甘保罗病弱毒疫苗对法氏囊及新城疫HI抗体滴度的影响

我场于1999年10～12月进行了甘保罗病(传染性法氏囊病，IBD)弱毒冻干疫苗免疫后对法氏囊及新城疫HI抗体滴度影响试验，结果如下。一、试验鸡及疫苗：1天龄雏鸡200羽，试验组及对照组各100羽雏鸡，饲料由我场饲料场提供。疫苗为英特威公司的IBD D－78冻干弱毒疫苗。其他免疫如新城疫、鸡痘、传支等免疫疫苗均由英特威公司提供。免疫程序为：4天龄时传支＋新城疫疫苗点眼；7天龄时鸡痘疫苗刺种；14天龄时新城疫弱毒疫苗点眼，新城疫油乳剂灭活疫苗1／2羽份胸肌注射；17天龄时IBD弱毒疫苗滴鼻。二、IBD冻干疫苗免疫后对法氏囊重量影响IB…     

鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-传染性法氏囊病三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄雏鸡的免疫效力研究

为评估鸡新城疫(ND)-传染性支气管炎(IB)-传染性法氏囊病(IBD)三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄和不同水平母源抗体雏鸡的免疫效力和持续期,本试验用该疫苗免疫7、14、21日龄SPF雏鸡和有母源抗体的普通雏鸡,免疫后采血测定ND血凝抑制抗体(HI Ab)、IB血凝抑制抗体(HI Ab)及IBD中和抗体(NA),并用传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)强毒攻击。结果显示,7日龄SPF雏鸡免疫后21 d ND HI抗体、IB HI抗体及IBD中和抗体效价分别为7.9log2、6.9log2和14.1log2,SPF鸡日龄越大,抗体水平越高;28日龄SPF鸡免疫后3个月,0.3 mL免疫剂量组试验鸡ND HI、IB HI及IBD中和抗体效价分别达6.5log2、6.1log2和13.6log2,IBDV攻毒保护率均为100%(10/10);不同日龄普通雏鸡免疫效果与SPF鸡试验一致,抗体水平随鸡日龄增大而升高,IBD攻毒保护率也都达到100%(10/10)。试验结果证实,鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-传染性法氏囊病三联灭活疫苗可使7、14及21日龄SPF雏鸡和普通雏鸡产生良好的免疫力,对雏鸡的免疫期至少为3个月。     

鸡新城疫－传染性支气管炎－传染性法氏囊病三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄雏鸡的免疫效力研究

为评估鸡新城疫（ND）-传染性支气管炎（IB）-传染性法氏囊病（IBD）三联灭活疫苗对不同日龄和不同水平母源抗体雏鸡的免疫效力和持续期,本试验用该疫苗免疫7、14、21日龄SPF雏鸡和有母源抗体的普通雏鸡,免疫后采血测定ND血凝抑制抗体（HI Ab）、IB血凝抑制抗体（HI Ab）及IBD中和抗体（NA）,并用传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）强毒攻击。结果显示,7日龄SPF雏鸡免疫后21 d ND HI抗体、IB HI抗体及IBD中和抗体效价分别为7.9log2、6.9log2和14.1log2,SPF鸡日龄越大,抗体水平越高;28日龄SPF鸡免疫后3个月,0.3 mL免疫剂量组试验鸡ND HI、IB HI及IBD中和抗体效价分别达6.5log2、6.1log2和13.6log2,IBDV攻毒保护率均为100%（10/10）;不同日龄普通雏鸡免疫效果与SPF鸡试验一致,抗体水平随鸡日龄增大而升高,IBD攻毒保护率也都达到100%（10/10）。试验结果证实,鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-传染性法氏囊病三联灭活疫苗可使7、14及21日龄SPF雏鸡和普通雏鸡产生良好的免疫力,对雏鸡的免疫期至少为3个月。     

国内外几种IBD疫苗的比较试验

哈兽研所研制的IBD细胞苗与荷兰D78疫苗、以色列MB中间株疫苗及三种国产疫苗(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)比较试验表明,以病毒蚀斑形成方法测定各疫苗规定的免疫剂量,IBD细胞苗的高于其它几种疫苗的;各疫苗对雏鸡免疫后不同时间检测,经细胞苗免疫的雏鸡其抗体阳转率同于或高于进口苗的,明显高于国产苗的;IBD细胞苗免疫后的雏鸡对超强毒(vvIBDV)攻击的保护率也高于其经几种同类疫苗。     

