黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道造地土壤水分时空变异特征

基于Van Genuchten模型测定土壤水动力学参数,采用定点监测方法,在沟道中不同位置以及对照坡面进行土壤水分观测,分析了延安市典型治沟造地项目沟道造地土壤水分的时空变异特征,阐明治沟造地工程对沟道土壤水分的影响。结果表明：（1）土壤水力学参数在沟道土层深度为40 cm附近发生了显著改变,0~40 cm土层土壤容重1.12 ~1.25 g·cm^-3,导水率达到40 mm·min^-1以上,入渗能力强,同时饱和含水率较大,40 cm以下土层土壤容重在1.5 g·cm^-3左右,导水率在1.25~1.41 mm·min^-1之间,入渗速率明显减小;（2）沟道土壤水分显著大于对照坡面,其季节变化稍滞后于降水的季节变化,整个生长季在15.76%~21.91%间波动,高出对照坡面5%左右,垂直分布随土层深度的增加而增加,表层最低,为15.07%,160 cm土层最高,为22.84% ,深层土壤含水量优势更加显著;沟道土壤水分变异系数在0.131~0.234之间,相比较坡面,沟道表层以下土壤水分存在较强的空间异质性,100 cm以下土层变异系数在0.2左右,土壤水分变化活跃;（3）沟口土壤含水量显著高于沟头,土层深度40 cm以下的土壤含水量长期达到甚至超过田间持水量。通过治沟造地工程水分综合调控体系,沟道能够为作物生长提供水分充足的生境条件,提高水资源利用效率的同时改善农业生态环境。     

孙家岔流域坡面不同土地利用的土壤水分变化分析

以甘肃省兰州市孙家岔流域为研究对象,采用1982—1983年和2011年土壤水分实测资料,分析该流域坡面防护区不同土地利用土壤水分的年内、年际变化特征。结果表明,在黄土丘陵区小流域内,农坡和荒坡土壤水分的年内动态变化具有相同的规律,但农坡年内平均含水量要高于荒地。流域内降雨量的多少以及时空分配是土壤水分变化趋势的主要影响因子。土壤水分的变异程度随降雨量和土层深度的增加而减小,土壤深度在1.20~1.40 m内含水量受季节气候动态变化影响显著,土壤深度超过1.60 m内含水量在相同年度具有一定的时间稳定性。土质较好的荒地,选择适宜的农作物(如洋芋),可提高缓坡区(5°~15°)降水资源的有效利用率。     

荒漠草原不同地形条件下土壤水分和地上生物量的时空分异

运用方差分析、多重比较、Pearson相关系数及克里格插值方法,在时间和空间尺度上分析了荒漠草原地形因素对土壤水分及草地生物量异质性的影响以及土壤水分和生物量的关系。结果表明：荒漠草原地区土壤水分垂直分布规律明显,土壤水分的变异系数在0～20 cm最小、60～80 cm最大;地上生物量在整个生长季的空间异质性较大。3种地形条件下土壤水分含量及时空分布格局各不相同,说明地形是土壤水分异质性的关键影响因子;地形对植物的生长动态规律影响很大,却对地上生物量的空间分异影响较小。不同生育期,土壤水分与地上生物量的关系不同,生长初期地上生物量与60～100 cm土壤水分显著负相关,说明生长初期的土壤水分是植物生长的关键影响因子,并且植物生长耗水主要来自60～100 cm土层;生长旺期和末期的生物量与土壤含水量相关性较弱,这可能与干旱区植物耐旱器官的建成有关。
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不同降雨历时梯田和坡耕地的土壤水分入渗特征

以黄土高原丘陵沟壑第三副区庄浪县为例,研究不同降雨历时条件下坡耕地和水平梯田土壤(黄绵土)水分入渗变化特征,应用Hydrus-1D模型对不同降雨条件下的土壤水分入渗进行定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)与实测数据相比,Hydrus-1D模型模拟降雨后土壤水分的运移较合理。(2)地表层(0~40 cm)土壤含水量变异系数(CV)呈中等变异,即5 d的时间内梯田和坡耕地地表层的土壤含水量变化大,随着土层深度的增加变异系数减小,呈弱变异性。(3)在1.45 mm/min降雨强度下,在23 min时拔节期的小麦坡耕地产生径流,水平梯田在整个过程中没有产生径流。(4)降雨历时为10 min时,在土层深度为0~15 cm,梯田土壤含水量比坡耕地多0.13%~1.65%,在土层深度为30~200 cm,梯田和坡地都没有下渗。降雨历时为20min、30min时,在土层深度为0~20 cm,梯田的土壤含水量比坡耕地的分别多0.05%~2.22%、0.01%~2%。     

基于HYDRUS模型的灌溉和降雨条件下黑方台斜坡土壤水分变化研究

由于受农业灌溉的影响,近年来,甘肃省永靖县黑方台党川村北部的罗家坡段频繁发生黄土滑坡.本研究以此区域为研究对象,利用现场监测方法得到了土壤水分、降雨数据,结合室内实验,借助HYDRUS模型,分析了灌溉和降雨条件对土层含水率的影响,结果表明:研究区土壤水分在1m内土壤受降雨影响大,3m内土壤受灌溉影响较大.灌溉期浅层(3...     

