Methods to determine solidity and dry matter content of onions (Allium cepa L.)

Summary Different testing methods to measure solidity and dry matter content of onion bulbs were examined. The correlation coefficients between the characters determined were calculated. No strong correlations were found between the results of the different methods of measuring solidity. The refraction value of the press juice gives reliable information on the dry matter content of the onion bulb.     

冬小麦抗逆栽培技术原理的研究——Ⅰ 打破犁底层对小麦根系发育和抗逆性的影响

三年的研究表明,绝大多数耕作土壤中,都具有较坚实的犁底层,此层一般位于地表下20cm左右,其坚实度为耕作层的几倍至几十倍,比心土层的坚实度也高一至数倍,其厚度约为5—10cm.采用打破犁底层的措施,可明显地降低土壤的坚实度和容重,增强土壤的蓄水保水能力,改善根系生长的生态条件,促进根系生长.打破犁底层以后,小麦的水平根(0—30°)的比例减少,斜下根(30—60°)和直下根(60—90°)增多,各层土壤中的根量分布也有明显下移的趋势,而且提高了小麦生长后期的根系活力和抗逆性,增强了籽粒灌浆强度,有明显提高千粒重的增产效果.同时,打破犁底层后的第二季或第二年的作物也有增产后效,有的胜于当季,如打破犁底层同时结合深施磷肥或复合肥则效果更佳.     

全营养环保型花生豆腐的研制

探讨了全营养环保型花生豆腐的生产工艺。利用微波炉、胶体磨、纳米均质机等方法对花生进行处理,生产过程中无废渣产生、无废水排放,并通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺参数,其结果为:浆料颗粒直径20μm、质量分数11%、凝固温度80℃、复合凝固剂用量0.3%。     

AUTOMATIC MESH-GENERATING ALGORITHM IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS

This paper presents two kinds of algorithms for generating the meshes automatically in three-dimensional finite element analysis. The method can be used in analysing those components configured by three-dimensional solidity, multi-connective regions and rotary shell with arbitrary generatrix. In the end, two examples demonstrated are given.     

The need for new concepts in reef biology

The results of the Indonesian-Dutch Snellius-II Expedition showed that several common concepts in reef biology need revision. From the scientific, conservational and economic point of view a more balanced development of tropical marine benthology is needed.There is considerable confusion over nomenclature in reef research. Even the term coral reef is not well defined. It should be used only in a geomorphological sense because it has no biological meaning. A reef, and particularly a complicated one like an atoll, may harbour a variety of benthic, demersal and even terrestrial communities. Highly diverse coral-dominated communities occur not only on reefs but also on primary substrata. Several reefs show little or no coral growth. Instead alcyonarians, sponges or algae may be the dominant life forms. Many reefs with a high coral cover show a very low diversity. Between-habitat diversity is high in Indonesian waters.Some reef communities are stable, others are short-lived. Disturbance or even complete destruction may belong to natural chains of events and should not automatically be blamed on human interference. Commonly held conceptions about nutrient-cycling properties and harvest potential of reef environments are not always applicable. Reef fisheries may become economically more important because fishing for pelagic stocks is a large component.     

Collaboration,Transferable and Non‐transferable Knowledge,and Innovation: A Study of a Cool Climate Wine Industry (Canada)

The connection between innovation and territory is increasingly being questioned as evidence shows that collaboration and information exchange are not necessarily localised. However, this general observation may differ depending on the industry and type of exchange studied: some types of information may be more transferable than others. This may particularly be the case in the wine industry which, especially in Canada, is concentrated in a few regions, each with its own climate, geography, and institutions. This paper examines the nature and geography of collaboration in this industry, with emphasis on the relative importance of different sources of knowledge, the spatial dimension of exchanges, and their relevance for innovation. We find that certain knowledge exchanges are localised, particularly those that are closely associated with local growing conditions, whereas other more generic industry‐level exchanges occur at a wider spatial scale. Local knowledge transfers are characterised less by the type of knowledge exchanged than by the fact that it focuses on local conditions, and is therefore of little value outside the region.     

The Optimal Method of Calculation of Earthwork Volume of Transformer Substation

With the development of electric power industry, more and more projects of building transformer substation need a great deal of fund. More exact evalution of projects becomes more important.In evalution of projects, calculation of earthwork volume may be a very important part.According to the requirement of most projects and on the basis of traditional method , we have created a new method of optimal calculating earthwork and auto-balance. Minute-dividing technology and interpolating way are used to enhance the simulation of Grids.The new method can better simulate the landform and more effectively promote the precision and speed of calculation of earthwork .Auto-Balance can do what can't be reached by manual work.     