囊素对鸡传染性法氏囊病弱毒苗免疫的影响

为了研究囊素对鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒苗免疫效果的影响,将囊素按不同剂量与法氏囊弱毒苗混合滴鼻接种雏鸡。对接种后7,14,21和51日龄的鸡进行抗体琼扩效价检测、抗体转阳率检测和囊指数测定。结果显示：中等剂量（10μg／羽）囊素添加的鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒疫苗组抗体效价产生和持续时间高于其他剂量组和疫苗对照组（低毒力）,囊指数值也高于其他组;鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒疫苗（中等毒力）接种试验鸡,能长时间维持较高抗体,但对鸡的法氏囊损伤较大。试验证明,适当剂量的囊素对鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒疫苗具有免疫增强作用和减少法氏囊损伤作用。     

囊素对鸡传染性法氏囊病弱毒苗免疫的影响

为了研究囊素对鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒苗免疫效果的影响,将囊素按不同剂量与法氏囊弱毒苗混合滴鼻接种雏鸡。对接种后7,14,21和51日龄的鸡进行抗体琼扩效价检测、抗体转阳率检测和囊指数测定。结果显示:中等剂量(10μg/羽)囊素添加的鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒疫苗组抗体效价产生和持续时间高于其他剂量组和疫苗对照组(低毒力),囊指数值也高于其他组;鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒疫苗(中等毒力)接种试验鸡,能长时间维持较高抗体,但对鸡的法氏囊损伤较大。试验证明,适当剂量的囊素对鸡传染性法氏囊弱毒疫苗具有免疫增强作用和减少法氏囊损伤作用。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗对1日龄中等母源抗体水平雏鸡免疫效果的研究

将鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗和BX株活疫苗分别免疫1日龄中等母源抗体水平京红雏鸡,同时免疫1日龄SPF雏鸡作对照,免疫后第9天观察法氏囊病变,免疫后第28天采血测定IBDV中和抗体,并用强毒攻击,计算各组疫苗保护率。结果显示,免疫后第9天,免疫复合物疫苗组SPF雏鸡和京红雏鸡法氏囊均正常,BX株活疫苗组SPF雏鸡法氏囊出现了萎缩病变;免疫后第28天,对照SPF雏鸡和京红雏鸡的免疫复合物疫苗组、BX活疫苗组IBDV中和抗体效价分别为9.2log2、8.5log2和 7.2log2、4.4log2,攻毒保护率均为100%。试验结果表明免疫复合物疫苗免疫1日龄中等水平母源抗体雏鸡效果很好,能产生较高的中和抗体,攻毒保护率能达到100%。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病免疫复合物疫苗对新城疫La Sota疫苗免疫效果的影响

用鸡传染性法氏囊病(IBD)免疫复合物疫苗免疫1日龄SPF雏鸡和普通京粉雏鸡,间隔1、2周后免疫新城疫La Sota疫苗,以单独免疫新城疫La Sota疫苗为对照,免疫后2、3、4和5周对各组鸡采血测定新城疫HI效价,并在免疫5周后用新城疫强毒攻击,计算各组保护率。结果显示,1日龄时首免IBD免疫复合物疫苗间隔不同时间再免疫新城疫La Sota疫苗,与单独免疫新城疫La Sota疫苗相比,新城疫HI抗体水平均无显著差异(P0.05)。证明IBD免疫复合物疫苗在SPF雏鸡和普通雏鸡上对新城疫La Sota疫苗免疫均无免疫抑制作用。     

表达传染性法氏囊vp2基因的重组马立克病疫苗对SPF鸡和商品鸡的免疫保护试验

国内外很多学者都在进行着传染性法氏囊(Infectious bursal disease,IBD)各种基因工程疫苗的研制,IBDV-vp2基因在多种载体中得到表达并取得了较好的保护效力。本实验室已构建了表达IBDV-vp2基因的重组马立克氏病病毒。本研究对该重组马立克氏病病毒疫苗的遗传稳定性以及对SPF鸡和含有母源抗体的商品鸡的免疫保护作用进行了评价。结果表明,103 PFU和104 PFU剂量的重组病毒免疫后对SPF鸡抗传染性法氏囊标准强毒的保护率分别为53%和73%。104 PFU剂量的重组病毒免疫后对含有母源抗体的商品鸡抗传染性法氏囊标准强毒的保护率为87%,结果显示重组疫苗具有一定的应用前景。     

鸡传染性氏囊病B—2，D78，TAD弱毒苗对青海流行野毒的效力试验

对鸡传染性法氏囊病弱毒苗Bursine-2,D78,TAD进行复制，免疫21日龄雏鸡，14天后AGD抗体阳性率达90％－100％，用从本地分离的S－9302强毒1：10囊乳剂0.2ml／只滴鼻、点眼、口服攻毒，结果对照组100％发病，50％死亡，试验组100％保护，获得较好的免疫效果。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.