退化草原土壤理化性质空间异质性及其对土壤水分的影响

测定分析锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗额里图牧场退化草原草地生态系统0～120 cm土层土壤理化性质(质量含水量、容重、饱和含水率、电导率、pH和有机质),运用经典统计学和地统计学方法探讨其空间异质性及各理化性质对土壤水分的影响。结果表明:退化草原土壤呈弱碱性,电导率、容重和pH随土层加深而增大,而饱和含水率和有机质含量随土层加深而减小,由此可见土壤pH与有机质含量随土层加深呈相反规律,除容重和pH呈弱变异,其余土壤特性指标均呈中等变异,除80～120 cm土层外,其余土层土壤含水量变异系数随土壤含水量的增大而降低;本研究区各土层土壤含水量、有机质、pH表现出强烈的空间相关性,容重由随机性因素引起的变异程度最小,饱和含水率由结构性和随机性因素共同引起空间变异,影响本研究区土壤理化性质的因素较复杂;各土层土壤饱和含水率变程普遍较大,为13. 94～52. 77 km,较长距离其空间连续性较好,0～10 cm土层pH变程最大,有机质变程最小,而80～120 cm土层恰好相反; 0～10 cm和80～120 cm土层土壤质量含水量均与饱和含水率呈显著正相关,10～20 cm和80～120 cm土层土壤水分相对较大,土壤持水力较强,中间土层(20～80 cm)土壤含水量与有机质和pH存在显著相关关系。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度地貌单元产流时间尺度特征

以黄土丘陵沟壑区桥沟流域为原型观测流域,利用流域内的水文站网、不同地貌单元大型径流场等观测设施,分析了不同空间尺度地貌单元在年、次降雨时间尺度下的产流特征。结果表明:在年时间尺度上,不同空间尺度地貌单元多年平均径流量表现为:梁峁坡沟谷坡坡沟系统一支沟二支沟全流域,而多年平均径流模数,随着空间尺度的增加,径流模型呈现"增加-峰值-减少"的趋势;在次降雨时间尺度上,当空间尺度由坡面尺度增加到流域尺度时,径流系数急剧减小,坡面尺度的径流系数是流域尺度的3.4倍,但在同一空间尺度范围内,径流系数在不同的地貌单元呈现波动变化。     

黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析

切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。     

祁连山东段土壤水分时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

基于时域反射仪(TDR)观测的土壤水分数据,探讨了祁连山东段旱泉沟流域2009年土壤水分的时空分布特征,并利用典范对应分析(CCA)方法分析了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、地貌类型、土地利用类型、土壤孔隙度等7个环境因子与土壤水分时空分布的相关关系。研究结果表明:在整个观测期间,灌草地和林灌地的土壤含水量最高,灌木地、林地次之,然后依次为退耕还草地、农地、退耕还林地和荒草地;海拔、坡向、土壤孔隙度和土地利用类型是影响土壤水分季节动态分布的主要因子,且不同月份土壤水分含量的主要影响因子各不相同,7月份与坡向相关性最大,8、9月份土壤水分含量与土地利用类型相关性最大,10月份与海拔相关性最大;研究区内23个样点0~10 cm土层含水量的总体变异系数(CV)最大,10~20 cm土层含水量的总体CV最小,且样点1和9以及样点14~17的土壤剖面含水量的CV较大;土壤孔隙度对土壤水分垂直分布的影响最为显著,坡位、坡向与海拔的影响次之,而地貌类型、坡度和土地利用类型的影响较小。     

陕北毛乌素沙地土壤水分时空变异规律研究

对陕北毛乌素沙地流动、固定、半固定沙丘的土壤水分进行的长期动态观测结果表明,含水量排序为流动沙丘(8.47%)＞半固定沙丘(8.40%)＞固定沙丘(8.39%).沙地含水量随土壤深度的变化存在着分布上的差异,随着深度的增加呈现先增加再减少的趋势,在0～60 cm土层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.08%、8.00%和8.03%,差异不显著;在60～200 cm土层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.65%、8.57%和8.53%,差异显著(P>0.05),其中60～140 cm层,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘土壤水分含量分别为8.76%、8.62%和8.54%,差异极显著(P>0.01).固定沙丘、半固定沙丘大部分背风面的土壤含水量高于迎风面的含水量,但在流动沙丘上迎风面的土壤含水量却明显比背风面的高.在沙丘的不同部位含水量也存在差异,土壤含水量坡顶部＜坡中部＜坡底部,在沙丘下部的丘间土壤含水量明显高于丘顶部.另外,沙地水分还受季节变化的影响,具有明显的季节变异性.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.