Periodicals in the field of research on plant breeding in 1961

The developing research on plant breeding induced a need for periodicals. Various were founded and in countries which did not start a plant breeding journal the research workers continue to make use of general and genetic periodicals or of foreign plant breeding journals. Much is still being published in annual reports or reports of congresses with a limited distribution.It may be expected that more and more the research on plant breeding will be published in specific journals and also in a language which is generally understood. In this way efficiency of publication will be furthered.The author gives a survey of the 16 periodicals in the field of research on plant breeding and one abstracting journal.     

State Fiscal Structure and Economic Development Policy

This essay adds a new dimension to the debate concerning taxes and business location decisions by raising a simple, but perhaps underappreciated point concerning political implications of state and local fiscal structure for state economic development policy. Low taxes may well be attractive to business owners and their employees; however, a fiscal structure that is not incentive-compatible with economic expansion may end up frustrating public policies of all types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing demands for public services, thereby placing upward pressure on tax rates faced by the original taxpayers. In Wyoming, this problem is compounded because the tax base is narrow and highly income inelastic and the incidence of taxes levied falls significantly on out-of-state residents who do not benefit from public services provided. Additionally, prospects for reducing the mismatch between taxpayers and public service beneficiaries appear to be limited because, quite understandably, state residents do not wish to pay more for public services for which they have historically paid cents on the dollar.     

Genetic and QTL analysis of pericarp thickness and ear architecture traits of Korean waxy corn germplasm

Pericarp thickness and ear traits are important selection criteria for breeding fresh market waxy corn. This research was conducted to better understand genetic control of these traits in popular South Korean germplasm now grown in Illinois. Pericarp thickness on five kernel regions, and ten inflorescence architecture traits were measured on ears from 264 F_2:3 families from a cross between Korean inbreds BH20 and BH30. All five pericarp thickness traits showed high heritabilities and were highly correlated. Multivariate principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that just one principal component (PC) explained most of the total phenotypic variation. A number of univariate quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected and most were associated with more than one kernel pericarp region. Four out of seven PC-QTL were located in chromosome positions where three or more pericarp thickness univariate QTL were detected. Conversely, three PC-QTL were found in regions with just a single or two univariate QTL, indicating that these QTL regions may be more important for overall pericarp thickness than suggested by univariate analysis. The PCA, QTL, and PC-QTL results indicate that pericarp thickness on different kernel regions may be controlled by common genes with pleiotropic effects. Additive effects of QTL for thinner pericarp thickness came from both BH20 and BH30. For ear architecture traits, heritability varied from 0.38 to 0.72, and several traits were correlated. The PCA reduced these traits into three independent PCs, and all substantial component traits for these PCs were also significantly correlated. A number of univariate QTL were clustered closely, and some PC-QTL were detected in these regions. Some PC-QTL were found in chromosome regions where univariate QTL were not detected, again suggesting that these regions may have larger overall effects on ear architecture than suggested by univariate analyses. Collectively, these QTL may be useful for marker assisted introgression into germplasm more adapted to the U.S.     

Using yield quantitative trait locus targeted SSR markers to study the relationship between genetic distance and yield heterosis in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between heterosis and genetic distance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Heterosis in the different environments was evaluated and the relationship between heterosis and genetic distance (GD) was determined based on SSR markers for yield quantitative trait loci (QTL). Yields of seed cotton and lint showed a linear relationship with mid‐parent heterosis (MPH) and better‐parent heterosis (BPH). The variation in heterosis for other traits and their correlation with GD may be due to environmental factors or the effort of QTLs tested in the present study may vary in different environments. The present findings provide a foundation for heterotic grouping of parental lines and breeding of new cotton hybrids with improved seed cotton yield. This study calls for more research with stable QTLs as well as advance molecular marker techniques may be used in predicting yield heterosis in a more precise and reliable manner.     

Competitive interaction between Ditylum Brightwellii and Skeletonema Costatum by toxic metabolites

Comparative growth experiments were carried out in order to examine the role of toxic metabolites in the competition between two marine diatom species. Ditylum brightwellii and Skeletonema costatum exhibited mutual inhibition and auto-inhibition. Charcoal filtration did not entirely remove the toxicity. Algal extracts were more toxic than algal filtrates. Cell lysis induced by osmotic-shock treatment caused auto-inhibition in a dense culture of D. brightwellii; cells of this species recovered from a low salinity treatment after addition of charcoal to a culture. In mixed cultures the growth of both species may be affected by mutual inhibition. Toxicity of media depends on the growth phase of the competitors. In dense cultures, comparable with algal blooms in eutrophic waters, exocrines may be more effective than in diluted cultures (cf. mesotrophic waters.) Substances excreted in dense blooms of S. costatum may inhibit competing species.     

