相比标示残留物(总量)在肾脏中的消除最慢,因此,建议将肾脏作为标示残留物(总量)在斑点叉尾体内残留的靶组织。在18℃和28℃时,若规定标示残留物(总量)在肾脏中以300μg/kg为最高残留限量(maximum residue limit,MRL),建议休药期分别为234℃.d和224℃.d。本研究旨为不同水温条件下制定该药的休药期提供理论依据。     

池塘内循环流水养殖斑点叉尾鮰肌肉品质的分析

为探讨池塘内循环流水养殖(IPA)与常规池塘养殖(TPA)的斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)肌肉品质差异, 测定两种养殖模式下斑点叉尾鮰 3 个不同部位肌肉(背部、腹部和尾部)的营养成分, 同时分析斑点叉尾鮰背部肌肉的质构和肌纤维特性。结果显示: IPA 组尾部肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于 TPA 组(P<0.05), IPA 组背部和尾部肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于 TPA 组(P<0.05)。背部肌肉中氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量 IPA 组显著高于 TPA 组(P<0.05); 腹部肌肉中的必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量 IPA 组显著高于 TPA 组(P<0.05)。17 种检出脂肪酸中, IPA 组背部、腹部和尾部肌肉中豆蔻酸的含量显著低于 TPA 组(P<0.05), 而二十碳五烯酸(EPA)的含量显著高于 TPA 组(P<0.05); 在背部和腹部肌肉中 PUFA 的总量存在显著差异, 均为 IPA 组高于 TPA 组(P<0.05)。肌肉质构特性方面, IPA 组斑点叉尾鮰肌肉的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性显著高于 TPA 组(P<0.05); IPA 组斑点叉尾鮰肌纤维直径小、密度高。结果表明, 池塘内循环流水养殖斑点叉尾鮰肌肉品质与营养更具优势。     

几种常见药物对斑点叉尾鮰的毒性试验

在水温20℃～26℃条件下，采用生物毒性试验方法用食盐、二溴海因、高锰酸钾对斑点叉尾鮰的急性毒性试验。高锰酸钾对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是6．36mg／l，48h半致死浓度是5．00mg／l，安全浓度是0．93mg／l；二溴海因对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是2．7mg／l，48h半致死浓度是1．01mg／l，安全浓度是0．04mg／l；食盐对斑点叉尾鮰的24h半致死浓度是4689mg／l，48h半致死浓度是45237mg／l，安全浓度为12577mg／l。     

二溴海因对斑点叉尾鮰的急性毒性试验

在室内常温静水条件下,采用二溴海因(六个梯度)对斑点叉尾鮰进行急性毒性试验,结果显示:24小时、48小时、72小时、96小时半致死浓度分别为52.3mg/L、37.8mg/L、35.2mg/L、29.6mg/L,安全浓度2.96mg/L.使用时不可随意加大用量。对该鱼消毒的使用浓度一般不超过2.96mg/L为宜     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.