葡萄一年二季结果栽培技术研究

葡萄是果树中花芽较易形成的树种之一，利用这一特性进行二次结果并在生产上运用，已成为葡萄业主进行调节产期供应，提高种植效益的一种手段。南方热量资源丰富，光照强，降温晚，采用全部落叶修剪，破眠催芽，保根保叶，达到葡萄一年二季结果即夏果与秋果。同时测定各处理间浆果大小，糖份含量，及结果枝条氮素与醣类的累积消耗、生长情形，以 探讨葡萄不同产期之营养生长和生殖生长间的生理变化。     

U.S. Commuting Networks and Economic Growth: Measurement and Implications for Spatial Policy

Labor market areas (LMAs) have long been a staple of regional and urban analysis. As commuting patterns have expanded over time, these areas have become larger and more complex, and the dichotomous designation of a county either belonging to an LMA or not may no longer be adequate. We apply recent advances in network science to conduct a more refined analysis of U.S. commuting patterns, and examine their effects on local economic growth. Results show that network degree and entropy measures explain variations in county per capita income growth patterns. Higher in‐ and out‐commuting entropies are associated with lower per capita income growth, but their interaction enhances economic growth in places simultaneously open to both in‐ and out‐commuters. Using these results, common ground may be found for creating new forms of regional governance that better reflect local realities of cross‐county border flows of workers and economic activity.     

Selection for yield in wheat breeding

Summary If selection based on F₃ yield tests is to be effective, the yield tests must be successful in discriminating among yield genotypes. The available literature indicates that simple tests with limited or no replication are not very effective, although more extensive, replicated tests may be.Data from an experiment comparing F₃ yield tests with a single seed descent procedure showed that F₃ selection based on a two-replicate test with single seed descent procedure did not justify the extra work involved.     

Nuclear Power Plants and Residential Housing Prices

Nuclear power plants can theoretically influence property values through a number of different channels. The public perception of risk associated with the potential hazard from the operation of a nuclear reactor and the storage of nuclear waste may lead to lower bids on properties in close proximity to the plant. In contrast, workers at the plant may be less concerned with any potential hazards, and may actually value being in proximity to the workplace. Hence, one cannot a priori sign the distance gradient of homes in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In this study, a hedonic model coupled with geographic information system (GIS) techniques is used to estimate housing price surfaces around two nuclear power plants in California. The use of GIS software allows more potential influences to housing prices to be accurately incorporated than previously included in hedonic studies. Based on the evidence from the plants chosen, these findings do not support the contention that negative imagery surrounding nuclear power plants or stored nuclear waste has a significant detrimental influence on residential home prices in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.     

What matters for lagging regions? The role of self-employment and industrial diversity in distressed areas

Previous research suggests that having more self-employed or entrepreneurs can contribute to higher levels of economic growth in distressed areas. Additionally, self-employment in certain industries may be more beneficial to growth. Other research has linked industrial diversity to entrepreneurship and regional growth, especially in urban areas. However, the relationship between industrial diversity, self-employment, and growth in lagging or distressed regions is less clear. To examine these linkages in distressed areas, we first identify a group of distressed counties based on historic data. Then, using detailed industry-level self-employment data, we appraise whether having more self-employed from certain industries is associated with regional growth. We also analyze the relationship between industrial diversity and overall growth and the propensity to be self-employed. The results suggest that having more self-employment overall and in some key industries is associated with more employment growth in distressed counties. We also find that the relationship between economic diversity and self-employment varies by industry and region.     

Measuring development through public policy evaluation? The case of the North Province in New Caledonia

Policies designed for sustainable development are becoming ever more complex and ambiguous. Assessments should thus incorporate development representations and values, rather than only relying on economic and financial normative indicators. This paper proposes a conceptual framework that acknowledges the plurality of the various stakeholders' viewpoints. We suggest that evaluation of grassroots development policies could provide an innovative and more integrative way to measure development by broadening the scope to encompass both livelihood and welfare dimensions. Based on the assessment of a development scheme in New Caledonia, we argue that this cognitive and shared approach could be used to obtain a contextualised measurement of development. Two conditions further strengthen this approach: combining the use of different types of measurement tools, and adopting a rigorous quantitative measurement approach, in line with the collective representations. This promising approach may be applied to gain insight into the ability of implemented policies to address local development choices.     

Repair efficiency of cracked panel repaired by a piezoelectric patch

Using the finite element method, the stress intensity factor (SIF) of the cracked penal repaired with a multi layered piezoelectric patch is studied. The effects of the parameters, including the voltage applied on the patch, the piezoelectric patch layer and the geometric size of the patch, on the SIF are numerically investigated, based on which the repair efficiencies in different repair parameters are assessed. Based on the results of the numerical models, that the SIF of the cracked panel repaired with a piezoelectric patch is attenuated greatly. Better repair efficiency is obtained with the increase of voltage, but too higher voltage may be unbeneficial. It is beneficial to use more layers in the piezoelectric patch as the thickness of the patch is fixed. The SIF of the repaired cracked panel decreases with the increase of the size of the patch, however, too large patch may not be helpful to elevate the repair efficiency.